The document discusses pulverized coal combustion for electricity generation. It is the dominant technology for domestic coal use, with 85-90% used for power generation. A PC-fired power plant involves three major energy conversions: 1) Chemical to thermal via coal combustion, 2) Thermal to mechanical via high-pressure steam driving a turbine, and 3) Mechanical to electrical via a generator coupled to the turbine. The plant has numerous components and processes that impact efficiency, such as coal pulverization, combustion, steam generation, pollution control systems, and heat transfer and losses.
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
Signs from the zHome educational tours. zHome, the first net-zero energy town home community in the US, was open to the public in the fall of 2011 for educational tours.
Thermodynamics of energy conservation and maintenance, Laws of Thermodynamics, First law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin - planck statement, Clausis statement, Reversible and irreversible process, Causes of irreversibility, Thermal Insulation, Classification Types of energy sources, Prime movers, Waste Heat Recovery, Source and Quality, Type of Waste Heat Recovery, Convective recuperators,Regenerator
Maintenance,Breakdown maintenance,Planned Maintenance,Preventive Maintenance,Corrective Maintenance, Maintenance Audit, Steps of Maintenance Planning,Maintenance and Energy conservation,Friction,Types of Lubricant - Physical,Methods of lubrication,Energy efficient houseKeeping,Housekeeping – Water Reduction,Housekeeping – energy Reduction,Housekeeping – Waste Minimisation,Thermal Energy Audit(Energy Conservation in HVAC Systems),Energy Saving Tips,HVAC initiative,Interesting Facts,Quick wins, ASHRAE
Burners and combustion system for the reheat furnaces for small and medium ro...Shirish Karve
The document discusses the benefits of using combination firing of lean and rich fuels in reheat furnaces for small and medium steel mills. It notes that fuel costs are rising rapidly and many mills flare blast furnace gas that could be used as fuel. Combination firing helps achieve uniform soaking temperatures, less scale loss, reliability, fuel economy, and flexibility. While retrofitting existing furnaces with gas burners can work for some applications, truly uniform heating requires combination firing burners that can use both fuels to control temperatures across the charge. This approach minimizes expensive fuel use while allowing high production levels. Several mills in India have successfully adopted this strategy.
This document summarizes a student's study of the boiler system at the NTPC Ramagundam thermal power station in India. Key points:
- The study examines how coal is combusted in the boiler to generate high-pressure steam, which is then used to power turbines and generate electricity.
- The NTPC plant uses high-pressure water tube boilers fueled by pulverized coal. It can generate 2600MW of power through 7 generating units.
- Boiler components like water walls, drums, and superheaters are discussed. Steam is generated at high pressures and temperatures before powering turbines.
- Boiler reliability is critical but failures can occur due to issues like poor design
This document summarizes an energy audit of a reheating furnace used in a rolling mill. Key findings include:
1) The furnace's current efficiency is 34.1%, lower than claims of 42-45% by equipment manufacturers. Improving combustion efficiency to 82% by reducing excess oxygen to 5-7% and lowering flue gas temperature could save 157 kiloliters of fuel per year.
2) Surface temperatures of the uninsulated furnace indicate heat losses. Insulating the furnace could save 14 kiloliters of fuel annually with a 13 month payback period.
3) Openings for material loading contribute to heat losses. Further blocking openings could save 9.3 kil
The energy-saving audit project in Malaysia aimed to implement advanced energy-saving technologies from Japanese companies at selected model companies in Malaysia to help reduce energy costs and carbon emissions, with the project selecting 2-3 large processed food or beverage companies to conduct free audits and provide recommendations, and requesting MGTC's help in recommending model companies and linking the project to Malaysia's Green Technology Financing Scheme.
This document discusses research into combining residential space and water heating using a distributed integrated air (DIA) system. It describes how tighter homes require sealed combustion, which has led to installing less efficient water heaters for safety. The research aims to design DIA systems in a lab to provide optimal performance and installation guidelines. Lab testing analyzed idle losses, efficiencies, and full system tests of different DIA designs. Field studies of 300 homes are monitoring installed costs, savings, and system efficiencies to better understand the real-world potential of the DIA approach. Preliminary results suggest gas savings of 20-25% and electricity reductions of 40-75% compared to typical existing equipment.
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
Signs from the zHome educational tours. zHome, the first net-zero energy town home community in the US, was open to the public in the fall of 2011 for educational tours.
Thermodynamics of energy conservation and maintenance, Laws of Thermodynamics, First law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin - planck statement, Clausis statement, Reversible and irreversible process, Causes of irreversibility, Thermal Insulation, Classification Types of energy sources, Prime movers, Waste Heat Recovery, Source and Quality, Type of Waste Heat Recovery, Convective recuperators,Regenerator
Maintenance,Breakdown maintenance,Planned Maintenance,Preventive Maintenance,Corrective Maintenance, Maintenance Audit, Steps of Maintenance Planning,Maintenance and Energy conservation,Friction,Types of Lubricant - Physical,Methods of lubrication,Energy efficient houseKeeping,Housekeeping – Water Reduction,Housekeeping – energy Reduction,Housekeeping – Waste Minimisation,Thermal Energy Audit(Energy Conservation in HVAC Systems),Energy Saving Tips,HVAC initiative,Interesting Facts,Quick wins, ASHRAE
Burners and combustion system for the reheat furnaces for small and medium ro...Shirish Karve
The document discusses the benefits of using combination firing of lean and rich fuels in reheat furnaces for small and medium steel mills. It notes that fuel costs are rising rapidly and many mills flare blast furnace gas that could be used as fuel. Combination firing helps achieve uniform soaking temperatures, less scale loss, reliability, fuel economy, and flexibility. While retrofitting existing furnaces with gas burners can work for some applications, truly uniform heating requires combination firing burners that can use both fuels to control temperatures across the charge. This approach minimizes expensive fuel use while allowing high production levels. Several mills in India have successfully adopted this strategy.
