A OVERVIEW OF THE RANKIN CYCLE-BASED HEAT EXCHANGER USED IN INTERNAL COMBUSTI...IAEME Publication
The majority of the heat produced by automobiles, primarily by diesel engines, is squandered in various ways. If this waste heat is collected, it can be applied in a variety of other ways. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on the global issue of rapid economic growth, a relative energy scarcity, internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat, and environmental degradation. The remaining heat is released into the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling systems, leading to an increase in entropy and significant environmental pollution, so it is necessary to convert waste heat into useful work. Of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work. At 4000 RPM, the exhaust gas temperature is at its highest. So a recovery system is created for a constant RPM of 4000. A shell and tube heat exchanger and a uniflow steam engine connected to the main engine make up the recovery system. By reducing the frictional power at the main engine's power stroke and idle stroke, the linked steam engine increases the efficiency of the main engine. Due to the additional recovery system, the system's initial cost is significant. But over time, the system turns out to be profitable.
An exhaust heat recovery system turns waste heat energy in exhaust gases into electric energy for batteries or mechanical energy put on the crankshaft.
The technology is of increasing interest as car and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers continue to increase efficiency, saving fuel and reducing emissions.
While technological improvements have greatly reduced the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines, the peak thermal efficiency of a 4-stroke Otto cycle engine is around 35%, which means that 65% of the energy released from the fuel is lost as heat.
Integrated Air Conditioning Unit for AutomobilesIJARTES
Integrated Air Conditioning Unit for
Automobiles
In this paper, the investigation was made for the utilization
of waste heat in an improvised manner, so that the total
power of the automobile is not going to change and the fuel
efficiency is going to be enhanced. Here the use of vapor
absorption refrigeration system for the air conditioning
system was proposed and analyzed. This system was taken as
it can run on very low grade energy, such as waste heat of
the exhaust gas. The recent trend is to use the vapor
compression refrigeration system, where the principal part is
the compressor, which takes the power from the engine or
from auxiliary power unit and hence the fuel consumption
rate is increased. In the recent global scenario reducing the
fuel consumption is the main research area. The cooling
load of the automobile is estimated about 1.37 TR and the
measured cop value for the proposed model is varied from
0.85 to 1.04.
Here the main problem definition is to design an air
conditioning system which runs on exhaust gas waste heat
by exchanging with the refrigerant R134-a inside a
generator which is the replacement of the compressor in a
vapor absorption refrigeration system. The calculation
related to the design of proposed shell and tube heat
exchanger i.e. the generator for the model is carried out and
the rest design is theoretical study and proposed model to be
implemented in large scale after prototype model testing.
A description of how my optimization of carbon dioxide and propane mixture ratio as a working fluid helps reduce operating pressure by 33%, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) by 6.36% and total power output from a diesel powered plant by 8% through waste heat recovery.
The increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and a relative shortage of
energy. Out of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30 to 40% is converted
into useful mechanical work. With the rapid changing environment and atmospheric effect, the air conditioning
of the moving vehicle has become a necessity. In the same time consumers are incapable to bear the increasing
operating cost of the vehicles due to continuous raise in fuel prices, component costs and maintenance costs
associated with vehicles. Keep in mind in this paper, an exploration has been done to research the possibility of
waste heat recovery and its subsequent utilization in air conditioning system of a vehicle without increasing the
component cost, weight, number of component and bring improvement in vehicle by making luxurious. In this
system the Shell and Tube HE type will be used, designed and developed along with vapour absorption
refrigeration system and is tested for performance.
Keywords — Eefficiency, Exhaust Gas, Waste Heat & Shell Tube HE.
Testing and Development of Power Generation from Exhaust Gas of Motor Bikeijtsrd
This project presents the investigation of power generation using the mixture of heat and thermo electric generators. A majority of thermal energy in two wheeler silencer is dissipated as waste heat to the environment. This waste heat may be utilized further for power generation. The related problems of worldwide warming and dwindling fuel supplies has led to improving the efficiency of any process being a priority. One method to boost the efficiency is to develop methods to utilize waste heat that is usually wasted. Two promising technologies that were found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generators and warmth pipes. Subsequently, this venture included creation a seat type, verification of idea model of intensity creation by thermoelectric generators utilizing heat pipes and reenacted sight seeing. In recent years, heating and also the limitations in use of energy resources increase environmental problems with emissions. Additionally In industry, the greater part of the costs are a direct result of vitality both electrical and heat , work and materials. Yet, out of them vitality would identify with the sensibility of the expense or potential cost assets and so vitality the board will help in cost decrease. The possibilities of thermoelectric systems' contribution to "green" technologies, specifically for waste heat recovery from two wheeler silencer exhausting flue gases. It results into broad research on green advances creating power. As waste heat recovering techniques, like thermoelectric generator TEG is developed. Its implementation in automobile vehicles is administered in some ways. Tanveer Hussain | Kishore. N. Wagh "Testing and Development of Power Generation from Exhaust Gas of Motor Bike" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31025.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31025/testing-and-development-of-power-generation-from-exhaust-gas-of-motor-bike/tanveer-hussain
Use of Process Analyzers in Fossil Fuel PlantsIves Equipment
In spite of all efforts concerning energy savings and efficiency, the growing world population and the aspired higher 'standard of living' will lead to a further in- crease of world energy demand. In this context, almost half of the primary energy demand will continue to be covered by solid fuels, particularly by coal, until 2020 and many years beyond.
