The effect of different synthetic softeners viz anionic, nonionic, and cationic softeners on physical properties i.e., stiffness, crease recovery and drape ability of cotton khadi fabric has been presented in this study. Effect of different concentration of finishing agents and thickness of fabric on stiffness, crease recovery and drapeability has been analyzed. It was found that alteration in softness of fabric application depends, to an extent (in part) upon amount of finish used. As on increasing the concentration of finish there was decrease in bending length and drape coefficient. It also depends upon type of finishing agents used. Maximum decrease in drape coefficient and stiffness was seen in fabrics. After treatment of various softeners drape coefficient of khadi fabrics have been decreased and fabric becomes very lumpy. Highest decrease in drape coefficient has been found in mediun weight khadi fabrics treated with all softeners. As the concentration of softeners increased drape coefficient was decreased simultaneously. Maximum increases in crease recovery were seen in fabric treated with anionic softener at concentration of 4% and were seen minimum in nonionic softener.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of industrial bleach wash and softening on the physical, mechanical an...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Garments washing is a novel process to impart worn-out look, to modify the appearance and to improve the comfort ability of the garments. Bleach wash is used to fade the color of denim in a higher degree as well as bleach wash has effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim also. This paper presents the impact of bleach wash and subsequent softening treatment on 100% cotton denim dyed with indigo dye. Garments were washed using a bleach concentration of 10 g/l for 30 minutes in 50oC temperature and then softened using standard recipe. The physical, mechanical and color properties were analyzed in before wash, after desizing, after bleaching and after softening. The properties that were analyzed include hand feel, tensile strength, seam strength, fabric weight, stiffness, dimensional stability and color fading. Bleach washed and softened garments exhibit a great difference in the physical, mechanical and color properties than the unwashed garments.
The comfort properties of two differential shrinkageFabia Ribeiro
The document presents research on the comfort properties of two warp knitted fabrics made from differential-shrinkage polyester yarns. The polyester yarn was constructed from two components with different shrinkage properties, resulting in a bulkier yarn and fabric after heat treatment. Various objective and subjective evaluations were conducted to compare the performance and handle of the warp knitted polyester fabrics to a 100% cotton warp knitted fabric. Testing found the polyester fabrics had better abrasion resistance but worse pilling resistance than cotton. They also had lower air permeability and water vapor permeability due to their denser structure after yarn shrinkage. Subjective evaluations indicated the polyester fabrics had a similar handle to cotton in terms of properties like
This study analyzed the effects of different resin treatments on the quality of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dye. Cotton fabric was dyed with reactive dye and then treated with one of six different resins. Tests were conducted to evaluate the wrinkle recovery, tensile strength, dimensional stability, stiffness, abrasion resistance, and color strength of the treated fabrics. Melamine formaldehyde resin treatment resulted in higher crease recovery angle, better smoothness, and higher bending length due to greater crosslinking with cellulose. Color strength decreased after resin finishing, but fastness properties were unaffected. Resin treatment improved some quality properties of dyed cotton fabric at the cost of reduced color strength.
Effect of bio-finishes on designer’s naturally coloured cotton khadi stripe f...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The present study involves the eco-friendly naturally coloured cotton DDCC-1 and white cotton
yarns which were used to produce pin and medium stripe khadi fabrics and given special bio-finishes viz.,
enzymatic de-sizing, bio-polishing and silicon softener finish and further tested to know their impact on different
structural, performance and durable properties. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyse their influence
on one another. It was found that on special finishing, both WC and DDCC-1 yarns became finer and slight
increase in cloth count; considerable reduction in bending length; improvement in crease recovery angle and
drapability of both the stripe fabrics was observed. Whereas, tensile strength and elongation were reduced; and
no considerable change was observed in abrasion and pilling. Keywords: DDCC-1, Designer’s fabrics, enzyme finish, medium stripe, naturally coloured cotton, physical
properties, pin stripe, softener wash, and special finish
IRJET- Reduction of Fibrillation of Lyocell Knitted Fabric with Defibrillator...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on reducing fibrillation of lyocell knitted fabric through a defibrillator process. Orthogonal experiments were conducted comparing untreated fabric to fabric treated with a defibrillator machine. Testing showed the treated fabric had improved pilling resistance, a cleaner surface after washing, comparable strength, and softer feel compared to untreated fabric. The defibrillator process was found to successfully control fibrillation and its effects on lyocell knitted fabric quality.
Effect of Cotton Fibers and Their Trash Characteristics on the Performance of...IJERA Editor
Technological revolution in the age old cotton textile industry has made spinning preparatory section as a
control centre for quality and economy of the outgoing product. Spinners have to chase these goals by cleaning
the cotton mix without detoriating feed cotton characteristics and undue increase in the waste levels at higher
productivity level. The successful efforts demand through investigation of the cotton fibers and their trash
characteristics as well as identification of their best fit interrelationship with process parameters. Set of
experimentations done in this direction are described in this paper as case study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of industrial bleach wash and softening on the physical, mechanical an...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Garments washing is a novel process to impart worn-out look, to modify the appearance and to improve the comfort ability of the garments. Bleach wash is used to fade the color of denim in a higher degree as well as bleach wash has effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim also. This paper presents the impact of bleach wash and subsequent softening treatment on 100% cotton denim dyed with indigo dye. Garments were washed using a bleach concentration of 10 g/l for 30 minutes in 50oC temperature and then softened using standard recipe. The physical, mechanical and color properties were analyzed in before wash, after desizing, after bleaching and after softening. The properties that were analyzed include hand feel, tensile strength, seam strength, fabric weight, stiffness, dimensional stability and color fading. Bleach washed and softened garments exhibit a great difference in the physical, mechanical and color properties than the unwashed garments.
The comfort properties of two differential shrinkageFabia Ribeiro
The document presents research on the comfort properties of two warp knitted fabrics made from differential-shrinkage polyester yarns. The polyester yarn was constructed from two components with different shrinkage properties, resulting in a bulkier yarn and fabric after heat treatment. Various objective and subjective evaluations were conducted to compare the performance and handle of the warp knitted polyester fabrics to a 100% cotton warp knitted fabric. Testing found the polyester fabrics had better abrasion resistance but worse pilling resistance than cotton. They also had lower air permeability and water vapor permeability due to their denser structure after yarn shrinkage. Subjective evaluations indicated the polyester fabrics had a similar handle to cotton in terms of properties like
This study analyzed the effects of different resin treatments on the quality of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dye. Cotton fabric was dyed with reactive dye and then treated with one of six different resins. Tests were conducted to evaluate the wrinkle recovery, tensile strength, dimensional stability, stiffness, abrasion resistance, and color strength of the treated fabrics. Melamine formaldehyde resin treatment resulted in higher crease recovery angle, better smoothness, and higher bending length due to greater crosslinking with cellulose. Color strength decreased after resin finishing, but fastness properties were unaffected. Resin treatment improved some quality properties of dyed cotton fabric at the cost of reduced color strength.