This document summarizes a student's study of the boiler system at the NTPC Ramagundam thermal power station in India. Key points:
- The study examines how coal is combusted in the boiler to generate high-pressure steam, which is then used to power turbines and generate electricity.
- The NTPC plant uses high-pressure water tube boilers fueled by pulverized coal. It can generate 2600MW of power through 7 generating units.
- Boiler components like water walls, drums, and superheaters are discussed. Steam is generated at high pressures and temperatures before powering turbines.
- Boiler reliability is critical but failures can occur due to issues like poor design
This document summarizes an energy audit of a reheating furnace used in a rolling mill. Key findings include:
1) The furnace's current efficiency is 34.1%, lower than claims of 42-45% by equipment manufacturers. Improving combustion efficiency to 82% by reducing excess oxygen to 5-7% and lowering flue gas temperature could save 157 kiloliters of fuel per year.
2) Surface temperatures of the uninsulated furnace indicate heat losses. Insulating the furnace could save 14 kiloliters of fuel annually with a 13 month payback period.
3) Openings for material loading contribute to heat losses. Further blocking openings could save 9.3 kil
The energy-saving audit project in Malaysia aimed to implement advanced energy-saving technologies from Japanese companies at selected model companies in Malaysia to help reduce energy costs and carbon emissions, with the project selecting 2-3 large processed food or beverage companies to conduct free audits and provide recommendations, and requesting MGTC's help in recommending model companies and linking the project to Malaysia's Green Technology Financing Scheme.
This document discusses research into combining residential space and water heating using a distributed integrated air (DIA) system. It describes how tighter homes require sealed combustion, which has led to installing less efficient water heaters for safety. The research aims to design DIA systems in a lab to provide optimal performance and installation guidelines. Lab testing analyzed idle losses, efficiencies, and full system tests of different DIA designs. Field studies of 300 homes are monitoring installed costs, savings, and system efficiencies to better understand the real-world potential of the DIA approach. Preliminary results suggest gas savings of 20-25% and electricity reductions of 40-75% compared to typical existing equipment.
The document discusses several green buildings and their energy performance. It summarizes:
1) The Green on the Grand office building that achieved 50% energy reduction and minimal environmental impact through features like airtight insulation, high-performance windows, daylighting, and radiant heating/cooling.
2) A LEED gold certified fire station that saw 30% energy savings over a comparable non-LEED station through upgrades like heat recovery ventilation and more efficient lighting and furnaces.
3) A residence for nuns that is on track to achieve over 50% energy savings through a ground source heat pump and other water and energy efficiency measures.
This document provides information about the cogeneration and boiler systems at Hindalco. It describes how cogeneration simultaneously produces electricity and thermal energy. It also details the main components of the boiler, including auxiliaries like fans, air preheaters, economizers, and mills. The turbine and its auxiliaries that convert thermal energy to mechanical energy for power generation are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines the off-site systems like the coal, demineralization, and ash plants that support the cogeneration facility.
1) The document discusses heat transfer analysis methods to optimize the water cooling scheme for combustion devices used in torpedo propulsion systems.
2) It describes the components of the combustion chamber including the inner and outer walls that form the coolant passageway. Heat transfer is highest in the nozzle throat region.
3) Methods for calculating heat transfer rates, temperatures, velocities and other parameters on both the gas and coolant sides are presented using equations from heat transfer theory. The analysis can be used to optimize the cooling system design.
The document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity through a thermal cycle. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce superheated steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The steam is then condensed in a condenser, and the condensate is returned to the boiler via feedwater pumps, completing the cycle. The document also contains details about India's major coal-fired power plants and their locations.
Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is an energy efficient process that simultaneously generates electricity and useful thermal energy from one fuel source. Implementing a cogeneration plant at the university's boiler plant could increase efficiency from 50% to 70-90% by capturing waste heat from power generation to provide thermal energy for heating. A topping cycle cogeneration system, where fuel is first used to generate electricity and waste heat is then used for thermal needs, is most common and suitable. This would help reduce the university's rising heating costs while preventing global warming through less greenhouse gas emissions.
Application Of PCM Thermal Energy StorageZafer Ure
This project in Turin, Italy used geothermal heat pumps and phase change material (PCM) thermal storage to achieve 46% energy savings compared to traditional systems. PCM tanks stored energy equivalent to 3 days usage, allowing the heat pumps to run only 11% of winter time and 5.5% of summer time. This halved infrastructure costs and reduced energy consumption to low nighttime rates.
System Layout and Applications
Low Mass vs High Mass
Radiant Panels
Fan Coils
Domestic Hot Water
Solar Thermal
Balance Point Strategies
Heat Pump Application Software
Mono-Valent
Mono-Energetic
Bi-Valent
Programming for Energy Savings with User Interface
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
This Patio Heater is known in particular with the names of the Patio heater (or outdoor heater ), pyramid heater, mushroom heater, etc. by The shape, the height and the length of this unit vary according to the model: it can be mushroom-shaped, pyramid and so on.Gas or electrical.
Hospitals represent 6% of the total energy consumption in the utility buildings sector. The webinar analyses the use of energy, benchmark methodologies and the potential energy savings in the hospital sector, on the basis of theory and practical case studies.
The document summarizes the key components of a 1000 MW thermal power plant operated by Jindal Steel and Power Limited. It discusses the coal handling plant, water treatment plant, cooling tower, boiler and its components, ash handling plant, turbine generator, transformers, and switchyard. The boiler uses low quality coal containing 50-60% ash. The water is treated with chemicals to remove minerals before being converted to steam in the boiler. The steam powers the turbine generator to produce electricity, which is stepped up by transformers in the switchyard for transmission.
The document discusses combining cogeneration (COGEN) with compressed air energy storage (CAES) to improve energy efficiency. It explains that COGEN captures waste heat from electricity production, while CAES has 70% round-trip efficiency. The combination provides better efficiency than either alone. It also describes using the heat of air compression in CAES, then recovering work from the compressed air. This yields total recovered heat and electricity greater than the input, allowing over 100% efficient energy storage. Diagrams show the thermodynamic processes and potential system design.