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. More specifically, a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine with a permanently gaseous working fluid.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
A OVERVIEW OF THE RANKIN CYCLE-BASED HEAT EXCHANGER USED IN INTERNAL COMBUSTI...IAEME Publication
The majority of the heat produced by automobiles, primarily by diesel engines, is squandered in various ways. If this waste heat is collected, it can be applied in a variety of other ways. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on the global issue of rapid economic growth, a relative energy scarcity, internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat, and environmental degradation. The remaining heat is released into the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling systems, leading to an increase in entropy and significant environmental pollution, so it is necessary to convert waste heat into useful work. Of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work. At 4000 RPM, the exhaust gas temperature is at its highest. So a recovery system is created for a constant RPM of 4000. A shell and tube heat exchanger and a uniflow steam engine connected to the main engine make up the recovery system. By reducing the frictional power at the main engine's power stroke and idle stroke, the linked steam engine increases the efficiency of the main engine. Due to the additional recovery system, the system's initial cost is significant. But over time, the system turns out to be profitable.
An exhaust heat recovery system turns waste heat energy in exhaust gases into electric energy for batteries or mechanical energy put on the crankshaft.
The technology is of increasing interest as car and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers continue to increase efficiency, saving fuel and reducing emissions.
While technological improvements have greatly reduced the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines, the peak thermal efficiency of a 4-stroke Otto cycle engine is around 35%, which means that 65% of the energy released from the fuel is lost as heat.
Integrated Air Conditioning Unit for AutomobilesIJARTES
Integrated Air Conditioning Unit for
Automobiles
In this paper, the investigation was made for the utilization
of waste heat in an improvised manner, so that the total
power of the automobile is not going to change and the fuel
efficiency is going to be enhanced. Here the use of vapor
absorption refrigeration system for the air conditioning
system was proposed and analyzed. This system was taken as
it can run on very low grade energy, such as waste heat of
the exhaust gas. The recent trend is to use the vapor
compression refrigeration system, where the principal part is
the compressor, which takes the power from the engine or
from auxiliary power unit and hence the fuel consumption
rate is increased. In the recent global scenario reducing the
fuel consumption is the main research area. The cooling
load of the automobile is estimated about 1.37 TR and the
measured cop value for the proposed model is varied from
0.85 to 1.04.
Here the main problem definition is to design an air
conditioning system which runs on exhaust gas waste heat
by exchanging with the refrigerant R134-a inside a
generator which is the replacement of the compressor in a
vapor absorption refrigeration system. The calculation
related to the design of proposed shell and tube heat
exchanger i.e. the generator for the model is carried out and
the rest design is theoretical study and proposed model to be
implemented in large scale after prototype model testing.
A description of how my optimization of carbon dioxide and propane mixture ratio as a working fluid helps reduce operating pressure by 33%, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) by 6.36% and total power output from a diesel powered plant by 8% through waste heat recovery.
The increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and a relative shortage of
energy. Out of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30 to 40% is converted
into useful mechanical work. With the rapid changing environment and atmospheric effect, the air conditioning
of the moving vehicle has become a necessity. In the same time consumers are incapable to bear the increasing
operating cost of the vehicles due to continuous raise in fuel prices, component costs and maintenance costs
associated with vehicles. Keep in mind in this paper, an exploration has been done to research the possibility of
waste heat recovery and its subsequent utilization in air conditioning system of a vehicle without increasing the
component cost, weight, number of component and bring improvement in vehicle by making luxurious. In this
system the Shell and Tube HE type will be used, designed and developed along with vapour absorption
refrigeration system and is tested for performance.
Keywords — Eefficiency, Exhaust Gas, Waste Heat & Shell Tube HE.