Effect of bio-finishes on designer’s naturally coloured cotton khadi stripe f...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The present study involves the eco-friendly naturally coloured cotton DDCC-1 and white cotton
yarns which were used to produce pin and medium stripe khadi fabrics and given special bio-finishes viz.,
enzymatic de-sizing, bio-polishing and silicon softener finish and further tested to know their impact on different
structural, performance and durable properties. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyse their influence
on one another. It was found that on special finishing, both WC and DDCC-1 yarns became finer and slight
increase in cloth count; considerable reduction in bending length; improvement in crease recovery angle and
drapability of both the stripe fabrics was observed. Whereas, tensile strength and elongation were reduced; and
no considerable change was observed in abrasion and pilling. Keywords: DDCC-1, Designer’s fabrics, enzyme finish, medium stripe, naturally coloured cotton, physical
properties, pin stripe, softener wash, and special finish
IRJET- Reduction of Fibrillation of Lyocell Knitted Fabric with Defibrillator...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on reducing fibrillation of lyocell knitted fabric through a defibrillator process. Orthogonal experiments were conducted comparing untreated fabric to fabric treated with a defibrillator machine. Testing showed the treated fabric had improved pilling resistance, a cleaner surface after washing, comparable strength, and softer feel compared to untreated fabric. The defibrillator process was found to successfully control fibrillation and its effects on lyocell knitted fabric quality.
Effect of Cotton Fibers and Their Trash Characteristics on the Performance of...IJERA Editor
Technological revolution in the age old cotton textile industry has made spinning preparatory section as a
control centre for quality and economy of the outgoing product. Spinners have to chase these goals by cleaning
the cotton mix without detoriating feed cotton characteristics and undue increase in the waste levels at higher
productivity level. The successful efforts demand through investigation of the cotton fibers and their trash
characteristics as well as identification of their best fit interrelationship with process parameters. Set of
experimentations done in this direction are described in this paper as case study.
Handle of cotton: wool knitted khadi fabriciosrjce
Hand of cotton: woolhand knitted fabrics has been reported in this study. Indian crossbred wool
(Rambouillet and Chokla) was blended with cotton (Mech I) in three different ratios (10-90%, 20-80% and 30-
70%) and yarns were prepared on hand spinning system.Knitted fabric samples were constructed on 10-12
gauge, flat bed hand knitting machine. Fabric handle was objectively assessed by SiroFAST.
The document discusses linear density, which is a measurement of yarn thickness or fineness. It is not possible to directly measure yarn diameter due to its soft and compressible nature. Instead, linear density systems weigh a known length of yarn to determine fineness. The two main systems are direct, which fixes length and varies weight, and indirect, which fixes weight and varies length. Several linear density designation systems are described, including tex, denier, English count, and their respective calculation methods. Factors like moisture content and different fiber properties are accounted for in linear density measurements.
Variation in linear density of combed yarn due to dyeing with reactive dye in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Though yarn dyeing is a significant part of wet processing, it still has some major obstacles. It loses its weight as well as strength due to wet treatment. A study on the changes of linear density in combed yarn due to different shade percentages of reactive dye has been conducted and the results are statistically analyzed. Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow RR and Remazol Blue RR were used for this experiment. The study reveals that dye shade percentage effects on the linear density negatively. Before 2.5% shade the yarn loss is greater and after 3.5% shade linear density also decreases. 2.5% to 3.5% shade percentage can be taken as the range where loss of linear density is much less than the other percentages. The lowest loss percentage was found for 3% shade for every dyestuff among which Remazol Red RR was the least. Key Words: Combed yarn, Loss percentage, Shade, Linear density.
Study On Various Textile Fibers Used In Textile Industry | Textile Fibers Use...Md Rakibul Hassan
This document discusses different types of textile fibers used in the textile industry. It describes six fibers: cotton, wool, jute, silk, nylon, and viscose. For each fiber, it provides a definition, lists key properties like tensile strength and moisture regain, and gives examples of applications for textiles made from that fiber such as clothing, home goods, and industrial materials. The document serves as an overview of the most commonly used natural and synthetic textile fibers.
Jute fiber has potential for use in technical textiles but requires improvements to its properties. A series of wet chemical processes can modify jute fiber, making it softer, finer, and brighter with improved moisture regain and bundle strength. Specifically, sulphonation increases properties by treating fiber with sodium sulphate. Enzyme and aminosilicone treatments increase swelling and flexibility while decreasing rigidity. Thermal treatments like boiling water for 30 minutes also reduce fiber rigidity. With further research into such modification methods, jute fiber performance could be enhanced for technical textile applications.
Eco frendily dyeing and finishing on silk fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Today in the world of eco-friendly textiles, it becomes very important to solve the water pollution problem. Most of the textiles effluent came from dyeing industries spoil the water source and carcinogenic dyes create skin diseases and environmental hazards. So the present study focuses on plasma treatment, dyeing and fragrance finishing using natural sources. Plasma treatment is increase the dye uptake and luster in the silk fabric without more water consumption. Plasma treatment stands for, energy efficient, water saving, and economic than classical textile finishing processes. Traditional textile wet process needs lots of water to reduce the water consumption plasma treatment is used for surface modification of silk fabric. Plasma is a dry process is done by gases. Onion skin is a good dye yielding and antimicrobial source. These kind of natural sources are best alternative for synthetic dyes because these dyes are nature friendly dyes. Fragrance finish is a process where the substrate is subjected to inclusion of fragrance or essential oil which gives effects such as sedation, hypogynies, curing hyper tension. A new branch of textiles called “Aromatherapy textiles”, involves the incorporation of these essential oils on the textiles substrate for daily use. Key words: Plasma treatment, Silk fabric, Natural dye, Fragrance finishing,
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
Vijay prakash seminar Report on crease resistance finishVijay Prakash
The document summarizes a seminar report on recent trends in anti-crease finishing of cotton. It discusses using acrylate copolymers and crosslinking agents like DHDMEU to provide crease resistance while maintaining strength and durability. Testing showed that using copolymers with low glass transition temperatures below -22°C and high molecular weight above 105 provided excellent crease resistance and strength retention after treatment. The report also explores formaldehyde-free treatments using citric acid and silk fibroin solution, finding that a combination of 6% fibroin, 30g/L citric acid, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5 and 150°C provided good crease recovery and strength retention without
Studies on the Dyeing Of Wool and Nylon Fabrics with Some Acid DyesIOSR Journals
Abstract : Wool and nylon fabrics were dyed using four different types of acid dyes of various colours i.e Lugani 101 (black), brown 3RG, nylomine (navy blue), methyl orange. Generally both wool and nylon fabrics exhibited higher percentage exhaustion. Relatively, nylon showed higher percentage exhaustion compared to wool. Also the dyed wool and nylon fabrics possess good fastness towards bleaching rubbing, pressing and perspiration but poor fastness to higher and washing
This document discusses the formation and types of fabrics. There are three main stages in fabric formation: fibers are turned into yarn, then yarn is used to make fabric through processes like weaving, knitting, or non-woven bonding. The three primary types of fabrics are knitted, woven, and non-woven. Knitted fabrics are stretchy and comfortable, woven fabrics are tough and durable, and non-woven fabrics are made by interlocking fibers without spinning into yarns. Fabrics have a variety of uses in apparel, furnishings, and industrial products depending on their appearance, texture, performance, and cost.
This document discusses the effect of finishing processes on knit fabrics. It describes how finishing improves physical properties like feel, strength and shrinkage. The techniques of finishing depend on factors like the fabric composition and its intended end use. Common finishing treatments aim to impart properties like softness, luster and dimensional stability. The document then examines specific finishing stages like hydroextraction, drying, slitting, stenting and compacting. Graphs show how properties like GSM and shrinkage are affected differently for various fabric types as they progress through finishing. The discussion analyzes the results and references additional sources for information on textile finishing.
