Human Computer Interaction Lessons.pdf

HISTORY OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTIONS – LONG QUIZ REVIEWER (GROUP 1 – 4)
GROUP - 1
● DIFFERENT DESIGN NEEDS
1. USABILITY
- Regardless the experience level of the user, the interface should be easy to use
and navigate
2. ACCESSIBILITY
- Designing interfaces that are accessible to people with disabilities, such as
visual or motor impairments, is a critical need
3. USER-CENTERED DESIGN
- The design should prioritize the needs and preferences of the endusers
throughout the entire design process
4. VISUAL DESIGN
- Aesthetic and visual elements, including typography, color schemes, and
graphics, should be chosen to enhance user engagement and convey
information effectively
5. FEEDBACK AND RESPONSE
- Providing feedback to users about their actions and the system's status helps
them understand what's happening.
6. CROSSPLATFORM COMPATIBILITY
- Ensuring that the interface works seamlessly across various devices and screen
sizes
7. INTERNATIONALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION
- Adapting the interface for different languages and cultures is important for
global usability.
8. SECURITY AND PRIVACY:
- Designing interfaces that prioritize user data security and privacy is crucial
● IMPORTANCE OF HCI
1. ENHANCEACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSIVITY
- HCI focuses on making technology accessible to a diverse range of users,
including those with disabilities
2. ENHANCES USER EXPERIENCE
- HCI principles can be used to design interfaces that are userfriendly, intuitive,
and enjoyable to use.
3. ENHANCES EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY
- HCI can streamline tasks and reduce the learning curve for users

4. REDUCES ERRORS AND FRUSTRATION
- HCI design minimizes errors through clear feedback and prevention
mechanisms.
GROUP – 2
● HUMAN & COMPUTER EVOLUTION
- Human-computer evolution refers to the ongoing development and
improvement of computers and technology, as well as how people interact with
and adapt to these advancements over time. It's like a long journey where both
humans and computers change and grow together, with each influencing the
other's progress.
The Evolution of Human-computer interaction can be divided into several stages:
1. MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1600S-1940S):
- The earliest devices like the abacus and mechanical calculators were used
for basic arithmetic. Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, designed in the
1830s, is considered an early mechanical computer.
*// mechanical computer example: ENIGMA
2. VACUUM TUBE COMPUTERS (1940S-1950S):
- The development of electronic computers using vacuum tubes, such as the
ENIAC, marked a significant advancement in computational power.
3. TRANSISTOR COMPUTERS (1950S-1960S):
- The invention of the transistor in the late 1940s led to smaller, more reliable
computers. This era saw the emergence of mainframes and early
programming languages.
4. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1960S-1970S):
- The development of integrated circuits (ICs) allowed for even smaller and
more powerful computers. The Apollo Guidance Computer is an example
from this era.
5. PERSONAL COMPUTERS (1970S-1980S):
- The introduction of the microprocessor and personal computers like the
Altair 8800 and Apple II revolutionized computing and brought it into homes
and offices.
6. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES (1980S-1990S):
- The creation of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) with the Macintosh and

Windows operating systems made computers more accessible to
non-experts.
7. INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB (1990S-PRESENT):
- The internet's widespread adoption transformed how people communicate
and access information. The development of the World Wide Web by Tim
Berners-Lee in 1990 further accelerated this.
8. MOBILE DEVICES (2000S-PRESENT):
- The introduction of smartphones and tablets expanded computing beyond
traditional PCs, enabling onthe-go access to information and apps.
9. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND VOICE ASSISTANTS (2010S-PRESENT):
- The integration of AI technologies, like virtual assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa), and
advancements in machine learning have improved human-computer
interaction and automation.
10. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES (2020S-PRESENT):
- Current developments include augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR),
and the potential integration of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which
could further redefine how humans interact with computers.
History of Human Computer Evolution
- the word “computer” referred to a person who worked with pencil and paper. -
often women, who did complex math by hand before electronic computers. -
Abacus was the first calculating device created by the Babylons.
- The father of modern computer was Charles Babbage invented the first
mechanical computer called “Difference Engine” - In 1837 Charles Babbage
designed the Analytical Engine -1941 the first electronic digital computer called
“The Z3” was built by Conrad Zeus
- In 1944 the first large-scale automatic digital computer in us was built called
“Mark 1” - ENIAC (Electronic Integrator and Calculator) - In 1945 the first
all-electronic computer invented by John P. Eckert and John W. Mauchy.
● COMPUTER EVOLUTION
- Computer performance evaluation is defined as the process by which a
computer system’s resources and outputs are assessed to determine whether the
system is performing at an optimal level. It is similar to a voltmeter that a
handyman may use to check the voltage across a circuit.