Testing and Development of Power Generation from Exhaust Gas of Motor Bikeijtsrd
This project presents the investigation of power generation using the mixture of heat and thermo electric generators. A majority of thermal energy in two wheeler silencer is dissipated as waste heat to the environment. This waste heat may be utilized further for power generation. The related problems of worldwide warming and dwindling fuel supplies has led to improving the efficiency of any process being a priority. One method to boost the efficiency is to develop methods to utilize waste heat that is usually wasted. Two promising technologies that were found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generators and warmth pipes. Subsequently, this venture included creation a seat type, verification of idea model of intensity creation by thermoelectric generators utilizing heat pipes and reenacted sight seeing. In recent years, heating and also the limitations in use of energy resources increase environmental problems with emissions. Additionally In industry, the greater part of the costs are a direct result of vitality both electrical and heat , work and materials. Yet, out of them vitality would identify with the sensibility of the expense or potential cost assets and so vitality the board will help in cost decrease. The possibilities of thermoelectric systems' contribution to "green" technologies, specifically for waste heat recovery from two wheeler silencer exhausting flue gases. It results into broad research on green advances creating power. As waste heat recovering techniques, like thermoelectric generator TEG is developed. Its implementation in automobile vehicles is administered in some ways. Tanveer Hussain | Kishore. N. Wagh "Testing and Development of Power Generation from Exhaust Gas of Motor Bike" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31025.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31025/testing-and-development-of-power-generation-from-exhaust-gas-of-motor-bike/tanveer-hussain
Use of Process Analyzers in Fossil Fuel PlantsIves Equipment
In spite of all efforts concerning energy savings and efficiency, the growing world population and the aspired higher 'standard of living' will lead to a further in- crease of world energy demand. In this context, almost half of the primary energy demand will continue to be covered by solid fuels, particularly by coal, until 2020 and many years beyond.
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. More specifically, a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine with a permanently gaseous working fluid.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. Supervised by : Majeed Abbasalizadeh
Prepared by : Ahmed Jassim Khalaf
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
TECHNIQUES IN CAR ENGINES AND
THE ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS
2. Abstract
Waste heat recovery is the use of thermal energy that would otherwise be
transferred to the environment to accomplish a useful function. Examples for
internal combustion engines include the use of engine coolant for cabin heat,
turbocharging to increase power density, bottoming cycles to produce additional
work from exhaust gas, or integrated exhaust manifold to facilitate engine warm-
up. The main pathways for heat rejection in the internal combustion engine that
are potential possible for WHR include the hot exhaust gases discharged from the
tailpipe, the engine coolant radiator, as well as the EGR and charge air coolers.
3. Introduction
By 2040, the world energy consumption is expected to increase by 40%. 1/3rd of
the world energy consumption belongs to the transportation sector and from that,
85% consumes by the road transportation sector, Although there is a huge tend
towards renewable energy sources, still the petroleum-based energy sources
dominate the road transportation sector, in SI (spark ignition) engines, nearly
70% of the total energy is wasted as heat and in CI (compression ignition)
engines, nearly 60% is wasted as heat. Energy efficiency improvement by in-
cylinder techniques of the engines have become to its saturation levels. So,
introducing a waste heat recovery system is promising to enhance the efficiency
of the IC engines which will also result in reducing the fuel consumption and GHG
(greenhouse gas) emission .
4. Aims of study
1-To use the energy wasted in vehicles in the form of heat generated by the engine. From
the literature study conducted there was 14% energy wasted in vehicles
through vehicle exhaust gases .
2-To obtain a new energy source that can be used for vehicle needs such as a source of
charging current (alternator) and vehicle
accessories.
To reduce vehicle fossil fuel consumption by eliminating the alternator function that has
been burdening the engine performance.
3-To become an alternative energy source for a hybrid type vehicle.
4-To increase vehicle energy efficiency.
6. Examples of heat recovery systems in cars
1-Use of engine coolant for cabin heat
2-Turbocharging to increase power density
3-Bottoming cycles to produce additional work from exhaust gas
4- Integrated Exhaust Manifold to facilitate engine warm-up
7. Waste heat recovery technologies for internal
combustion engines
thermoelectric generators.
the Rankine cycle.
the organic Rankine cycle.
turbo- compounding.
the Kalina cycle.
the Stirling cycle
8. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS
Thermoelectric generators (TEG), which convert waste heat directly into electricity, are a
promising WHR technology for internal combustion engines . Such generators can be
used both to convert heat power into electricity and to convert electrical power into
cooling or heating power. The working principle of TEG is based on the Seebeck effect,
which converts the temperature difference between the hot side and cold side directly into
electricity. General technical aspects and the most common applications of thermoelectric
generators are presented , The advantages of using TEG technology in waste heat
recovery are its silent operation and high reliability . In addition, TEGs have no moving or
mechanically complex components, unlike systems based on Rankine cycle technology .