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Journals
The document summarizes research that examined the effect of different shade percentages (1%, 3%, 5%) on properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes. It was found that increasing the shade percentage increased the GSM, CPI, WPI, and shrinkage of fabrics. It also decreased the color fastness of the fabrics. The research analyzed properties like structural parameters, shrinkage, and color fastness like wash fastness, water fastness and light fastness. It was concluded that shade percentage significantly impacts the technical properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes."
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The term finishing, in a broad sense it covers all the processes of making the fabric good looking, good hand feeling, luster and of course for buyer requirement. It is done after dying and before delivery to market. Various types of parameters are controlled during finishing section considering buyer requirement. The term also includes bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing etc. But normally the term is restricted to the final stage in the sequence of treatment of Knit fabrics after bleaching and dyeing. However, fabrics which are neither bleached nor dyed are also finished.
This document discusses man-made fibers, including their classification and production processes. It begins by listing reference books on textile fibers. It then defines textile fibers and their key properties. There are two main types of man-made fibers: regenerated fibers made from cellulose, such as viscose, and synthetic fibers produced through chemical reactions, like polyester and nylon. These fibers are made using processes like melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of man-made fibers compared to natural fibers, as well as various fiber properties and texturing methods.
Experimental Study on Properties of Some Lesser Used Seasoned Timber Species ...ijtsrd
This study investigates the properties of four lesser used seasoned timber species in Myanmar: Inn (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.), Kanyin (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Thit-Sein (Terminalia bellirica Roxb.) and Yamane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). The experiments are tested according to American Standard Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber (ASTM D 143-09). The moisture content is examined in the kiln dried condition. The mechanical properties are done to measure the bending strength, compressive strength parallel to grain, compressive strength perpendicular to grain, and tensile strength perpendicular to grain and shear strength of each species of timber. In addition, the density and moisture content of timber are also measured for physical properties. Total 600 specimens (30 specimens for each test and species) are measured in this study. The results from experiments are also adjusted to 12% moisture content. Hla Hla Htay | Pan Ei Phyu"Experimental Study on Properties of Some Lesser Used Seasoned Timber Species in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17105.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/17105/experimental-study-on-properties-of-some-lesser-used-seasoned-timber-species-in-myanmar/hla-hla-htay
1) Shrinkage is a dimensional change in fabrics where they become smaller than their original size, usually due to laundry. It is one of the main disadvantages of fabrics.
2) There are several types of shrinkage testing procedures, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, and residual shrinkage.
3) Factors that influence shrinkage include yarn swelling, twist factor, stitch length, GSM, elasticity of yarn, stability of fibers and yarns, construction, type of weave or knit, and tension during sewing of garments. Proper control methods like correct construction, eliminating excess tensions, and spreading with softener can help reduce shrink
The document discusses textile spinning and quality control processes. It describes the key steps in textile spinning which include: yarn production from staple fibers using drawing and twisting; filament yarn production by forcing fiber-forming substances through spinnerets. The main processes are: blowroom preparation, carding, drawing, roving and ring spinning. Quality is ensured through testing of raw materials and processes. Fiber properties like length, strength and uniformity are evaluated. Machines are also tested to minimize count variations and improve yarn evenness and strength in the final product.
Effect of fabric softener on properties of a single jersey knitted fabric mad...Mohamed Fadl
This document discusses a study on the effects of fabric softener treatment on properties of single jersey knitted fabrics made from cotton and spandex yarns. Samples were produced with different levels of spandex and treated with two types of fabric softeners (cationic and silicon) at different concentrations. Testing found that silicon softener treatment significantly decreased fabric sewing needle penetration force, friction force, and weight loss, while cationic softener treatment significantly decreased weight loss. The document reviews previous literature on the effects of softeners and provides details on the experimental methodology used in this study.
This document summarizes a study on the functional properties of silk and polyester/lyocell mixed fabric. The study analyzed fabrics made of 100% silk as well as fabrics with silk as the warp and a 50/50 blend of polyester and lyocell as the weft. The fabrics were dyed with natural dyes like indigo and kumkum as well as synthetic dyes. Tests were conducted to analyze properties like absorbency, water retention, wicking, water vapor permeability, air permeability, colorfastness, and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the silk mixed fabric performed comparably to 100% silk fabric for many properties relevant in applications like sarees.
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim Quality by A K Choudhary in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
For an end consumer of denim garments, the most important factors are performance and comfort after few aesthetic factors such as appearance and fashion appeal. For stretchable denim fabric, the fit related comfort lies in ability of the fabric to be stretched and recover when a repeated load is applied due to body movements without any permanent set called bagging. In this study, the interactive effect of twist multiplier of weft yarn, denier elastane fibre and fabric areal density on performance of denim fabric was investigated. The denier of elastane fibre used with weft yarn of three different twist multiplier- 4.9, 5.2 and 5.5, is changed as 40D, 55D and 70D. The areal density of fabric is changed through change in picks per inch as 50, 55 and 60. Performance was analysed on the basis of results of breaking strength, breaking elongation and cyclic loading stretch properties. The test results revealed that the tensile strength and breaking elongation properties of denim fabric, for both before and after cyclic loading are in the same trend, but after cyclic loading due to fatigue behaviour, tensile strength and breaking elongation was reduced. The breaking elongation increased as lycra content increases in the fabric and with increase in lycra content percentage, tensile strength was decreased slightly.
Effect of Industrial Bleach Wash and Softening on the Physical, Mechanical an...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Garments washing is a novel process to impart worn-out look, to modify the appearance and to
improve the comfort ability of the garments. Bleach wash is used to fade the color of denim in a higher degree
as well as bleach wash has effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim also. This paper
presents the impact of bleach wash and subsequent softening treatment on 100% cotton denim dyed with indigo
dye. Garments were washed using a bleach concentration of 10 g/l for 30 minutes in 50oC temperature and then
softened using standard recipe. The physical, mechanical and color properties were analyzed in before wash,
after desizing, after bleaching and after softening. The properties that were analyzed include hand feel, tensile
strength, seam strength, fabric weight, stiffness, dimensional stability and color fading. Bleach washed and
softened garments exhibit a great difference in the physical, mechanical and color properties than the unwashed garments. Keywords: Denim, Bleach Wash, Garments Washing, Softening
Handle of cotton: wool knitted khadi fabriciosrjce
Hand of cotton: woolhand knitted fabrics has been reported in this study. Indian crossbred wool
(Rambouillet and Chokla) was blended with cotton (Mech I) in three different ratios (10-90%, 20-80% and 30-
70%) and yarns were prepared on hand spinning system.Knitted fabric samples were constructed on 10-12
gauge, flat bed hand knitting machine. Fabric handle was objectively assessed by SiroFAST.
The document discusses linear density, which is a measurement of yarn thickness or fineness. It is not possible to directly measure yarn diameter due to its soft and compressible nature. Instead, linear density systems weigh a known length of yarn to determine fineness. The two main systems are direct, which fixes length and varies weight, and indirect, which fixes weight and varies length. Several linear density designation systems are described, including tex, denier, English count, and their respective calculation methods. Factors like moisture content and different fiber properties are accounted for in linear density measurements.