1. 1930
- Calculating machine as the 1at programming machine by Konrad Zuse.
Created the first Z1 in 1936.
2. 1940
- John Mauchly created the “Mathematical robot” a size of an entire room just
like the ENIAC.
- Computer was made of vacuum tube.
- In 1940, John Mauchly created the ENIAC, that can calculate thousands of
problems in a second.
- Helpful assistant for mathematician.
- Completed in 1954 with the weight of 2 tons. Operated for 13 years or 15, 349
hours.
3. 1960 - PROGRAMMA 101
- Become the 1st desktop computer to sold to the average computer.
- In 1960, transistor was used.
- It was reserved for the mathematician and engineer in 1965
- Also consider as the game changer as its offer a general public desktop
computer that anyone could operate.
- Just a size of a typewriter, with 37 keys and built-in printer.
4. 1970 - XEROX ALTO
- Paved the way for Steve’s Job Apple
- Created in 1970, as a personal computer that could print and send emails.
- With mous, keyboard and screen.
- Also consider as the ‘Kid friendly’ that anyonr could use.
1980 - Apple Macintosh
- Was describe as the game changer for computer industry. It was also Steve
Job’s very first computer. It was famous for its dazzling display.
- Like the Xerox alto, it also had keyboard, mouse and a small 9-inch screen.
5. 1990 - IMac
- Period of self expression

- Launched in 1998, famous for its bondi blue casing
- With USB ports, keyboard, and mouse.

GROUP – 3
● COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. 1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES:
⮚ INTRODUCTION:
- vacuum tubes, also known as electron tubes or thermionic valves,
were a fundamental electronic component that played a pivotal role
in the development of early electronics.
⮚ HISTORY OFVACUUM TUBES:
- the concept of the vacuum tube dates back to the late 19th
century, with thomas edison's work on the incandescent light bulb,
which can be considered an early precursor to the vacuum tube.
However, it was lee de forest's introduction of the "audion" tube in the
early 20th century that marked a significant breakthrough. The audion
tube, a triode vacuum tube, was capable of amplifying weak
electrical signals, revolutionizing the field of electronics.
⮚ APPLICATIONS OF VACUUM TUBES:
1. RADIOS
2. TELEVISIONS
3. AMPLIFIERS
4. EARLY COMPUTERS
⮚ CHALLENGESANDDECLINE:
1. Size and Heat
2. Power Consumption
3. Reliability
2. 2ND GENERATION: TRANSISTOR
⮚ Transistors are fundamental electronic devices that serve as the
building blocks of modern technology. They are semiconductors that

can control the flow of electrical current, making them crucial for
amplification, switching, and signal processing in various electronic
circuits. Invented in the mid-20th century, transistors have evolved from
their early, bulky predecessors to the compact, highly efficient
components that power everything from smartphones and computers
to advanced communication systems. Understanding the principles
and applications of transistors is essential for anyone seeking to
comprehend the workings of contemporary electronics.
⮚ HISTORY OFTRANSISTOR
- 1947: bardeen, brattain, and shockley at bell labs create the first
point-contact transistor, initiating the transistor era.
- 1951: william shockley invents the more reliable bipolar junction
transistor (bjt), a Foundational element in electronics.
- 1952: texas instruments introduces the first commercially available
transistor, Marking the start of mass production.
- 1950s: transistors rapidly develop, replacing vacuum tubes, with
silicon emerging as The preferred semiconductor material.
- 1960s: integrated circuits (ics) revolutionize electronics by combining
multiple Transistors on a single chip.
- Late 20th century: field-effect transistors (fets) and cmos fets improve
transistor Technology.
- Digital revolution: transistors fuel the proliferation of digital devices
from Computers to smartphones.
- 21st century: transistor miniaturization to nanoscale dimensions
enables powerful, Energy-efficient electronic devices.
⮚ ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES OFTRANSISTORS
• ADVANTAGES OF TRANSISTORS:
- transistors, known for their compactness, reliability, and low power
consumption, have revolutionized modern electronics. Their fast
switching capabilities and high-frequency operation make them ideal
for digital applications, and the absence of moving parts ensures
stability. The scalability of transistor production keeps costs down and
enables their widespread use.
• DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSISTORS:
- despite their numerous benefits, transistors can generate heat,
necessitating cooling systems in highpower applications. Their intricate

semiconductor manufacturing processes can be costly. Voltage
limitations in some transistors may require stacking, and they are
sensitive to electrostatic discharge. Linearity constraints in certain
transistor types might necessitate additional circuit design
considerations.
3. 3RD GENERATION: INTEGRATEDCIRCUIT (IC)
⮚ ROBERT NOYCE OF FAIRLAND SEMICONDUCTOR AND JACK
KILBY(AMERICAN ELECTRIC ENGR.) OF TEXAS INSTRUMENT IN 1958
⮚ 1965 TO 1971
⮚ CHARACTERISTIC OF INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS
- more reliable, fast, efficient, less expensive and smaller in size
- high level programming languages such as basic, pascal, algol
- 68, cobol, fortran-ii, pascal pl/1
- punch card was replaced with mouse and keyboard
- replaces the use of individual transistors -high storage capacity
4. 4TH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSOR
⮚ INTRODUCTION:
- a microprocessor is a central processing unit (cpu) that integrates the
functions of a computer's central processing unit onto a single
integrated circuit (ic) or microchip. It performs arithmetic and logic
operations, processes data, and executes instructions to control other
parts of a computer system
⮚ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
- the history of microprocessors can be traced back to the early 1970s
when intel corporation introduced the 4004, the first commercially
available microprocessor. It had a 4-bit data bus and marked the
beginning of a new era in computing, enabling the development of
smaller, more powerful, and energy-efficient electronic devices.