Mercedes-Benz acquired Ipsen's Three-Row Pusher Furnace to thermally process gearbox parts. The furnace uses three rows in its heating zones to allow flexibility for different part types while minimizing space. It is beneficial due to lower operating costs and higher efficiency. The furnace carburizes the parts through diffusion of carbon, creating a harder, more wear-resistant surface. Ipsen's innovations like lock-up technology and eco-fire preheating help maintain temperatures and reduce costs.
The document discusses a waste heat recovery system for sinter coolers in steel plants. Sinter coolers produce large amounts of exhaust heat during the steel production process. The proposed system recovers sensible heat from the exhaust gases of sinter machines and coolers through heat recovery hoods. The captured heat is used to generate steam in a heat recovery boiler, which then generates electricity through a turbine and generator. Recovering waste heat in this way improves energy efficiency, reduces carbon emissions, and can help meet increasing global energy demands.
The document discusses different types of nuclear reactors, including their components, operation, and advantages/disadvantages. It describes pressurized water reactors (PWR), boiling water reactors (BWR), CANDU reactors, liquid metal cooled reactors, organic moderated reactors, and liquid metal fast breeder reactors. Key points covered include how each reactor type moderates and cools the nuclear fuel, controls the fission reaction, and uses the generated heat for power production. Advantages include efficient use of uranium and ability to produce additional fissile material, while disadvantages relate to safety, cost, and waste issues.
The document outlines One Planet Renovations' approach to sustainable building and retrofitting through their BuildGreen Solutions consulting services. It discusses their focus on zero carbon, zero waste, and local sustainable materials principles. Sample projects are highlighted that achieved net zero energy and waste goals through super insulation, solar thermal, photovoltaics, and on-site wastewater treatment. Lessons learned emphasize assembling an experienced team committed to ambitious sustainability targets, allowing extra time for design and procurement, and clearly defining contractual responsibilities.
Global warming is being caused by human activities that increase greenhouse gases. The Earth is warming, especially over the last 50 years, causing changes to precipitation patterns and rising sea levels. While technologies exist now to address global warming, individuals also need to take action to protect the environment. Sustainable technologies like solar energy can provide clean power without maintenance costs while saving money over time.
Super critical power plants operate above the critical point where there is no distinction between liquid and gas phases. They have higher efficiencies of around 45-47% compared to 38% for subcritical plants due to higher turbine inlet temperatures and pressures above 240 atm. Once-through boilers without drums are better suited for supercritical conditions as they allow forced circulation through all sections compared to drum-type boilers. Super critical plants improve efficiency but have higher capital costs.
Active beams provide low maintenance cooling and heating through passive technology. They require low airflow which saves fan energy. During start-up, protective films must remain on beams until spaces are clean to prevent fouling. Commissioning involves carefully lowering secondary water temperatures, balancing primary airflow, and confirming water conditions to ensure proper operation. Active beams are a versatile solution that can be tailored for various space requirements with energy savings benefits.
Competitive clean coal power utilizing pressurized fluidized bed combined cyc...aoopee
PFBC technology utilizes a pressurized fluidized bed combined-cycle process to cleanly and efficiently generate power from coal. This process results in higher thermal efficiencies than conventional steam plants, with future efficiencies forecast above 50%. It can utilize all coal types, including difficult coals, in an environmentally acceptable manner by reducing emissions. The modular design of the PFBC system makes it suitable for both new installations and repowering existing plants.
This document provides information about key components of a steam power plant, including boilers, steam turbines, condensers, and condensate pumps. It describes the basic operation and essential elements of steam turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines. It also lists some advantages of steam turbines over reciprocating engines, such as higher thermal efficiency and not requiring internal lubrication. The document is an informative overview of a steam power plant and the main equipment involved in the steam cycle.
This document provides information about the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It discusses the essential equipment needed like the furnace, boiler, turbine, and piping system. It also describes the main circuits for feed water/steam, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists the common types of components used.
The document discusses several green buildings and their energy performance. It summarizes:
1) The Green on the Grand office building that achieved 50% energy reduction and minimal environmental impact through features like airtight insulation, high-performance windows, daylighting, and radiant heating/cooling.
2) A LEED gold certified fire station that saw 30% energy savings over a comparable non-LEED station through upgrades like heat recovery ventilation and more efficient lighting and furnaces.
3) A residence for nuns that is on track to achieve over 50% energy savings through a ground source heat pump and other water and energy efficiency measures.
This document provides information about the cogeneration and boiler systems at Hindalco. It describes how cogeneration simultaneously produces electricity and thermal energy. It also details the main components of the boiler, including auxiliaries like fans, air preheaters, economizers, and mills. The turbine and its auxiliaries that convert thermal energy to mechanical energy for power generation are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines the off-site systems like the coal, demineralization, and ash plants that support the cogeneration facility.
1) The document discusses heat transfer analysis methods to optimize the water cooling scheme for combustion devices used in torpedo propulsion systems.
2) It describes the components of the combustion chamber including the inner and outer walls that form the coolant passageway. Heat transfer is highest in the nozzle throat region.
3) Methods for calculating heat transfer rates, temperatures, velocities and other parameters on both the gas and coolant sides are presented using equations from heat transfer theory. The analysis can be used to optimize the cooling system design.
The document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity through a thermal cycle. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce superheated steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The steam is then condensed in a condenser, and the condensate is returned to the boiler via feedwater pumps, completing the cycle. The document also contains details about India's major coal-fired power plants and their locations.
Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is an energy efficient process that simultaneously generates electricity and useful thermal energy from one fuel source. Implementing a cogeneration plant at the university's boiler plant could increase efficiency from 50% to 70-90% by capturing waste heat from power generation to provide thermal energy for heating. A topping cycle cogeneration system, where fuel is first used to generate electricity and waste heat is then used for thermal needs, is most common and suitable. This would help reduce the university's rising heating costs while preventing global warming through less greenhouse gas emissions.