Variation in linear density of combed yarn due to dyeing with reactive dye in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Though yarn dyeing is a significant part of wet processing, it still has some major obstacles. It loses its weight as well as strength due to wet treatment. A study on the changes of linear density in combed yarn due to different shade percentages of reactive dye has been conducted and the results are statistically analyzed. Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow RR and Remazol Blue RR were used for this experiment. The study reveals that dye shade percentage effects on the linear density negatively. Before 2.5% shade the yarn loss is greater and after 3.5% shade linear density also decreases. 2.5% to 3.5% shade percentage can be taken as the range where loss of linear density is much less than the other percentages. The lowest loss percentage was found for 3% shade for every dyestuff among which Remazol Red RR was the least. Key Words: Combed yarn, Loss percentage, Shade, Linear density.
Study On Various Textile Fibers Used In Textile Industry | Textile Fibers Use...Md Rakibul Hassan
This document discusses different types of textile fibers used in the textile industry. It describes six fibers: cotton, wool, jute, silk, nylon, and viscose. For each fiber, it provides a definition, lists key properties like tensile strength and moisture regain, and gives examples of applications for textiles made from that fiber such as clothing, home goods, and industrial materials. The document serves as an overview of the most commonly used natural and synthetic textile fibers.
Jute fiber has potential for use in technical textiles but requires improvements to its properties. A series of wet chemical processes can modify jute fiber, making it softer, finer, and brighter with improved moisture regain and bundle strength. Specifically, sulphonation increases properties by treating fiber with sodium sulphate. Enzyme and aminosilicone treatments increase swelling and flexibility while decreasing rigidity. Thermal treatments like boiling water for 30 minutes also reduce fiber rigidity. With further research into such modification methods, jute fiber performance could be enhanced for technical textile applications.
Eco frendily dyeing and finishing on silk fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Today in the world of eco-friendly textiles, it becomes very important to solve the water pollution problem. Most of the textiles effluent came from dyeing industries spoil the water source and carcinogenic dyes create skin diseases and environmental hazards. So the present study focuses on plasma treatment, dyeing and fragrance finishing using natural sources. Plasma treatment is increase the dye uptake and luster in the silk fabric without more water consumption. Plasma treatment stands for, energy efficient, water saving, and economic than classical textile finishing processes. Traditional textile wet process needs lots of water to reduce the water consumption plasma treatment is used for surface modification of silk fabric. Plasma is a dry process is done by gases. Onion skin is a good dye yielding and antimicrobial source. These kind of natural sources are best alternative for synthetic dyes because these dyes are nature friendly dyes. Fragrance finish is a process where the substrate is subjected to inclusion of fragrance or essential oil which gives effects such as sedation, hypogynies, curing hyper tension. A new branch of textiles called “Aromatherapy textiles”, involves the incorporation of these essential oils on the textiles substrate for daily use. Key words: Plasma treatment, Silk fabric, Natural dye, Fragrance finishing,
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
Vijay prakash seminar Report on crease resistance finishVijay Prakash
The document summarizes a seminar report on recent trends in anti-crease finishing of cotton. It discusses using acrylate copolymers and crosslinking agents like DHDMEU to provide crease resistance while maintaining strength and durability. Testing showed that using copolymers with low glass transition temperatures below -22°C and high molecular weight above 105 provided excellent crease resistance and strength retention after treatment. The report also explores formaldehyde-free treatments using citric acid and silk fibroin solution, finding that a combination of 6% fibroin, 30g/L citric acid, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5 and 150°C provided good crease recovery and strength retention without
Studies on the Dyeing Of Wool and Nylon Fabrics with Some Acid DyesIOSR Journals
Abstract : Wool and nylon fabrics were dyed using four different types of acid dyes of various colours i.e Lugani 101 (black), brown 3RG, nylomine (navy blue), methyl orange. Generally both wool and nylon fabrics exhibited higher percentage exhaustion. Relatively, nylon showed higher percentage exhaustion compared to wool. Also the dyed wool and nylon fabrics possess good fastness towards bleaching rubbing, pressing and perspiration but poor fastness to higher and washing
This document discusses the formation and types of fabrics. There are three main stages in fabric formation: fibers are turned into yarn, then yarn is used to make fabric through processes like weaving, knitting, or non-woven bonding. The three primary types of fabrics are knitted, woven, and non-woven. Knitted fabrics are stretchy and comfortable, woven fabrics are tough and durable, and non-woven fabrics are made by interlocking fibers without spinning into yarns. Fabrics have a variety of uses in apparel, furnishings, and industrial products depending on their appearance, texture, performance, and cost.
This document discusses the effect of finishing processes on knit fabrics. It describes how finishing improves physical properties like feel, strength and shrinkage. The techniques of finishing depend on factors like the fabric composition and its intended end use. Common finishing treatments aim to impart properties like softness, luster and dimensional stability. The document then examines specific finishing stages like hydroextraction, drying, slitting, stenting and compacting. Graphs show how properties like GSM and shrinkage are affected differently for various fabric types as they progress through finishing. The discussion analyzes the results and references additional sources for information on textile finishing.
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Journals
The document summarizes research that examined the effect of different shade percentages (1%, 3%, 5%) on properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes. It was found that increasing the shade percentage increased the GSM, CPI, WPI, and shrinkage of fabrics. It also decreased the color fastness of the fabrics. The research analyzed properties like structural parameters, shrinkage, and color fastness like wash fastness, water fastness and light fastness. It was concluded that shade percentage significantly impacts the technical properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes."
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The term finishing, in a broad sense it covers all the processes of making the fabric good looking, good hand feeling, luster and of course for buyer requirement. It is done after dying and before delivery to market. Various types of parameters are controlled during finishing section considering buyer requirement. The term also includes bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing etc. But normally the term is restricted to the final stage in the sequence of treatment of Knit fabrics after bleaching and dyeing. However, fabrics which are neither bleached nor dyed are also finished.
This document discusses man-made fibers, including their classification and production processes. It begins by listing reference books on textile fibers. It then defines textile fibers and their key properties. There are two main types of man-made fibers: regenerated fibers made from cellulose, such as viscose, and synthetic fibers produced through chemical reactions, like polyester and nylon. These fibers are made using processes like melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of man-made fibers compared to natural fibers, as well as various fiber properties and texturing methods.
Experimental Study on Properties of Some Lesser Used Seasoned Timber Species ...ijtsrd
This study investigates the properties of four lesser used seasoned timber species in Myanmar: Inn (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.), Kanyin (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Thit-Sein (Terminalia bellirica Roxb.) and Yamane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). The experiments are tested according to American Standard Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber (ASTM D 143-09). The moisture content is examined in the kiln dried condition. The mechanical properties are done to measure the bending strength, compressive strength parallel to grain, compressive strength perpendicular to grain, and tensile strength perpendicular to grain and shear strength of each species of timber. In addition, the density and moisture content of timber are also measured for physical properties. Total 600 specimens (30 specimens for each test and species) are measured in this study. The results from experiments are also adjusted to 12% moisture content. Hla Hla Htay | Pan Ei Phyu"Experimental Study on Properties of Some Lesser Used Seasoned Timber Species in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17105.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/17105/experimental-study-on-properties-of-some-lesser-used-seasoned-timber-species-in-myanmar/hla-hla-htay
1) Shrinkage is a dimensional change in fabrics where they become smaller than their original size, usually due to laundry. It is one of the main disadvantages of fabrics.
2) There are several types of shrinkage testing procedures, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, and residual shrinkage.