⮚ APPLICATION
- computing devices: computers, laptops, tablets, andservers
- communicationdevices: routers, switches, modems, andcellphones.
- gaming consoles: processing andrendering in gaming consoles.
⮚ FUTURE
- THE FUTURE OF MIROPROCESSORS HOLDS EXCITING POSSIBILITIES,
SUCH AS:
- QUANTUM COMPUTING INTEGRATION:
- NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING:
- 5G AND BEYOND:
5. 5TH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
⮚ INTRODUCTION:
- japan’s ministry of trade and industries began developing the 5th
computer system in 1982. vlsi technology has progressed in this
generation to become ulsi technology, which stands for extremely
large-scale integrated. in order to make microprocessor chips, ten
million circuit boards were utilized. logic programming as well as
parallel processing computation were used to construct the computer
of the fifth generation. parallel processor hardware and ai (artificially
intelligent) applications were used in this generation of computers.
artificial intelligence is capable of demonstrating the tools and
methods for making computers think like humans. this generation uses
a variety of high-level languages, including c and c++, .net, java, and
others.
⮚ CHARACTERISTICS OF FIFTH GENERATION OFCOMPUTERS
- there are various features of 5th generation computers, which are as
follows: use of artificial intelligence: one of the main features of 5th
generation computers is the use of ai, which helps to make computers
more powerful. The applications of ai are everywhere, from navigating
to browsing. Also, it is applied for video analyzing, image processing,
and more. It is expected to see that ai would automate nearly every
aspect of computing. The huge development of storage: although

there is available ssd storage that is faster as compared to hdd. And,
the development is running on a few other technologies. Therefore,
fifth-generation computers, expecting faster and larger storage

GROUP - 4
● NOVICE OCCASIONAL & EXPERT USERS
⮚ DEFINITION:
- A Novice Occasional Report User is an individual within an organization
who possesses limited experience and expertise in data analysis and
reporting but occasionally requires access to reports and data-driven
insights to support their job functions. They typically have a basic
understanding of how to interpret reports but may lack advanced
analytical skills.
⮚ EXAMPLES:
1. HUMAN RESOURCES GENERALIST:
- A Human Resources professional who occasionally needs access to
employee performance reports or workforce analytics but primarily
focuses on HR management tasks. They may use these reports to make
informed decisions about talent development or recruitment strategies.
2. SALES ASSOCIATE:
- A sales team member who relies on periodic sales performance reports
to track their individual progress and set sales targets. While they are not
data analysts, they depend on these reports to understand their sales
performance and adjust their strategies accordingly.
3. MARKETING COORDINATOR:
- A marketing coordinator who occasionally accesses campaign
performance reports to assess the effectiveness of marketing efforts. They
rely on these reports to make recommendations for adjustments to
marketing campaigns but do not conduct in-depth data analysis.
⮚ Relevance & Citation - The importance of recognizing Novice Occasional
Report Users lies in the democratization of data within organizations. As
organizations increasingly adopt data-driven decision-making, it becomes
imperative to cater to users across the expertise spectrum. Novice
Occasional Report Users can benefit from user-friendly reporting tools and
clear, intuitive report design.

● ]DEVELOPMENT TOOLS & TECHNIQUES
⮚ DEFINITION:
- Development Tools & Users" refer to the collaboration between software
developers and end-users in the creation, enhancement, and
optimization of software applications. Development tools encompass the
software, frameworks, and methodologies used by developers during the
software development lifecycle, while users represent the individuals or
entities who ultimately utilize the software for various purposes.
⮚ EXAMPLES:
1. INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS (IDES):
- Developers use IDEs like Visual Studio, Eclipse, or IntelliJ IDEA to write,
debug, and test code efficiently. These tools facilitate the development
process and contribute to the creation of user-friendly software.
2. USER INTERFACE (UI) DESIGN TOOLS:
- Designers employ tools such as Adobe XD, Sketch, or Figma to create
visually appealing and intuitive user interfaces. Collaboration between
designers and developers ensures that the UI aligns with user
expectations.
3. VERSION CONTROL SYSTEMS:
- Development teams rely on tools like Git to track changes to code,
collaborate seamlessly, and ensure the stability and reliability of software
for end-users.
⮚ Relevance & Citation - Development Tools & Users" refer to the
collaboration between software developers and end-users in the
creation, enhancement, and optimization of software applications.
Development tools encompass the software, frameworks, and
methodologies used by developers during the software development
lifecycle, while users represent the individuals or entities who ultimately
utilize the software for various purposes.

GROUP – 5
Human information
processing and input &
output devices

GROUP #6

GROUP#7
GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE (GUI)

ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
GROUP – 6
● HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION MODELS.

GROUP – 7
● GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE - GUI

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