Application Of PCM Thermal Energy StorageZafer Ure
This project in Turin, Italy used geothermal heat pumps and phase change material (PCM) thermal storage to achieve 46% energy savings compared to traditional systems. PCM tanks stored energy equivalent to 3 days usage, allowing the heat pumps to run only 11% of winter time and 5.5% of summer time. This halved infrastructure costs and reduced energy consumption to low nighttime rates.
System Layout and Applications
Low Mass vs High Mass
Radiant Panels
Fan Coils
Domestic Hot Water
Solar Thermal
Balance Point Strategies
Heat Pump Application Software
Mono-Valent
Mono-Energetic
Bi-Valent
Programming for Energy Savings with User Interface
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
This Patio Heater is known in particular with the names of the Patio heater (or outdoor heater ), pyramid heater, mushroom heater, etc. by The shape, the height and the length of this unit vary according to the model: it can be mushroom-shaped, pyramid and so on.Gas or electrical.
Hospitals represent 6% of the total energy consumption in the utility buildings sector. The webinar analyses the use of energy, benchmark methodologies and the potential energy savings in the hospital sector, on the basis of theory and practical case studies.
The document summarizes the key components of a 1000 MW thermal power plant operated by Jindal Steel and Power Limited. It discusses the coal handling plant, water treatment plant, cooling tower, boiler and its components, ash handling plant, turbine generator, transformers, and switchyard. The boiler uses low quality coal containing 50-60% ash. The water is treated with chemicals to remove minerals before being converted to steam in the boiler. The steam powers the turbine generator to produce electricity, which is stepped up by transformers in the switchyard for transmission.
The document discusses combining cogeneration (COGEN) with compressed air energy storage (CAES) to improve energy efficiency. It explains that COGEN captures waste heat from electricity production, while CAES has 70% round-trip efficiency. The combination provides better efficiency than either alone. It also describes using the heat of air compression in CAES, then recovering work from the compressed air. This yields total recovered heat and electricity greater than the input, allowing over 100% efficient energy storage. Diagrams show the thermodynamic processes and potential system design.
Mercedes-Benz acquired Ipsen's Three-Row Pusher Furnace to thermally process gearbox parts. The furnace uses three rows in its heating zones to allow flexibility for different part types while minimizing space. It is beneficial due to lower operating costs and higher efficiency. The furnace carburizes the parts through diffusion of carbon, creating a harder, more wear-resistant surface. Ipsen's innovations like lock-up technology and eco-fire preheating help maintain temperatures and reduce costs.
The document discusses a waste heat recovery system for sinter coolers in steel plants. Sinter coolers produce large amounts of exhaust heat during the steel production process. The proposed system recovers sensible heat from the exhaust gases of sinter machines and coolers through heat recovery hoods. The captured heat is used to generate steam in a heat recovery boiler, which then generates electricity through a turbine and generator. Recovering waste heat in this way improves energy efficiency, reduces carbon emissions, and can help meet increasing global energy demands.
The document discusses different types of nuclear reactors, including their components, operation, and advantages/disadvantages. It describes pressurized water reactors (PWR), boiling water reactors (BWR), CANDU reactors, liquid metal cooled reactors, organic moderated reactors, and liquid metal fast breeder reactors. Key points covered include how each reactor type moderates and cools the nuclear fuel, controls the fission reaction, and uses the generated heat for power production. Advantages include efficient use of uranium and ability to produce additional fissile material, while disadvantages relate to safety, cost, and waste issues.
The document outlines One Planet Renovations' approach to sustainable building and retrofitting through their BuildGreen Solutions consulting services. It discusses their focus on zero carbon, zero waste, and local sustainable materials principles. Sample projects are highlighted that achieved net zero energy and waste goals through super insulation, solar thermal, photovoltaics, and on-site wastewater treatment. Lessons learned emphasize assembling an experienced team committed to ambitious sustainability targets, allowing extra time for design and procurement, and clearly defining contractual responsibilities.
Global warming is being caused by human activities that increase greenhouse gases. The Earth is warming, especially over the last 50 years, causing changes to precipitation patterns and rising sea levels. While technologies exist now to address global warming, individuals also need to take action to protect the environment. Sustainable technologies like solar energy can provide clean power without maintenance costs while saving money over time.
Super critical power plants operate above the critical point where there is no distinction between liquid and gas phases. They have higher efficiencies of around 45-47% compared to 38% for subcritical plants due to higher turbine inlet temperatures and pressures above 240 atm. Once-through boilers without drums are better suited for supercritical conditions as they allow forced circulation through all sections compared to drum-type boilers. Super critical plants improve efficiency but have higher capital costs.
Active beams provide low maintenance cooling and heating through passive technology. They require low airflow which saves fan energy. During start-up, protective films must remain on beams until spaces are clean to prevent fouling. Commissioning involves carefully lowering secondary water temperatures, balancing primary airflow, and confirming water conditions to ensure proper operation. Active beams are a versatile solution that can be tailored for various space requirements with energy savings benefits.
Competitive clean coal power utilizing pressurized fluidized bed combined cyc...aoopee
PFBC technology utilizes a pressurized fluidized bed combined-cycle process to cleanly and efficiently generate power from coal. This process results in higher thermal efficiencies than conventional steam plants, with future efficiencies forecast above 50%. It can utilize all coal types, including difficult coals, in an environmentally acceptable manner by reducing emissions. The modular design of the PFBC system makes it suitable for both new installations and repowering existing plants.
This document provides information about key components of a steam power plant, including boilers, steam turbines, condensers, and condensate pumps. It describes the basic operation and essential elements of steam turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines. It also lists some advantages of steam turbines over reciprocating engines, such as higher thermal efficiency and not requiring internal lubrication. The document is an informative overview of a steam power plant and the main equipment involved in the steam cycle.
This document provides information about the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It discusses the essential equipment needed like the furnace, boiler, turbine, and piping system. It also describes the main circuits for feed water/steam, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists the common types of components used.