3) Factors that influence shrinkage include yarn swelling, twist factor, stitch length, GSM, elasticity of yarn, stability of fibers and yarns, construction, type of weave or knit, and tension during sewing of garments. Proper control methods like correct construction, eliminating excess tensions, and spreading with softener can help reduce shrink
The document discusses textile spinning and quality control processes. It describes the key steps in textile spinning which include: yarn production from staple fibers using drawing and twisting; filament yarn production by forcing fiber-forming substances through spinnerets. The main processes are: blowroom preparation, carding, drawing, roving and ring spinning. Quality is ensured through testing of raw materials and processes. Fiber properties like length, strength and uniformity are evaluated. Machines are also tested to minimize count variations and improve yarn evenness and strength in the final product.
Effect of fabric softener on properties of a single jersey knitted fabric mad...Mohamed Fadl
This document discusses a study on the effects of fabric softener treatment on properties of single jersey knitted fabrics made from cotton and spandex yarns. Samples were produced with different levels of spandex and treated with two types of fabric softeners (cationic and silicon) at different concentrations. Testing found that silicon softener treatment significantly decreased fabric sewing needle penetration force, friction force, and weight loss, while cationic softener treatment significantly decreased weight loss. The document reviews previous literature on the effects of softeners and provides details on the experimental methodology used in this study.
This document summarizes a study on the functional properties of silk and polyester/lyocell mixed fabric. The study analyzed fabrics made of 100% silk as well as fabrics with silk as the warp and a 50/50 blend of polyester and lyocell as the weft. The fabrics were dyed with natural dyes like indigo and kumkum as well as synthetic dyes. Tests were conducted to analyze properties like absorbency, water retention, wicking, water vapor permeability, air permeability, colorfastness, and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the silk mixed fabric performed comparably to 100% silk fabric for many properties relevant in applications like sarees.
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim Quality by A K Choudhary in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
For an end consumer of denim garments, the most important factors are performance and comfort after few aesthetic factors such as appearance and fashion appeal. For stretchable denim fabric, the fit related comfort lies in ability of the fabric to be stretched and recover when a repeated load is applied due to body movements without any permanent set called bagging. In this study, the interactive effect of twist multiplier of weft yarn, denier elastane fibre and fabric areal density on performance of denim fabric was investigated. The denier of elastane fibre used with weft yarn of three different twist multiplier- 4.9, 5.2 and 5.5, is changed as 40D, 55D and 70D. The areal density of fabric is changed through change in picks per inch as 50, 55 and 60. Performance was analysed on the basis of results of breaking strength, breaking elongation and cyclic loading stretch properties. The test results revealed that the tensile strength and breaking elongation properties of denim fabric, for both before and after cyclic loading are in the same trend, but after cyclic loading due to fatigue behaviour, tensile strength and breaking elongation was reduced. The breaking elongation increased as lycra content increases in the fabric and with increase in lycra content percentage, tensile strength was decreased slightly.
Effect of Industrial Bleach Wash and Softening on the Physical, Mechanical an...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Garments washing is a novel process to impart worn-out look, to modify the appearance and to
improve the comfort ability of the garments. Bleach wash is used to fade the color of denim in a higher degree
as well as bleach wash has effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim also. This paper
presents the impact of bleach wash and subsequent softening treatment on 100% cotton denim dyed with indigo
dye. Garments were washed using a bleach concentration of 10 g/l for 30 minutes in 50oC temperature and then
softened using standard recipe. The physical, mechanical and color properties were analyzed in before wash,
after desizing, after bleaching and after softening. The properties that were analyzed include hand feel, tensile
strength, seam strength, fabric weight, stiffness, dimensional stability and color fading. Bleach washed and
softened garments exhibit a great difference in the physical, mechanical and color properties than the unwashed garments. Keywords: Denim, Bleach Wash, Garments Washing, Softening
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the cloth or garments. Wrinkle is a particular type of pressure in the finished fabric. It is produced during finishing operations by the thickness of the seam used to join pieces for processing.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
Textile finishes improve the appearance, feel, and functionality of fabrics. There are two main types of finishes - aesthetic finishes which improve visual qualities like texture or sheen, and functional finishes which provide benefits like stain resistance or crease resistance. Finishing processes include scouring to remove impurities, bleaching to produce a pure white color, dyeing or printing to add color patterns, and calendaring to produce a smooth texture. Properly finished fabrics have enhanced durability, comfort, and performance properties for long-lasting use.
Wrinkle resistance varies from quite low in many fabrics to very high in resilient fabrics. In order to form a wrinkle, a fabric’s wrinkle resistance must be overcome. The fabric may, however, produce strains and store potential energy that can become evident as wrinkle recovery under suitable conditions.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
Crimson Publishers - Certain Properties of Needle Punched Nonwoven Fabrics Ma...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Certain Properties of Needle Punched Nonwoven Fabrics Made from Silk and Wool Fibers by Rajkumar Govindaraju* and Srinivasan Jagannathan in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses various aspects of dimensional stability in fabrics, including:
1. Types of dimensional changes that can occur including relaxation, consolidation, swelling, felting, and hygral expansion.
2. Specific types of shrinkage such as relaxation shrinkage, consolidation shrinkage, swelling shrinkage, and felting shrinkage.
3. The objectives and processes involved in fabric finishing to control dimensional stability and develop desired fabric properties.
DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ECO FRIENDLY SANITARY NAPKINS USING NATURAL FIBRES...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the development of sustainable and eco-friendly sanitary napkins using natural fibers like banana fiber, cotton, and linen. It describes the extraction processes for these fibers, including mechanical stripping of banana fiber and chemical scouring/purifying of cotton. The properties of each fiber are compared, with banana fiber having good strength but low elasticity. The fibers will be used to make napkins with banana fiber and linen for absorption layers and cotton for the top sheet.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
TO STUDY THE FIBRE DYEING PROCESS FOR MELANGE YARNInternship reportVijay Prakash
This document provides a project report on studying the fibre dyeing process for melange yarn. It includes an introduction on melange yarn production and its applications. It then discusses the manufacturing process which involves dyeing fibres before spinning. Comparative data is shown between non-compact and compact yarns. Key points covered include improving yarn evenness, strength and reducing imperfections when using compact spinning. Finally, common problems in melange yarn production are outlined such as shade variation and ensuring proper fibre blending and ratios.
Textile dyeing mc final report University of south asiaTonmoyMollick
Topics about textile dyeing and used machinery. Data arranged by BSC in textile 36 batch from USA evening students. If any issue to change the data please replay and advice we will do accordingly.
Effect of titanium dioxide treatment on the properties of 100% cotton knitted...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white, water insoluble pigment. It is used in paints, plastics, foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its main application on textile materials as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents. Titanium dioxide can reflect, scatter or absorb ultraviolet ray. Besides Titanium dioxide also modify the properties of fabrics. In previous research, titanium dioxide was applied mainly by padding mangle method. This paper presents an approach to observe the effect of titanium dioxide treatment 100% cotton knitted (plain jersey) fabric applied by exhaustion method followed by curing and washing. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH value and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were checked. It is found that titanium dioxide impairs the better hand feel and absorbency (wetting time) of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the strength and keeps the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
This document provides an overview of different types of fabrics, their properties, and practical examples. It discusses woven fabrics like poplin, muslin, georgette, gauze, satin, velvet, flannel, drill, terry, and denim. For each fabric, it describes the construction method, properties like weight, texture, durability, and common uses. Practical examples are given for using woven fabrics, such as making curtains from poplin or upholstering furniture with velvet. The document aims to explain the characteristics and applications of various performance fabrics.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
1. Ms. Shivi Rastogi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -4) April 2015, pp.55-60
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Effect of Different Softening Agents on Khadi
Ms. Shivi Rastogi, Prof. Suman Pant and Mrs. Anubhooti Agarwal
Home Science Department, Clothing and Textile
Banasthali University, Rajasthan
Abstract
The effect of different synthetic softeners viz anionic, nonionic, and cationic softeners on physical properties
i.e., stiffness, crease recovery and drape ability of cotton khadi fabric has been presented in this study. Effect of
different concentration of finishing agents and thickness of fabric on stiffness, crease recovery and drapeability
has been analyzed.
