System Layout and Applications
Low Mass vs High Mass
Radiant Panels
Fan Coils
Domestic Hot Water
Solar Thermal
Balance Point Strategies
Heat Pump Application Software
Mono-Valent
Mono-Energetic
Bi-Valent
Programming for Energy Savings with User Interface
Pressure reducing stations (PRS) is the arrangement of certain valves which is used to provide desired steam pressure at user’s end. Steam coming from the Boiler, through the steam line, enters the PRS at a higher pressure and leaves the PRS at reduced (specified) pressure, in this the flow of the steam remains constant. Like Steam Boiler, PRS is also pressure equipment.
How to use the GBHE Reactor Technology Guides
0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND
5 THE DECISION TREE
6 GBHE REACTION ENGINEERING
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
7.1 Criteria of Reactor Performance
7.2 Factors of Economic Importance
7.3 Physicochemical Mechanisms
8 GENERAL GUIDE TO SELECTION OF REACTOR TYPE AND OPERATION
8.1 Choice of Reactor Type
8.2 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics
8.3 Thermodynamics
8.4 Other Factors
9 GENERAL REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF
INFORMATION
APPENDICES
A RELATIONSHIP BEWTEEN DEFINED TERMS
FIGURES
1 DECISION TREE
2 RELATIVE YIELDS OF B FOR BATCH (OR PLUG FLOW) AND CST REACTORS
3 REACTOR SURVEY FORM
Pressure reducing stations (PRS) is the arrangement of certain valves which is used to provide desired steam pressure at user’s end. Steam coming from the Boiler, through the steam line, enters the PRS at a higher pressure and leaves the PRS at reduced (specified) pressure, in this the flow of the steam remains constant. Like Steam Boiler, PRS is also pressure equipment.
How to use the GBHE Reactor Technology Guides
0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND
5 THE DECISION TREE
6 GBHE REACTION ENGINEERING
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
7.1 Criteria of Reactor Performance
7.2 Factors of Economic Importance
7.3 Physicochemical Mechanisms
8 GENERAL GUIDE TO SELECTION OF REACTOR TYPE AND OPERATION
8.1 Choice of Reactor Type
8.2 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics
8.3 Thermodynamics
8.4 Other Factors
9 GENERAL REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF
INFORMATION
APPENDICES
A RELATIONSHIP BEWTEEN DEFINED TERMS
FIGURES
1 DECISION TREE
2 RELATIVE YIELDS OF B FOR BATCH (OR PLUG FLOW) AND CST REACTORS
3 REACTOR SURVEY FORM
AIChE Smart Stack Damper Design Provides Better Control of Fired HeatersAshutosh Garg
Stack dampers are one of the insignificant yet important component of fired heaters in the refining industry. Over 90% of the heaters in the USA are natural draft and are dependent upon the draft for efficient combustion of fuel gas with air. Stack dampers currently installed are highly oversized and are not able to control draft effectively. Furnace Improvements patent pending design overcomes these limitations and improves the damper control significantly by installing multiple actuators and changing the control characteristics of the dampers.
Process Heaters, Furnaces and Fired Heaters: Improving Efficiency and Reducin...Belilove Company-Engineers
A process heater is a direct-fired heat exchanger that uses the hot gases of combustion to raise the temperature of a feed owing through coils of tubes aligned throughout the heater. Depending on the use, these are also called furnaces or red heaters. Some heaters simply deliver the feed at a predetermined temperature to the next stage of the reaction process; others perform reactions on the feed while it travels through the tubes.
Fired Heaters-Key to Efficient Operation of Refineries and PetrochemicalsAshutosh Garg
Fired Heaters are a critical to successful operation of refineries and petrochemical plants. They are a major energy consumer as well as a major source of air pollution. There are also concerns about the run length of the heaters as well safety issues.
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
Need to remove poisons prior to entering downstream catalyst beds, including
Pre reformers
Primary reformers
HTS
LTS
Note : no Secondary - poisons do not stick as temperature is too high
Note that methanator is a purification step
Removes CO and CO2 which poisons synthesis catalyst
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
The process of injecting the odorant into natural gas is often referred to as odorization and the equipment which adds the odorant is an odorizer.
An odorizer is traditionally able to treat natural gas at various phases of the production process. One of the reasons we are excited about Sentry Equipment’s new odorizer, the Z10000, is because it is ideal for high-pressure and high-flow odorization applications, which are more common in the Rocky Mountain States. The Z10000 system is ideal for those applications between 350 PSI and 1480 PSI, and accurate for flows ranging from 10,000 to 10,000,000 SCFH.