Thus, thermoelectric generators can have very long technical lifetimes, and it has been
shown that thermoelectric devices can exceed 100 000 h of steady state operation . The
primary challenge facing TEG is their relatively low thermal efficiency at the present
technology level . However, advanced thermoelectric materials such quantum-well (QW)
materials have been shown to have the potential to reach notably higher efficiency values
than commercially available bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) , thus improving the feasibility of
TEG systems. An interesting future development could be the combination of
thermoelectric and photovoltaic systems to increase the obtainable power output.
10. Rankine cycle
based on a working principle similar to that used in large-scale steam power plants.
The working principle of the cycle is as fol- lows: high pressure liquid is evaporated, at
a constant pressure, in the evaporator by introducing heat power to the system. The
high pressure vapor is then expanded to a lower pressure, and power extracted from
the expansion. The expander can be either a turbine or a volumetric expander, such as
a piston expander, and it can produce either mechanical power or be coupled to a
generator producing electrical power The low pressure vapor is then condensed back
into liquid form by removing heat from the fluid in the condenser, after which the
pressure of the liquid is raised in a feed pump. Conventional RCs use steam as the
working medium. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) process is the same as the steam RC
process, with the exception that an organic working medium is used in the cycle
instead of steam.
12. The organic Rankine cycle
The organic Rankine cycle is similar to the Rankine steam cycle, but uses an
organic fluid such as refrigerants and hydrocarbons instead of water as the
working fluid. The ordinary Rankine cycle uses thermal power to convert water to
steam, which expands through a turbine in order to generate electricity. The
organic Rankine cycle operates in the same way, however instead of using water,
which has a relatively high boiling point (100°C), the organic Rankine cycle uses an
organic fluid that has a much lower boiling point than water.
14. Turb compounding
Electrical Turbo Compounding
Turbo generator is a component that is designed to be able to withstand the
vehicle’s wasted gas heat and produce the electrical energy. Electrical Turbo
Compounding is almost the same as a mechanical system. The difference is the
motion energy changes into electrical energy caused by high speed electric
generators. It is called as electrical turbine when the position of the turbine
generator separated from the turbocharger. But in some conditions, most of
electric generators are put in the same place as the turbocharger. This condition is
called a turbo generator.
15. Mechanical Turbo Compounding
This system use mechanical turbo movement driven by exhaust gases to produce
new energy on the vehicle. The exhaust gas flow moves the turbine rotor and
these rotations are used as an additional input to the crankshaft. This system is
generally applied to the heavy duty diesel engine where this engine has a large
piston displacement and a fast exhaust gas flow. The related research shows the
increasing of energy efficiency is about 3-5%. The schematic diagram of
Mechanical Turbo Compounding
17. Other Technologies
Other technologies are being researched at present for the utilization of waste
heat of IC engines. Other technologies include utilization of heat exchangers,
recuperator, regenerator, passive air preheaters, and finned tube heat exchanger
for ICEs exhaust waste heat recovery. Waste heat energy can be utilized not only
for increasing the efficiency of the engine, but also for other applications, for
example, the waste heat of stationary ICEs can be utilized for food drying
technology.
18. The application of nanotechnology in heat
recovery from the car
Nanotechnology can be applied to recover heat from the car using refrigerants in automotive
applications The radiator is an important heat exchanger for cooling the engine. Usually,
water and ethylene glycol are used in vehicles as cooling fluids. However, these fluids have
lower thermal conductivity. In the automotive industry, coolants with better quality are being
searched to develop more efficient engines. In recent years, nanofluids have become more
attractive to car manufacturers, with higher thermal conductivity to increase heat transfer.
The nanofluid that will be used in the engine must have different thermal and physical
properties such as high thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, boiling point as well as
low viscosity and freezing point. It must also be environmentally friendly by being non-toxic
and chemically inert and must not be corrosive so that It causes corrosion in the cooling
system. It will be fitting to increase the heat transfer performance of the cooling system and
use coolant with high thermal conductivity.
19. conclusion
Investigations have found that an connected way of improv- ing the overall
efficiency of the fuel use in a car is to recover some of the wasted heat
One remarkable advantage of Rankine-based technologies is their ability to
produce either mechanical or electric power. Another major advantage is their
higher efficiency compared to TEGs at the current technology level. As a
conclusion, future development and the ability to meet increasingly stringent envi-
ronmental regulations will be the major success factors in competition between
the studied technologies.