It was found that alteration in softness of fabric application depends, to an extent (in part) upon amount of finish
used. As on increasing the concentration of finish there was decrease in bending length and drape coefficient. It
also depends upon type of finishing agents used. Maximum decrease in drape coefficient and stiffness was seen
in fabrics. After treatment of various softeners drape coefficient of khadi fabrics have been decreased and fabric
becomes very lumpy. Highest decrease in drape coefficient has been found in mediun weight khadi fabrics
treated with all softeners. As the concentration of softeners increased drape coefficient was decreased
simultaneously. Maximum increases in crease recovery were seen in fabric treated with anionic softener at
concentration of 4% and were seen minimum in nonionic softener.
Keywords: Softeners, cationic, anionic, nonionic, drape, stiffness, crease recovery.
I. Introduction
Khadi is a hand spun and hand woven fabric
made of cotton, wool, silk and their blends. Khadi is
an Indian fabric also known by another name
khaddar. It is made by spinning the threads on
instrument known as charkha that is used to create
khadi. Ambar Charkha is the latest spinning wheel
that is still hand operated. Khadi was used and
produced for years, by the middle and working
classes of subcontinent in the 19th
century especially
during swadeshi movement.
There are many attributes associated with khadi,
in particular cotton khadi. It keeps wearer cool in
summer and warm in winter. Its weave structure
allows ample amount of air to pass over and around
the body. It has capacity to absorb moisture. It is
100% natural and therefore, not harmful to skin as
compared to manmade synthetic fabrics.
However, cotton khadi has some drawbacks.
Cotton khadi wrinkles easily. It has poor color
fastness, dimensional stability, and drapeability
property. Drape is the most important aesthetic
property of fabrics, garments and other textile
structures. Fabric drape can be defined as a
description of the deformation of the fabric produced
by gravity when only part of it is directly supported.
This unique characteristic provides a sense of
fullness and a graceful appearance that distinguishes
fabrics from other sheet materials.
Ability of fabric to all under its own weight into
wavy folds is called drapeability. The drape relieves
monotony of shape and enhances the beauty of
garment and its appreciation.
One of the advances in textile finishing has been
application of resin finishing agents. Resin finishing
in general alters fabric characteristics like
appearance, resilience, drape, and shrinkage and
crease resistance. (Marsh, 1979)
In resin finishing certain synthetic polymers are
applied, which may be located on the surface or may
penetrate inside the fiber (Sadov, 1978). Finishing
agents may also be used to modify fabric stiffness. If
stiffness vs. softness and drape of khadi fabric is
changed by application of finishing agents, its use
can be multiplied in designing garment of different
styles. Present study is a step in this direction.
Softeners give very smooth and attractive look
for garments. Softeners is a chemical that, when
applied to textile materials, bring about an alteration
in handle, resulting in goods being more pleasing to
the touch than before applying it. Softening finishes
are among the most important of textile chemical
after treatments, with chemical softeners; textiles can
achieve an agreeable, soft hand (supple, pliant, sleek
and fluffy), some smoothness, more flexibility and
better drape and pliability. An effective softener must
be readily dispersible or miscible in rinse water and
readily absorbed by the materials so that uniform
deposition can occur within a relatively short
treatment time.
Thus to improve fabric hand and supplying
various types of softeners are used commercially
which may be classified into four categories:-
Anionic softeners (sulphated oils, sulphated alcohols,
soaps, oil emulsions etc.)
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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Nonionic softeners (polyethylene emulsion,
silicone emulsion, polyoxyethylene derivatives
etc.)
Cationic softeners (quaternary ammonium and
other cationic products.)
Reactive softeners (methylolstearmide,
octadecyl ethylene urea etc.)
The main aim of the study is to improve crease
recovery, drapeability and dimensional stability of
khadi fabric by treating with selected softeners.
II. Methodology
Material
Fabric- Commercially available khadi fabrics in
different weight and thickness were used. Three
categories of cotton khadi fabrics were selected for
this study- two fabrics of thick, one of medium and
three of fine thickness were used.
Method
Before application of softening finishes fabrics
were scoured and desized by standard recipes.
Application of finishing agents and determination of
percent add on% of the finish-
Different softeners were applied to cotton khadi
fabric by pad dry cure method with the help of
padding mangle. Following recipes were used for
application of softener-
Anionic Softener- 5gm/l glycerin was used with
different concentration of anionic softener i.e. 2%,
4%, and 6%. Water liquor was boiled for 10 min and
softener and glycerin were added and stirred
properly. Fabric was dipped in this solution and left
for 30 min and then passed through the padding
mangle.
Nonionic Softener- 1gm/l acetic acid used with
different conc. of nonionic softener i.e. 2%, 4%, 6%.
Temp of water was raised to 500
C and the nonionic
softener was added in the water and stirred properly.
The fabric was soaked in this solution and left for 30
min and then passed from the padding mangle.
Cationic Softener - The softener paste was
mixed with its own weight of water at 60°C by
stirring and then diluted with the required amount of
cold water. Fabric was left in this solution for 30 min
and then passed through the padding mangle. Finish
was applied individually with three concentration of
each finish.
S.No. Name of softener Concentration of treatment (W/W)
1. Cationic softener 2%, 4%, 6%
2. Anionic softener 2%, 4%, 6%
3. Nonionic softener 2%, 4%, 6%
The material liquor ratio was taken 1:20.Pick up percentage and Add on percentage was calculated.
The following selected properties were measured as per standard test methods:
Stiffness (IS: 6490-1971), Percent Drape Co-efficient (IS: 8357-1977), Crease recovery (IS: 4681-1968).
III. Result and Discussion
Table1: Stiffness, crease recovery and % drape coefficient of cotton khadi fabrics treated with varying
concentration of anionic softener
Cotton
khadi
Conc. of
finish (w/w)
%add
on
Bending length
(cm)
Crease recovery
(0
)
% drape
coefficient
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Thick (a) 0% 0% 3.7 3 109.2 122.2 78.59
2% 3.96% 2.48 2.32 121.8 117 77.54
4% 7.47% 2.39 2.14 119.2 117 75.75
6% 4.38% 1.48 2.05 107.2 106.6 73.26
(b) 0% 0% 2 3 105.2 113.8 71.27
2% 2.75% 2.05 2.28 118.8 117.2 70.75
4% 6.66% 1.99 2.37 121.4 123.8 69.89
6% 3.35% 1.21 1.81 110.4 111.2 68.46
Medium 0% 0% 2.16 2.5 123.6 129.6 73.36
2% 3.29% 1.97 1.72 117 118 72.99
45 12.765 2.24 1.94 123.8 121.8 71.03
6% 7.84% 1.75 1.98 110.4 111 69.12
Fine (a) 0% 0% 2.7 2.4 124.2 118.6 68.67
2% 9.75% 1.72 1.68 107.8 105.2 67.82
4% 31.75% 1.84 1.63 105.8 105.8 65.12
6% 14.76% 1.5 1.93 99 111.6 63.08
(b) 0% 0% 1.8 1.8 130.4 136.6 67.39
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2% 3.79% 1.94 1.87 110.4 107 69.11
4% 19.45% 1.80 1.82 115.2 102.8 64.37
6% 13.28% 1.33 2.17 106.6 104.6 64.28
(c) 0% 0% 2.43 2.14 123.6 110.6 66.53
2% 8.75% 2.09 2.08 107.6 109 64.37
4% 44% 1.91 1.73 108 107.6 63.25
6% 13.66% 1.4 1.96 106.6 102.4 66.77
Effect of anionic softener on stiffness, drape and
crease recovery of cotton khadi fabrics
In this study three types of cotton khadi fabrics
varying in thickness i.e. thick, medium and fine were
treated with three different concentrations of
softeners. The change in stiffness, drape and crease
recovery was determined.