Here is a PowerPoint on the the Z10000.
More information is found here: http://www.lincenergysystems.com/natural-gas-products/odorizer/item/145-z10000-odorant-injection-system
This is a presentation showing how much energy can be saved by using equipment engineered by CT-technologies in Denmark. CT-technologies are helping clients with solutions within cold facilities (e.g. cold storage, meat processing plants, dairy plants, etc.).
If you need more information please write an e-mail to bba@ct-technologies.dk
AIChE Smart Stack Damper Design Provides Better Control of Fired HeatersAshutosh Garg
Stack dampers are one of the insignificant yet important component of fired heaters in the refining industry. Over 90% of the heaters in the USA are natural draft and are dependent upon the draft for efficient combustion of fuel gas with air. Stack dampers currently installed are highly oversized and are not able to control draft effectively. Furnace Improvements patent pending design overcomes these limitations and improves the damper control significantly by installing multiple actuators and changing the control characteristics of the dampers.
Process Heaters, Furnaces and Fired Heaters: Improving Efficiency and Reducin...Belilove Company-Engineers
A process heater is a direct-fired heat exchanger that uses the hot gases of combustion to raise the temperature of a feed owing through coils of tubes aligned throughout the heater. Depending on the use, these are also called furnaces or red heaters. Some heaters simply deliver the feed at a predetermined temperature to the next stage of the reaction process; others perform reactions on the feed while it travels through the tubes.
Fired Heaters-Key to Efficient Operation of Refineries and PetrochemicalsAshutosh Garg
Fired Heaters are a critical to successful operation of refineries and petrochemical plants. They are a major energy consumer as well as a major source of air pollution. There are also concerns about the run length of the heaters as well safety issues.
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
Need to remove poisons prior to entering downstream catalyst beds, including
Pre reformers
Primary reformers
HTS
LTS
Note : no Secondary - poisons do not stick as temperature is too high
Note that methanator is a purification step
Removes CO and CO2 which poisons synthesis catalyst
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
The process of injecting the odorant into natural gas is often referred to as odorization and the equipment which adds the odorant is an odorizer.
An odorizer is traditionally able to treat natural gas at various phases of the production process. One of the reasons we are excited about Sentry Equipment’s new odorizer, the Z10000, is because it is ideal for high-pressure and high-flow odorization applications, which are more common in the Rocky Mountain States. The Z10000 system is ideal for those applications between 350 PSI and 1480 PSI, and accurate for flows ranging from 10,000 to 10,000,000 SCFH.
Here is a PowerPoint on the the Z10000.
More information is found here: http://www.lincenergysystems.com/natural-gas-products/odorizer/item/145-z10000-odorant-injection-system
This is a presentation showing how much energy can be saved by using equipment engineered by CT-technologies in Denmark. CT-technologies are helping clients with solutions within cold facilities (e.g. cold storage, meat processing plants, dairy plants, etc.).
If you need more information please write an e-mail to bba@ct-technologies.dk
An Introduction to Air to water, Air Source, Heat Pump SystemsSpaceAir
Space Air is delighted to provide an overview of its latest RIBA accessed CPD seminar. Covering the basic principles and systems available. Developed by people with years
A student technical seminar on the use of condensing economisers used in thermal power industry and the need to increase their use for lesser carbon footprint.
The present study focuses on the development of software (general mathematical optimization model) which has the following characteristics:
• It will be able to find the optimal combination of installed equipment (power & heat generation etc) in a Shopping Mall (micro-grid)
• With multi-objective to maximize the cost at the same time as minimizing the environmental impacts (i.e. CO2 emissions).
• To date, this tool is scarce to the industry (similar to DER-CAM, Homer).
Includes PEV best practices from various cities and states from Canada, the US and California. Also includes the results of the PEV readiness survey given to regional municipal staff.
The San Joaquin Valley PEV readiness assessment is designed to enhance local PEV planning efforts by evaluating the current state of PEV readiness and identifying potential areas of improvement as well as tangible best practices developed throughout the San Joaquin Valley, California and abroad.
Includes PEV best practices from various cities and states from Canada, the US and California. Also includes the results of the PEV readiness survey given to regional municipal staff.