This document is the user guide for Aspen Utilities version 7.2 software. It introduces the Aspen Utilities Planner interface and describes how to create and simulate an Aspen Utilities model. It also provides details on using the software's data editors to manage profiles, tariffs, demands and perform optimization configuration. The guide explains how to implement the software for online optimization and interface it with Microsoft Excel.
This presentation discusses boilers, which produce steam using heat from fuel combustion. Boilers are classified based on their orientation, whether they have fire or water tubes, furnace location, circulation method, pressure rating, mobility, and number of tubes. Key types include fire tube boilers like Cochran and Lancashire models, and water tube boilers such as Babcock and Wilcox. Selection depends on required steam properties, capacity, cost, and other factors. Proper boiler design considers safety, accessibility, efficiency, and other criteria.
This lecture provided an overview of combustion in boilers including general boiler designs, applications of different boiler configurations, types of fuels used and related combustion systems, burner designs, and emission control methods. Key topics covered included heat balances and transfers, excess air calculations, sizing of combustion chambers, gas, liquid, and solid fuel burning systems, and techniques for reducing emissions like NOx, CO2, and particulate matter.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by converting heat energy from combustion into mechanical energy using steam to power a turbine which drives an alternator. The document outlines the basic processes involved including:
- Fuel is combusted in a boiler to produce high pressure steam.
- The steam powers a turbine which converts the thermal energy to mechanical energy.
- An alternator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy.
- The steam is then condensed in a condenser and recycled to the boiler through feedwater heating processes to improve efficiency.
A boiler is a closed vessel that heats water or another fluid. Boilers are constructed from low-carbon steel and have corrugated furnaces for strength. On ships, steam is used for heating, powering turbines, pumps, and other machinery. There are different types of boilers classified by their orientation, circulation method, pressure rating, and whether water or hot gases pass through tubes. Fire tube boilers have hot gases passing through tubes surrounded by water while water tube boilers have water passing through tubes surrounded by hot gases. Packaged boilers are self-contained and efficient units that produce steam quickly.
This document contains:
1) A block diagram of the plant Rankine cycle showing the main steam, high pressure turbine, intermediate pressure turbine, and low pressure turbine.
2) Heat and mass balance diagrams for the high pressure and low pressure sections of the plant, showing temperatures, pressures, enthalpies, and mass flows throughout the system.
3) A section on important heat rate formulas, defining heat rate as the heat input required to produce a unit of electrical output, and providing the specific guaranteed and actual heat rates for the plant.
This presentation provides an overview of boilers. It defines a boiler as a vessel that heats water to produce hot water or steam. The presentation describes the basic principle of operation where hot gases produced from burning fuel transfer heat to water inside the boiler vessel. It then discusses the main types of boilers, including fire tube and water tube boilers, and describes their key characteristics and differences. Examples are given of commonly used boiler designs like Babcock and Wilcox, pulverized fuel, and fluidized bed boilers. Factors for selecting an appropriate boiler based on requirements are also summarized.
Boilers produce steam using heat from fuel combustion. Water tube boilers have tubes that carry water and shells that carry hot gases, allowing for higher steam pressures and capacities than fire tube boilers which have tubes that carry hot gases and shells that carry water. Key components of boilers include shells, burners, drums, furnaces, safety valves, and feed pumps. Boilers are classified by their tube configuration and common types include water tube, fire tube, and vertical or horizontal orientations. Water tube boilers have advantages over fire tube in steam generation speed, capacity, efficiency and maintenance access.
1. A steam boiler or generator is a closed vessel, usually made of steel, that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Steam can be used for engines, industrial processes like in mills and breweries, or producing hot water for heating.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by features like whether tubes contain water or fire/gases, furnace position, axis, number of tubes, circulation method, and heat source.
The document provides information on different types of boiler systems and their components. It discusses 7 types of boilers - fire tube boiler, water tube boiler, packaged boiler, stoker fired boiler, pulverized fuel boiler, waste heat boiler, and fluidized bed boiler. It provides details on the mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of each type. It specifically focuses on describing the mechanisms of fluidized bed combustion and the 3 types of fluidized bed combustion systems - atmospheric fluidized bed combustion, pressurized fluidized bed combustion, and circulating fluidized bed combustion.
Ntpc (national thermal power corporation) sipat mechanical vocational trainin...haxxo24
This document is a vocational training report submitted by Ritesh Patnaik after completing a 30-day training at the National Thermal Power Corporation plant in Sipat, Chhattisgarh, India. The report provides an overview of the key components and systems at the NTPC Sipat Super Thermal Power Project, including the steam turbine, generator, condenser, boiler, cooling towers, and pollution control devices. It also describes the basic Rankine cycle that is used to convert heat into electrical power at thermal power plants.
A boiler is a device that generates steam by transferring heat from burning fuel to water. There are two main types: fire-tube boilers where hot gases pass through tubes surrounded by water, and water-tube boilers where water passes through tubes surrounded by hot gases. Boilers have many applications including power generation, heating, and industrial processes. Key factors in boiler selection include required steam properties, size, cost, and fuel/water availability. Boilers are also classified based on design features such as tube layout, firing method, pressure, and circulation.
This document provides information about boilers, including:
1. It defines what constitutes a boiler according to Indian law and defines related terms like boiler components and steam pipes.
2. It describes the basic systems that make up a boiler system, including the water treatment, fuel supply, air supply, and flue gas systems.
3. It lists different types of fuels that can be used in boilers and describes the main types of boilers, including fire tube, water tube, packaged, stoker fired, pulverized fuel, waste heat, and fluidized bed boilers.
A thermal power plant converts the heat from coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. This generates electricity. The steam is then condensed in a condenser using cooling water, which is cooled in cooling towers or ponds and recycled. Thermal power plants currently contribute the majority of electricity production in India.
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling equipment, and other auxiliary systems. It also provides diagrams to illustrate the general layout and flow of energy conversion from coal to steam to mechanical power to electricity. Additionally, it briefly mentions some major thermal power plants located in the state of Rajasthan, India.
