G and M codes are programming languages that are essential for CNC machining. G code controls the geometric movements of the tool while M code controls non-cutting functions like coolant and spindle control. These codes were initially programmed manually but are now easier to generate with CAD/CAM software. Understanding how to properly use G and M codes is vital for operating CNC machines and successful parts production.

1. PB 24-RISHABH ISRANI
PB 31- SANCHIT DIVADKAR
PA 54-HARSH OSWAL
PB 13-SUSHANT RANADE

2.  To overcome manual machining, NC machining was introduced.
This machining has precise manufacturing capabilities however needs to be coded
by the operater to perform the desired operations.
Here, the basis of G and M Coding happens for CNC machining.
 CNC machining is one of the core processes in manufacturing that produce
intricate and sophisticated products which have applications in various industries
. However, these processes would be difficult to execute without the machines that
drive them. Without the G and M codes, these machines can’t function.

3.  In the late 1950s, the MIT Servomechanisms
Laboratory, the first implementation of numerical
control programming, was developed
 Later on, in 1960, the Electronic Industry Alliance of
numerical control programming language was
standardized in the United States
 A final revision was then approved in February 1980. One
standardized version of G-Code is known as BCL (Binary Cutter
Language)
 G-Code started as a language that lacked loops,
conditional operators, and programmer-declared
variables that could not encode logic

4.  In the days before computers, machinists controlled CNC machines with cards
and tapes
 For creating codes, they would punch the cards in different orders
 This was an effective method, But it was a tiresome task. Moreover, these cards
would get damaged, and they might get lost
 As A Result, the production procedure had to face multiple problems.
 Sooner, when the more advanced computers became the norm, the machinists
would simply instruct the software.
 Then, this advanced software would generate the G codes and M codes that the
machines understand. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) software have made code generation much easier!

6.  G and M codes are required for CNC machining.
 G code is the most popular CNC programming
language. Most G code commands are in
alphanumeric format and start with G which stands for
geometry.
 The M code also begins with the letter ‘M.’ The M code is
a set of auxiliary commands that control all the
machine’s non-geometric actions.
 Machinists refer to the code as miscellaneous codes as it
controls non-cutting actions such as stopping programs,
flooding the machine with coolants, and shutting it off
after the temperature drops.
In short it controls the movement of the tool

7.  G Code List – G Codes for CNC Lathe
 G00: Rapid Position Motion
 G01: Linear Interpolation Motion or Linear Motion, Chamfer and Corner
Rounding – Modal
 G02: CW Circulation Interpolation Motion – Modal
 G03: CCW Circular Interpolation Motion – Modal
 G04: Dwell (P) P=Seconds. Milliseconds
 G05: Fine Spindle Control Motion (Live Tooling) – Optional
 G09: Exact Stop
 G10: Programmable Offset Setting

8.  M00: Program Stop
 M01: Optional Program Stop
 M02: Program End
 M03: Spindle on Forward (S)
 M04: Spindle on Reverse (S)
 M05: Spindle Stop
 M08: Coolant On
 M09: Coolant Off
 M10: Chuck Clamp

9.  G00: Rapid Motion
 G01: Linear Interpolation Motion
 G02: CW Interpolation Motion
 G03: CCW Interpolation Motion
 G04: Dwell
 G09: Exact Stop
 G10: Programmable Offset Setting
 G12: CW Circular Pock Milling (Yasnac)
 G13: CCW Circular Pock Milling (Yasnac)
 G17: XY Plane Selection

10.  M00: Program Stop
 M01: Optional Program Stop
 M02: Program End (Setting 39)
 M03: Spindle On, Clockwise (S) (Setting 144)
 M04: Spindle On, Counterclockwise (S) (Setting 144)
 M05: Spindle Stop
 M06: Tool Change (T) (Setting 42, 87, 155)
 M08: Coolant On (Setting 32)
 M09: Coolant Off
 M10: 4th Axis Brake On

11.  A: It directs the tool around the x-axis.
 R: It gives the radius of the arcs the machine makes.
 X, Y, Z: These three values indicate the tools’ position in three dimensions – X and
Y represent the horizontal and vertical dimensions, respectively, while Z
represents the depth.
 I and J: Both values designate the incremental center of any arc the machine
makes.
 N: N gives the line number.

12.  CNC Lathe Machine
 CNC Drilling Machine
 CNC Grinding Machine
 Waterjet Cutting Machine
 EDM
 Laser Cutting Machine

13.  Using CNC machines is one of the most important processes in CNC machining.
However, these machines cannot function without G and M codes which instruct them
on what to do. Understanding how to generate these codes is vital to the CNC
machining process and successful parts production.
 Apart from codes, Machine controller Unit(MCU) and Tool are as important as the code
for effective use of CNC Machine.
 The following presentation helped understanding the importance and applicability of G
and M Codes.