Matthew Porrecca, Associate Principal, BNIM Architecture
Revitalizing Communities By Design
Regenerative design and development could be incredibly simple. It merely requires taking time in a place to uncover stories, discover patterns, find essence, and then add value in any way that improves the capacity of a place to be whole, vital and evolving. Together with our clients and collaborators, we are taking steps to maximize social health, invigorate a sustainable economy and restore natural systems. This workshop explores essential questions that hold the keys to a broad-based shift toward regenerative practice. We’ll share our observations, process, projects, and metrics while drawing participants into a rich dialog of discovery.
Howard Blackson - Placemakers, LLC
In the 20th century, we have spent a lot of money and resources to build cultural wastelands that adversely affects our quality-of-life. With the demise of redevelopment in California, in conjunction with the demonization of Smart Growth, the future relevancy of these places rests upon our ability repurpose these miles and miles of regrettable and devalued strip centers, office parks, and housing tracks. Unfortunately, most citizens oppose any new development due to its potential conflict with their existing community character. Applying an urban design technique that purposely codes for a specific community character, this presentation will outline 21st century urban design tools to build towards walkable, mixed-use neighborhood centers.
With 20 plus years of professional urban design experience, Howard is the Director of Planning for PlaceMakers, LLC, a new economy company of seven (7) principals located across the United States and Canada. Howard has designed and managed a variety of projects both internationally and in the United States having worked in Asia, Europe and North America. He holds a Master degree in Urban Design from the University of Westminster, London, and a Bachelor degree in Geography from the University of Texas at Austin. Howard is an Accredited Member of the Congress for the New Urbanism and is a member of the U.S. General Services Administration Design Excellence Peer Review Committee. He is an adjunct lecturer at San Diego’s NewSchool of Architecture and Design and on the faculty of University of California San Diego Urban Studies Program.
Kaid Benfield, Dir. Sustainable Communities - NRDC
Kaid will discuss the opportunities and advantages of creating a sustainable energy future.We once thought of cities as the antithesis of sustainability - but we now know that cities can be the solution to, not the cause of, our environmental threats. To take advantage of the opportunities before us in an increasingly urban society, we must be thoughtful, shaping our metropolitan regions to reduce our environmental footprint while creating beautiful, green, inclusive neighborhoods within them. As people concerned about the health and future of the planet, we must approach this task with energy and humility, paying every bit as much attention to nurturing great people habit as we do to conserving the habitats of other species.
Michelle Kaufmann will talk about a quest for simplicity as a core component to a mission of making thoughtful, sustainable design accessible.
She will talk about her work in prefabrication, design-build, green homes and sustainable communities. Rethinking not only what we make and how we make it, but also redesigning the design process itself is key to the future of architecture and sustainability. Innovations in this category are abundant and exciting, and with strategic focus can help us all to have more quality, less clutter and simpler lives.
The upcoming 2013 Title-24 Building Efficiency Standards were approved by the California Energy Commission on May 9, 2012. The new Title-24 energy code incorporates significant changes that will affect architects, builders, contractors, energy consultants, and solar PV installers. This class will review the upcoming changes to the energy code and the impact on building design along with compliance strategies that will allow you to comply with the new, stricter energy code cost effectively.
Mark Madison is a Certified Energy Plans Examiner, Certified Energy Analyst, HERS rater, and serves on the board of directors of the California Association of Building Energy Analysts (CABEC).
We will discuss some strategies for incorporating water harvesting into sustainable landscaping, using example projects to illustrate our points. We will focus on residential systems for outdoor usage but will also touch on commercial applications and non-potable indoor use.
Many building owners have the desire to upgrade their commercial
properties, but in the current state of the economy they are at a loss as to how to financial such upgrades. The presentation will also review current trends in rebates, public sector financing and private sector financing that make such upgrades possible.
Target Audience:
I think the target audience for this presentation will be building industry
professionals, developers, building owners, property managers and
commercial real estate brokers, as well as educators from real estate
development programs such as San Diego State’s.
How the people of a small town on the cross road to the silk road in Persia used micro-climate and their local materials to create energy-efficient buildings.
- Assess how they have used sun, wind and water
- Passive solar design
- Landscape and thermal mass to transform a harsh natural environment into comfortable spaces
- Evaluate innovative uses of local material in their buildings
- Santa Fe architecture and similarities to Persian architecture
- Observe the use of these techniques in modern architecture
Storm windows, insulating shades, sash replacements, awnings - The good news is that we have so many ways to improve the performance of our windows. The bad news is...there are so many ways to improve the performance of our windows! How in the world can we objectively compare them on price, thermal performance, ease of installation, ease of use, solar control, privacy, and durability?