This document provides an overview of various types of boilers and thermal fluid heaters used in industrial applications. It describes the key components and operating principles of fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, stoker fired boilers, pulverized fuel boilers, waste heat boilers, and thermic fluid heaters. Boilers are used to generate steam for industrial processes by transferring heat from fuel combustion to water, while thermal fluid heaters use oil as a heat transfer medium to maintain constant process temperatures. The document compares the advantages of different boiler and heater designs for various steam capacities, pressures, fuels, and temperature requirements.
A thermal power plant converts the heat energy from burning coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. Thermal power plants account for over 75% of India's total power generation. Key components include the coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling system. The steam produced spins the turbine which is connected to the generator, producing electricity that is stepped up and transmitted via transformers.
The document provides information about electricity generation from coal at a power plant. It discusses the key steps which are:
1) Coal is crushed into a fine powder and fed into boilers along with air for combustion.
2) In the boilers, the coal is burned to heat water and produce high pressure steam.
3) The steam powers turbines which spin generators to produce electricity.
4) After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed back into water in condensers to complete the steam cycle.
Steam generators (boilers) are complex systems that integrate components like furnaces, superheaters, reheaters, boilers, and economizers to generate steam. They can be classified based on application (e.g. utility, industrial), pressure level (subcritical or supercritical), tube movement design (fire tube or water tube), and firing method (externally or internally fired). Modern utility steam generators commonly operate between 130-180 bar pressure to produce superheated steam at 540-560°C with one or two stages of reheating. Pulverized coal is a common fuel that is finely ground and blown into a furnace through burners to facilitate more complete and efficient combustion.
The document provides information about electricity generation from coal at a power plant. It discusses the process of coal delivery and storage, crushing the coal, and feeding it into large utility boilers. In the boilers, coal is burned to heat water and produce high-pressure steam. The steam powers turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. The steam is then condensed in a condenser and pumped back into the boiler to restart the process. Key components discussed include coal storage, crushers, boilers, turbines, condensers, and the control room.
A thermal power plant converts the heat energy of coal into electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler to produce steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator. Thermal power plants provide the majority of electricity in India. The key components of a thermal power plant include the coal handling system, pulverizers, draft fans, boiler, turbine, condenser, cooling towers, feedwater heaters and others. Thermal power has advantages of using cheap fuel and low initial costs but has disadvantages of polluting the atmosphere. Large thermal power plants in Gujarat include Mundra, Wanakbori and Ukai.
power point presentation over thermal power plantAnis Haider
vocational training, also known as Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Career and Technical Education (CTE), provides job-specific technical training for trades.Vocational training can also give applicants an edge in job searches, since they already have the certifiable knowledge they need to enter the field. this ppt was made by me during my vocational training in thermal power plant. i hope it will usefull for the technical students
thanks
1. The document describes NTPC Sipat power plant which has a total installed capacity of 2980 MW from 3 units of 660 MW and 2 units of 500 MW.
2. The 500 MW units use supercritical boiler technology which allows higher efficiencies between 40-42% compared to subcritical plants.
3. The plant sources coal from Dipika mines and water from Hasdeo barrage to operate its steam cycle.
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
For Video on Themal Power Plant (Animated Working Video) :- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouWOhk1INjo
Subscribe To Our Youtube Channel For More Videos:-
https://www.youtube.com/TheEngineeringScienc
Click Here To Subscribe:-
http://www.youtube.com/user/TheEngineeringScienc?sub_confirmation=1
A thermal power plant converts the heat from coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. This generates electricity. The steam is then condensed in a condenser using cooling water, which is cooled in cooling towers or ponds and recycled. Thermal power plants generate over 75% of India's power by converting the thermal energy from combustion into electrical energy.
A thermal power plant converts the heat energy from coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. This generates electricity. Thermal power plants contribute most of India's power generation, constituting 75.43% of total installed capacity. Key components include the coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, condenser and cooling systems. The steam produced spins the turbines which drive the generator to produce electricity.
Suratgarh thermal power station is the first super thermal power station in Rajasthan with a total installed capacity of 1500 MW. It is located 27 km from Suratgarh town in Ganganagar District. The power station has 6 stages totaling 1500 MW of capacity. It uses coal from local mines to power steam turbines that generate electricity, with the electricity being distributed by Rajasthan Vidhyut Utpadan Nigam Limited. The plant utilizes a steam cycle to generate power from coal.
SUMMER INTERNSHIP(INDUSTRAIL REPORT) ON THERMAL POWER PLANT Amit Gupta
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverizing, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, power generation in the turbine, and condensing spent steam. It also provides details on equipment like draft fans, superheaters, reheaters, the ash handling system, feedwater heaters, and installed capacity of thermal power plants in Rajasthan.
Thermal power plants generate the majority of power in India, accounting for around 75% of total installed capacity. They work by burning fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, or oil in a furnace to create steam that drives turbines connected to generators. While coal fired plants are most common, natural gas fired combined-cycle plants are more environmentally friendly with lower emissions. Thermal power generation produces air and water pollution that must be mitigated.
A thermal power plant converts the heat energy from burning coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. The main equipment includes the coal handling plant, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling towers. The steam produced is used to generate electricity before being condensed back into water and returned to the boiler to complete the cycle.
This document provides an overview of the Bandel Thermal Power Station located in West Bengal, India. It describes the station's 5 operational units with a total installed capacity of 450MW. The document then explains the basic components and processes of a thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverizing, the draft system, boiler, turbine, ash handling, condenser, cooling towers/ponds, feedwater heating, and air preheating. Diagrams of a typical Rankine cycle and thermal power plant schematic are also included.
Thermal power plants generate electricity through the combustion of fuel to produce steam that drives a steam turbine which spins an electrical generator. The document discusses several key components and considerations for thermal power plants, including their need for large quantities of fuel (typically coal), water, and land for ash storage. It also outlines the basic energy conversion process from fuel to electricity and highlights some common components like boilers, turbines, condensers, and coal and ash handling systems. Locating thermal plants requires consideration of factors like fuel availability, water sources, and ash disposal.