Stiffness
Data in table 1 shows the effect of different
concentration of anionic softener on stiffness of
cotton khadi fabrics of varying thickness.
It is clear that bending length of controlled
sample of thick (a) khadi fabric was 3.7 cm in warp
direction and 3 cm in weft direction, which
decreased considerably on application of 2% softener
in sample, whereas in sample (b) of thick khadi
fabric bending length increased in warp direction and
decreased in weft direction on increasing the
concentration upto 4% bending length in both the
sample of thick khadi cotton fabric decreased. On
increasing the concentration of softener to 6%,
bending length further decreased in both the sample
(a) & (b) of thick cotton khadi fabric. This trend was
observed in the warp as well as weft directions.
In case of medium weight khadi fabric, similar
results were obtained. Bending length of controlled
sample was 2.16 cm in warp and 2.5 cm in weft
direction, which decreases sharply on application of
2% concentration of softener.
In case of fine khadi fabrics, bending length of
controlled sample (a) was 2.7 cm in warp and 2.4 cm
in weft direction which kept on decreasing in case of
sample (b) of fine cotton khadi fabric bending length
was increased when 2% concentration was applied
and in sample (c) bending length was decreased. On
increasing the concentration to 4% bending length
increased in warp direction and it decreased in weft
direction, whereas in sample (b) & (c) bending
length decreased in both the direction, when the
concentration of softener upto 6% bending length
decreased in all the three samples of fine cotton
khadi fabric.
Decreases in stiffness of thick and medium of
cotton khadi fabric are more in warp direction than in
weft. Where as in fine fabric it is increases in warp in
comparison to weft. Decrease in bending length is
due to additive and adhesive nature of softener which
makes fabric soft.
Drapeability
Drapeability is expressed in term of drape co-
efficient; however the drape quality of the same
fabric may be evaluated subjectively and expressed
in terms of number of nodes.
Drape coefficient of controlled sample of thick
cotton khadi fabric (a) was 78.59% and the drape co-
efficient of sample (b) was 71.27%.It decreased
considerably on application of anionic softener. On
increasing the concentration of softener to 4% and
6%, the drape co-efficient further decreased.
In case of medium weight khadi fabric similar
results were obtained. The drape coefficient of
controlled sample was 73.36% which decreased to
72.99% on application of 2% concentration of
softener and decreased continuously on increasing
the concentration of softener up to 6%.
In case of fine khadi fabric, the drape co-
efficient of controlled sample(a) was 67.82%, sample
(b) was 67.39% and sample (c) was 66.53% which
decreased in sample (a) & (c) and increased in
sample (b), but on increasing the concentration to 4%
drape co-efficient decreased in all the three samples
of fine cotton khadi fabric. On increasing the
concentration of softener up to 6% sample (a) and (b)
again decreased and in case of sample (c) of fine
cotton khadi fabric drape co-efficient increased.
Thus in general it is noticed that anionic softener
treated cotton khadi fabrics exhibit decrease in drape
coefficient compared to control sample.
According to the Cusick there is a significant co-
relation between stiffness and drape co-efficient. As
stiffness decreases, drape coefficient also decreases.
Here also the order of decrease in drape co-efficient
inis turns with the order of decrease in stiffness of
cotton khadi fabrics.
Crease recovery
Crease recovery of controlled sample (a) of thick
cotton khadi fabric was 109.2° in warp direction and
122.2° in weft direction and; of sample (b) was
105.2° in warp direction and 113.8° in weft direction
which increased considerably on application of
anionic softener in both the sample. On increasing
the concentration of softener to 4% crease recovery
decreased in sample (a) and it increased in sample
(b) of thick cotton khadi fabric. But on increasing the
concentration upto 6% the crease recovery decreased
in both the samples.
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In case of medium weight khadi fabric similar
results were obtained. The crease recovery angle of
controlled sample was 129.6° which decreased to
118° on application of 2% concentration of anionic
softener and it increased when fabric was applied to
4% concentration and when fabric was treated to 6%
concentration of anionic softener it decreased again.
In case of fine khadi fabrics, crease recovery angle of
controlled sample was 124.2° in warp direction and
118.6° in weft direction, in sample (b) 130.4° in
warp direction and 136.6° in weft. Continuous
decrease in all the three samples on increasing the
concentration of anionic softener was observed.
Table 2: Stiffness, crease recovery and% drape coefficient of cotton khadi fabrics treated with varying
concentration of nonionic softener
Cotton
khadi
Conc. of
finish (w/w)
%add on Bending length
(cm)
Crease recovery
(0
)
% drape
coefficient
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Thick (a) 0% 0 3.7 3 109.2 122.2 78.59
2% 2.63% 1.97 2.1 97.6 104.8 75.15
4% 3.07% 1.46 1.75 105.4 105 73.42
6% 2.12% 1.57 1.89 105 102.2 70.37
(b) 0% 0 2 3 105.2 113.8 71.27
2% 2.43% 3.16 3.2 105.8 105.6 71.29
4% 2.18% 2.59 2.87 107.6 104 72.29
6% 2.46% 3.62 3.31 100.8 99.2 70.59
Medium 0% 0 2.16 2.5 123.6 129.6 73.36
2% 2.82% 1.89 1.95 108.6 108.8 74.72
4% 11.42% 1.40 1.70 104.4 112.2 73.08
6% 8.53% 1.66 1.75 105.2 107.6 72.67
Fine (a) 0% 0 2.7 2.4 124.2 118.6 68.67
2% 13.76% 1.63 1.89 96.9 97 67.39
4% 9.42% 1.91 2.13 99.6 101.2 66.01
6% 10.1% 1.69 1.16 100.2 94.4 64.45
(b) 0% 0 1.8 1.8 130.4 136.6 67.39
2% 16.46% 1.62 1.8 97 103 65.24
4% 14.31% 1.95 1.88 99 102.4 65.30
6% 12.36% 1.6 1.34 105.6 108 66.44
(c) 0% 0 2.43 2.14 123.6 110.6 66.53
2% 2.76% 1.77 1.97 96.2 102 65.67
4% 23.38% 1.86 1.95 102.2 104.4 64.72
6% 10.48% 1.81 1.74 103.8 105.4 65.01
Effect of nonionic softener on stiffness, drape and
crease recovery of cotton khadi fabrics
Stiffness
Table 2 shows effect of varying concentration of
nonionic softener, on stiffness of cotton khadi
fabrics. It is clear from table that stiffness of thick (a)
cotton khadi fabric decreased with increase in
concentration of softener whereas bending length of
thick (b) cotton fabric was increased after application
of nonionic softener to 2% and it decreased when
thick cotton khadi fabric was treated with 4% of
concentration of nonionic softener but on increasing
the concentration to 6% bending length of thick (a)
and (b) was increased.