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories and BuildingGreen are working on simple and easy-to-use resources for selecting window retrofit options. With input on climate, existing window attributes, and performance priorities, anyone can cut through the difficulties of deciding how to improve the overall performance of existing windows.
Using resources from www.windowattachments.org, webinar participants will work through window attachment selection scenarios with the instructor and learn how to use these resources with their clients and on their own projects.
The new 2008 Title-24 Building Efficiency Standards became effective January 1, 2010. One of the most sweeping changes involve residential indoor and outdoor lighting requirements, particularly kitchen lighting and the new adoption of ASHRAE 62.2 indoor air quality code.
Kitchen Lighting, Title-24
New restrictions, control requirements, high efficacy fixture requirements and incandescent allowances, and interior lighting worksheets will add an additional layer of complexity to residential lighting design. This class will bring you up to speed on the new changes and address the underlying principles, calculation methods, strategies to assist you in complying with the new code changes and take you step by step thru the new CF-6R-LTG-1 lighting certificate of installation which must be filled out before the final certificate of occupancy will be issued.
Kitchen Lighting, Title-24
You will also understand which fixtures will comply as high efficacy (not all LED fixtures are certified as high efficacy), the lighting control requirements for each room type and the new fixture and control requirements for residential outdoor lighting.
Title-24, Title-24
California has now adopted the requirements of ASHRAE 62.2-2007 which means that starting January 1, 2010, all low-rise residential buildings are required to install whole house mechanical ventilation and satisfy other requirements to achieve acceptable indoor air quality. Openable windows will no longer be an acceptable method for satisfying outdoor air requirements. This will involve calculations for determining the minimum ventilation cfm and designing a system to provide the necessary airflow with proper controls. You will learn the proper method for determining ventilation airflow, strategies for designing a cost effective ventilation system, and how to fill out the new ventilation Certificate of Installation.
Kitchen Lighting, Title-24
Learn from one of the leading experts in California’s Title-24 Building Efficiency Standards (Title-24), Mark Madison, a state certified Energy Plans Examiner and Certified Energy Analyst, HERS rater, Greenpoint rater with over 25 years experience with building energy code compliance analysis, enforcement and training.
Learn why sustainable real estate has become such a popular choice for individual and institutional investors. See what's driving the market and learn how you can leverage this opportunity in your business.
This beginning level seminar is designed for non-residential building owners/managers/consultants and real estate professionals who want to track and understand their building’s energy usage using a free online tool called ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. Learn how the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmarking tool can guide investment priorities, identify under-performing buildings, verify energy-efficiency improvements, and how buildings can receive EPA recognition for superior energy performance. Portfolio Manager can also be used to comply with the California State law that requires disclosure of a building’s energy benchmarking score at the time of sale, lease, or refinancing.
Alice Liddell is a Senior Associate with ICF International. Ms. Liddell has twelve years of experience in energy efficiency as well as energy and environmental policy. Ms. Liddell provides support to utilities throughout the west for many EPA ENERGY STAR® programs, including lighting, commercial food service, consumer electronics, and the commercial and industrial building sector programs. In addition, Alice provides training for EPA’s ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager benchmarking tool.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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5. Air Conditioning
• The Single Splits come in 2 family groups
– Utilizing the High Efficiency RXS Outdoor Unit with
efficiency ratings of up to 17 SEER and 10.1 HSPF
– Utilizing the Standard Efficiency RX Outdoor Unit with
efficiency ratings of 13 SEER and 7.7 HSPF
Efficiency based on ARI 210/240 2008
16. Introduce an electric hydronic system that heats and
cools the space, and can supply domestic hot water.
Eco-efficient air-to-water heat pump hydronic system.
Introduced in Europe in 2005, a unique combination
using existing Daikin technology.
ALTHERMA, DAIKIN’s solution for the
hydronic heating market.
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Daikin Altherma
2. System Layout and Applications
3. Balance Point Strategies
4. Programming for Energy Savings
26
28. Drivers to a Changing Heating Market
• The Heating Market is Changing
– Energy prices : ever rising prices of fossil fuels due to
increasing demand and reduced availability
– Ecological concern : efforts to reduce emmissions of
green house gases and energy consumption
– Changing legislations, incentives : to support the drive
towards major changes in energy consumption habits
for the purpose of achieving ecological targets in an
effort to slow down, stop or even reverse climate
change.