The document provides an overview of a thermal power plant, including its key components and processes. It begins with an introduction to how thermal power plants convert heat energy from coal into electrical energy. It then describes the general layout of a typical coal-fired thermal power plant and lists its main equipment such as the coal handling plant, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, condenser and cooling towers. Each of these components are then explained in more detail. The document also lists some major thermal power plants located in Rajasthan and references used.
Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of particles in a substance. Thermal energy increases with temperature and mass. Thermal power plants convert heat energy from combustion of fuels like coal into electrical energy. They are major sources of electricity but also pollute the environment. Improving efficiency and using techniques like flue gas heat recovery and dry coal can reduce their environmental impact.
Similar to L2 stationary combustion-p1-090712 (20)
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
2. Stationary Combustion
First system to evaluate
Pulverized coal combustion for electricity generation
Reasons for doing this:
1. Dominant technology domestic use of coal.
85-90% of coal used goes to electric power generation
2. A majority of electricity generated in US comes from PC
fired power plants
A couple of years ago, >50% of electricity was generated from
coal
Changed recently – only about 40% currently due to increased use
of natural gas
3. Sort of “state of the art” large scale electricity generation
Base case to compare to other technologies
3. Stationary Combustion
Begin by looking at For various coals
overview of technology Lignite and subbituminous
Will then “dissect” overall coal – size spec 70-75%
plant into smaller “boxes” -200 mesh (≤ 74 μm)
Try to see where Bituminous coal – size
inefficiencies in energy are spec usually 80-85% -200
Where can improvements mesh
be made Anthracite can be used for
PC combustion, but little
First step market for anthracite
Pulverize coal currently (high carbon
content)
4. Stationary Combustion
Pulverization means the coal Boiler usually a rectangular
will undergo one or more size steel box.
reduction operations
Will ignore these for now For now, can ignore:
But need to recognize that 1. how burners are designed
crushing or grinding operations 2. the array of the total number
are energy intensive of burners
Done onsite represents parasitic
energy losses and reduces
electricity out of plant
Often, last stage of grinding is
done in mill just ahead of feed
to burners
Mills can be swept with hot
gases to remove moisture
Pulverized coal is blown with air
through burners into the boiler
Coal & Air Coal & Air
5. Stationary Combustion
As coal injected into boiler, Combustion occurs in 2
pulverized coal ignites and stages
burns in a large, hot 1. Volatiles are driven out
turbulent flame of the coal (thermally),
ignite and burn in gas
phase
2. the residual solid char
(i.e., fixed carbon) – ignites
and burns as a process of
heterogeneous combustion
called char burnout
Coal & Air Coal & Air
6. First major energy conversion Hot combustion gases
CHEMICAL TO THERMAL proceed through a flue
Chemical – enthalpy of
combustion of the fuel (chimney) as they exit
ΔHcombs boiler
Additional tubes/pipes are
Generation of heat is to get mounted in the flue as well
water to boil
One major wall of boiler is made Here dominant mechanism
of tubes/pipes through which is convection. Region in
water circulates – water wall boiler is sometimes called
At this point dominant heat convection section or
transfer mechanism is radiation
convection pass
Sometimes called the radiant
section of boiler
Hot Gasses
7. Electricity Generation
Follow the steam path and Turbine is coupled directly
consider environmental to rotary generator.
issues Third major energy
conversion
High-pressure, high-
MECHANICAL TO
temperature steam fed to ELECTRICAL
turbine
Second major energy Therefore, net conversion
conversion to plant is
THERMAL TO CHEMICAL TO
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL
Enthalpy in steam Efficiency combined,
converted to rotary roughly –
mechanical work in turbine eC = 33%
Exact number varies
with age of plant, how
well it’s run, parasitic
energy losses, etc.
8. Steam
Steam exits turbine and is Condenser heat is transferred
condensed back to water. from steam (including heat &
condensation) to condenser
Typically condenser is heat water
exchanger that uses natural
water source as working fluid. Therefore water leaving
condenser will be hot or warm
Why many power plants are
located along rivers or on If dumped directly into water
lakes source and hot, will alter
microclimate and local
Condensate is returned to the ecology
boiler
Called thermal pollution
Water must be extremely pure
Cooling towers used to cool
Avoid corrosion in boilers condenser effluent
tubes and/or turbine blades
Can be stricter than for
drinking water
9. Steam Flow
Steam flow and
High P Steam
,T condensing water flow
Turbine complex
Boiler Low P T Steam
, Also have to consider
environmental issues
Water Condenser
Water
Pump
Water
Air Reservoir
Water
Cooling Tower
Air
10. Environmental Issues
Ash Ash partitions between
Fly ash (PM) material falling to the bottom
SOX of the boiler and fine
NOX particles entrained in the hot
CO2 combustion gases
Sulfur undergoes conversion
to SO2 and SO3, or SOX
Small amount of NOX comes
from nitrogen in coal (fuel
NOX)
Most comes from nitrogen in
air at high temperatures of
combustion system (thermal
NOX)
Bottom ash N2 + O2 2NO
N2 + 2O2 2NO2
11. Pollutant Clean Up
Fly ash
Typically dealt with in one of two technologies
Electrostatic precipitator
Baghouse filtration
SOX is commonly treate in scrubbers where it
reacts with aqueous slurry of lime
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 + ½ O2 CaSO4 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + SO3 CaSO4 + H2O
Precipitated CaSO4 called scrubber sludge
Need to dispose of
~25% is used in sheetrock (wallboard)
12. Pollutant Clean Up
NOX can be treated by reduction with ammonia
6NO + 4NH3 5N2 + 6H2O
6NO + 8NH3 7N2 + 12H2O
Or urea
6NO + 2 CO(NH2)2 5N2 + 4H2O + 2CO2
6NO + 4 CO(NH2)2 7N2 + 5H2O + 4CO2
Alternative technologies involve fuel gas
recirculation or staged combustion (e.g., overfire air
or low-NOX burners)
13. Pollutant Clean Up
Environmental Whole operation is
technologies represent complex plant
parasitic energy losses
Several factors impact eC
Anything done to cool Incomplete combustion
inside of boiler (to combat Ineffective heat transfer
thermal NOX formation)
Heat losses
reduces steam temp, which
Inefficiencies in turbine
will affect efficiencies in
the turbine Inefficiencies in generator
Parasitic energy losses
Also CO2 production
Problem with putting CCS Next lecture will begin to
on power plant stem partly examine these effects
from CO2 concentration in
flue gas being ~10-15%
Makes effective carbon
capture difficult to do
14. Stationary Combustion
Electricity production in PC-fired power plant involved 3 major
energy conversion processes
1. Chemical to thermal – enthalpy of comb of coal enthalpy in steam
2. Thermal to mechanical – enthalpy in steam rotation of turbine/generator
3. Mechanical to electrical – rotation of generator electrical energy
And with these energy conversions, if draw “box” around whole
process (eC or “big box” conversion), value of eC = 33%
Not particularly good. If viewed another way, two out of three tons
of coal is wasted.