In case of medium cotton khadi fabric the
similar results were obtained. On the application of
softener to 2% the bending length was decreased and
it continuously decreased to 4% but on increasing the
concentration of nonionic softener to 6% the bending
length was increased.
In case of thick cotton khadi fabric on the
application of softener to 2% the bending length was
decreased and it increased to 4% but on increasing
the concentration of nonionic softener to 6% the
bending length was decreased in all the three samples
of cotton khadi fabric.
Drapeability
Table 2 showed the effect of varying
concentration of nonionic softener on drapeability of
cotton khadi fabric it is clear from the table that
drape co-efficient of thick (a) cotton khadi fabric
were decreased continuously on increasing the
concentration of softener 2% to 6% whereas in
sample (b) it decrease when 2% of softener was
applied and increased on increasing the concentration
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to 4% and again decreased when 6% nonionic
softener was applied.
In case of medium weight of khadi fabrics
similar results are obtained. And the drape co-
efficient of medium weight cotton khadi fabric were
decreased continuously on increasing the
concentration of softener to 6%.
In case of fine (a), (b) & (c) khadi fabric drape
co-efficient decreased with increasing concentration
of softener up to 4% and as the concentration of
softener was increased to 6% drape co-efficient of
fine cotton khadi fabric was increased in all the three
samples.
Crease recovery
Table 2shows crease recovery of cotton khadi
fabric after finishing with nonionic softener. It is
clear that crease recovery of thick cotton fabric
decreased in both warp and weft direction up to 2%
in both the sample. It increase when concentration of
nonionic softener was increased to 4% and then it
decreased when concentration of softener was
increased to 6% in both warp and weft direction and
in both the sample of thick cotton khadi fabric.
In case of cotton khadi fabric of medium thickness
crease recovery was continuously decreased upto 4%
and it was increased on increasing concentration to
6% in both the direction warp way and the weft way.
In case of fine cotton khadi fabric it decreased from
the control sample but it increased on increasing the
concentration of nonionic softener upto 6% in all the
samples of fine khadi fabric.
Table 3: Stiffness, crease recovery and % drape coefficient of cotton khadi fabrics treated with varying
concentration of cationic softener
Cotton
khadi
Con. of finish
(W/W)
%add
on
Bending length
(cm)
Crease recovery
(0
)
% drape
coefficient
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Thick (a) 0% 0 3.7 3 109.2 122.2 78.58
2% 0.43% 1.49 1.76 115.2 118 75.35
4% 0.86% 1.35 1.38 108.2 108.4 75.15
6% 0.71% 1.30 1.29 106.4 106.2 76.10
(b) 0% 0 2 3 105.2 113.8 71.27
2% 0.59% 3.46 3.49 106.8 105.6 71.61
4% 1.68% 3.60 3.64 103.4 99.8 72.99
6% 2.41% 3.25 3.48 97.4 97 71.30
Medium 0% 0 2.16 2.5 123.6 129.4 73.36
2% 0.93% 1.37 1.8 113.6 118.6 73.51
4% 1.34% 1.42 1.58 110.6 109.6 69.65
6% 1.06% 1.36 1.42 107.4 103 65.23
Fine (a) 0% 0 2.7 2.4 124.2 118.6. 68.67
2% 2.5% 1.77 1.58 100 99.8 66.87
4% 10.71% 1.61 1.67 95.6 96.6 63.51
6% 8% 1.55 1.5 96 100 61.82
(b) 0% 0 1.8 1.9 130.4 136.6 67.39
2% 3.80% 1.51 1.62 106.8 109 63.85
4% 12.6% 1.57 1.56 101.6 95.4 62.51
6% 10% 1.52 1.65 97.8 95.4 60.72
(c) 0% 0 2.43 2.14 123.6 110.6 66.53
2% 1.9% 1.55 1.72 103.6 105.4 64.75
4% 1.34% 1.46 1.45 101.8 99.2 63.8
6% 0.63% 1.43 1.12 97.8 97.4 61.30
Effect of cationic softener on stiffness, drape and
crease recovery of cotton khadi fabric
Stiffness
Data given in table 3 shows the result of
stiffness of cotton khadi fabric finished with cationic
softener. In case of thick (a) cotton khadi fabric
bending length is continuously decreased on
increasing the concentration of cationic softener to
6% whereas in sample (b) of thick cotton khadi
fabric it increase when 2% concentration was applied
and then it further increased on increasing the
concentration to 4% but it decreased when 6%
concentration of cationic softener was applied.
In case of medium weight cotton khadi fabric
bending length decreased on increasing the
concentration to 2% and on increasing the
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concentration to 4% it decreased but after increasing
the concentration to 6% it increased.
In case of fine cotton khadi fabric the bending
length was sharply decreased on increasing the
concentration to 6% in all the three samples of cotton
khadi fabric.
Drapeability
Table 3 shows drape co-efficient of cotton khadi
fabric after finishing with cationic softener. It is clear
that drape coefficient of thick (a) cotton khadi fabric
decreased when concentration of softener to 2% and
it again decreased on increasing the concentration to
4% but on increasing the concentration to 6% drape
coefficient increased, whereas in sample (b) drape
co-efficient was similar to the controlled sample and
on increasing the concentration to 4% drape co-
efficient was also increased but as the concentration
was increased to 6% drape co-efficient decreased.
In case of medium weight cotton khadi fabric
drape coefficient was continuously decreased on
increasing the concentration up to 6%.
In case of fine cotton khadi fabric same results
are obtained and the drape co-efficient of cotton
khadi fabric was continuously decreased on
increasing the concentration up to 6% in all the three
samples of fine cotton khadi fabric.
Crease recovery
Data shows that the crease recovery of thick
cotton khadi fabric was increased after the
application of cationic softener in both the samples at
2% concentration and on increasing the
concentration to 4% crease recovery decreased and
crease recovery was again decreased as the
concentration of the softener increased to 6% in both
the samples of thick (a) & (b) cotton khadi fabric.
In case of medium weight cotton khadi fabric
crease recovery was decreased and crease recovery
of thick cotton khadi fabric was decreased after the
application of cationic softener at 2% concentration,
on increasing the concentration to 4% crease
recovery again decreased and it further decreased as
the concentration of the softener increased to 6%
crease recovery.
In case of fine cotton khadi fabric the crease
recovery was continuously decreased on increasing
the concentration upto 4% in all the three samples
(a), (b), and (c), on increasing the concentration to
6% sample (b) and (c) was decreased and crease
recovery of sample (a) was increased as compared to
the 4% concentration.
IV. Conclusion
Anionic softener, nonionic softener, and cationic
softener each have different chemical composition
and characteristics, so they influenced stiffness,
drape, crease recovery of cotton khadi fabric in
different way.
All the softeners decreased stiffness but cationic
softener was most effective in decreasing stiffness of
cotton fabrics of all types.
Percent drape co-efficient of fabrics finished
with anionic, nonionic, and cationic softeners
decreased continuously on increasing the
concentration of softener upto 6% in all the samples
of cotton khadi fabric.
On the other hand, no particular trend was
observed with respect to crease recovery of fabrics.
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