Want to determine
1. where the inefficiencies are and
2. what, if anything, can be done about them.
Therefore, useful to divide “big box” into three smaller “boxes”,
corresponding to one of three energy conversion processes
15. Stationary Combustion
Chemical Energy
Will concentrate on boiler “box” today
Effective energy output going to be energy input minus
the losses. So we can look at these different items as
“little” boxes.
Major energy input will be enthalpy of combustion of
the fuel
As noted previously,
Fuel from coal is pulverized to 75-85% that is ≤ 74 μm
Typically, last stage of pulverization is effected by
pulverizers directly upstream of the burners
Often pulverizer output is swept directly into the burners
16. Stationary Combustion
Chemical Energy
Combustion occurs in two steps
Volatiles from coal ignite and burn in homogenous gas-
phase combustion
Char ignites and burns out in heterogeneous gas-solid
combustion
Time for combustion of a coal particle is 0.25-1 sec
Important to assure that abundant oxygen is available
for complete combustion
If reaction 2C + O2 2CO occurs to any extent
Less heat is evolved than for C + O2 CO2
Incomplete combustion (or non-combustion) leaving
unburned carbon can lead to smoke and soot emission in
addition to being wasteful of energy.
Boilers are then run with 20-30% excess air
17. Stationary Combustion
Chemical Energy
Two other energy inputs, though neither is as important as the fuel
combustion
Previously discussed convection section of boiler
1. At the end of the convection section, before gaseous products of
combustion go to the stack, is a heat exchanger to preheat
combustion air
Typically combustion air is used at 55-80°C
Can count the “extra” heat as a contribution to the total energy input
And,
2. Small but measureable contribution comes from the fact that air
will be passing through devices like fans, pumps, pulverizers, etc.
These devices will add slight amount of heat to the air
Where does this heat go? Want it to go to energy in steam
generated
18. Stationary Combustion
Chemical Energy
Heat transferred to water/ Method of interference
steam by 2 mechanisms Some ash can adhere to the
1. Radiation – in furnace tubes in the convection
section of boiler, this is section or on the water wall
dominant heat transfer of the radiant section.
mechanism Deposition results from
2. Convection – in flue, hot partially or wholly molten
combustion gases enter, and components of ash
this is the dominant heat impacting one of these heat
transfer mechanism transfer surfaces and
Each accounts for about sticking there
50% of heat transfer Continued impacting builds
up sticky layer on steel
surface
This will trap particles that
are not molten
19. Interference with Ash
Ash adhering to heat Reduce heat transfer to the
transfer surfaces is solid, water/steam
problem called ash
deposition or ash fouling To overcome and maintain
same rate of steam
If deposits are semi- or fully production (and electricity
molten, they are called slag production) is to increase
deposits temperature in boiler
Can also be referred to as Produces vicious cycle of
slagging more fouling or slagging,
which requires still higher
From perspective of boiler temperatures, causing
efficiency, ash or slag more fouling or slagging….
deposits act as insulators
20. Interference with Ash
Remedial measures for Hot combustion gases
fouling/slagging pass a succession of
Soot blowing steam tubes in the
Shotgunning convection section
Dynamiting To recover as much heat as
possible
Coming off line for
detailed maintenance At very end – heat
exchanger to preheat the
Boiler structure itself is combustion air
extremely hot
Peak temp of “fireball” At this point, gases
could be ~1500°C entering stack will be
Not all heat will be above ambient temp
captured internally – some
heat lost through walls
21. Energy Losses in Boiler
Energy losses include: Moisture that formed chemically as a
Energy in “so-called” dry gas result of combustion of hydrogen in
– sensible heat in the gas fuel
energy is the moisture in gas 4CH0.5 + 4 ½O2 H2O + 4CO2
Stack gas will be at some Moisture that came into the system
temp above the dew point, with combustion air
have to consider sensible All air contains some amount of
heat and latent heat of moisture
moisture
Other class of loss – Unaccounted
Where does moisture in Losses
stack gas come from?
This could be a highly variable
Moisture present in fuel number
and vaporized during
combustion However, in practice when boiler
efficiency tests are done, results are
not accepted if losses “unaccounted
for” are > 2%
22. Energy Losses in Boiler
So in summary, here are Since EnergyOUT = EnergyIN – Losses
energy inputs and energy
losses, where * denotes the Efficiency = (EnergyIN – Losses)/
big contributions EnergyIN
Energy In The following are quantities of losses
* Enthalpy of combustion estimated for a boiler running on 25%
fuel excess air
Preheating combustion air Stack heat loss = 9%
Air heating by fans, blowers, Loss in heat transfer & unaccounted loss
etc. = 6%
Incomplete combustion = 0.5%
Losses Furnace heat loss = 0.5%
*Stack gas losses
* Inefficient heat transfer Therefore boiler efficiency is 84%
and unaccounted loss
Incomplete combustion
Long way from combined efficiency of
33%
Furnace heat loss
Need to look at efficiency of turbine
and generator