28
29. With DAIKIN ALTHERMA product, DAIKIN has entered the true HEATING market
In 2006 DAIKIN entered the EU-heating market using an air to water < Initial U.S.Target market >
heatpump Hydronic Heat Common
Heat Pump acceptable
In 2009, Daikin AC will launch this technology in the U.S NWCheap Electricity
Hybrid Altherma or G/F
Rebate Opportunities
Rebate Opportunities
Cold Region
1. Savings on running costs by high COP NW
NE
compared with Gas/Oil boilers
2. Friendly for the environment
3 . Differentiation with cooling function against boilers
Product differention Water heating market
1 Savings on running costs
-40% compared to fuel boilers
2009
Heat source market:
30 to 50°C
DAIKIN original strategy:
Enter the LOW temperature heating
Low 86 to 122°F market by development of an HFC-based
-25% compared to gas boilers temp : H/P
2 Environmently friendly
60 % savings on CO2-emissions
Floor heating Mainly new houses
Capitalize on initial product scope to strengthen opportunity
3 Easy installation in wider heat pump market with HT solutions
50 to 80°C Enter the HIGH temperature heating market by
2010
- No need for chimney High using a Cascade System (R-410A to R-134).
122 to 176°F Orignally a CO2-based H/P was going to be
- No need for fuel storage tank Temp. :
- No need for connection to gas supply used. Issues with high operating pressures
ruled this option out at this time.
Radiator
Mainly refurbishment
29
30. Selection conditions
Typical conditions for the heating LWT are:
86 to 95°F (at design conditions) for floor heating
86 to 113°F (at design conditions) for fan coil units and
104 to 122°F (at design conditions) for low
temperature radiators
Typical conditions for cooling LWT are:
41 to 71°F (at design conditions) for fan coil unit
30
31. Daikin Altherma™ – Why “Altherma”??
“All-thermal” functions embedded: heating, domestic hot water, cooling = all year comfort
Or
“Alternative thermal” system, friendly for the environment, using renewable energy sources
3 functions: Unique concept in the EU
market
heating Domestic hot water cooling
Main product functions
TOTAL CONCEPT FOR CLIMATE CONTROL IN RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
31
32. Benefits for the End-User
• General
– Only one energy supply needed (single invoice)
– Comfortable heating system
• Compared to gas/oil
– No risk for gas or oil leaks, no risk for CO contamination
– Improved installation possibilities (no combustion ventilation, no
combustion exhaust gas evacuation, no oil storage)
– Possibility of cooling
• Compared to direct electrical heating
– Efficiency 2 to 4 times higher
– More capacity available for same power input
• Compared to geothermal heat pumps
– No expensive drilling or excavation works, small installation footprint
outdoors
32
34. Daikin Altherma™ - THE 3 IN 1 GUARANTEE – FOR ABSOLUTE COMFORT
Daikin Altherma™ is a unigue system that heats, produces
domestic hot water and can even cool spaces. Altherma™
offers maximum year round comfort.
The air/water heat pump is an interesting alternative for classic gas or fuel oil
heating that offer unique benefits:
Uses renewable energy sources (extracts heat from outside air)
Delivers considerable savings in energy costs
Delivers a significant contribution in the fight against CO2 emissions
Provide heating, cooling and domestic hot water
User Interface
Room Thermostat
Outdoor Heat Pump Indoor Unit (Hydro Box)
Solar Kit
Domestic Hot Water Tank
34
35. Daikin Altherma Split Type Overview Ideal concept for a new house
HYBRID system in
combination with 120 to 180 m²
Domestic hot water tank ALTHERMA Size of house: 1292 to 1938 ft²
Stainless steel
3 sizes: 150,
200, 300 l
(40, 53, 79
gallon)
HE / CO
Solar Kit
Solar kit = HE / (CO) (*) (*) floor cooling has limited capacity
(approx 20 W/m²)
interface
between solar
panel and
Altherma
domestic hot
water tank Outdoor Unit Domestic Hot Hydro-Box Floor heating
Water Tank Water temp: 30~35°C~40
blank
86~95°F~104
35
36. Daikin Altherma Split System
FAN COILS
Hydrobox
Outdoor unit
Headers
3 way valve
Hot water
tapping
UnderFloor
Heating
By-pass valve
Headers
Cold water
inlet
DHW tank
36
37. HOT WATER SUPPLY TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE
RELIEF CONNECTION INLET WATER
SLOENOID
DHW Mode
VALVE
DHW TANK HYDRO KIT
4.8 gallons
EXPANSION
VESSEL LIQUID LINE
CONDENSING
UNIT
GAS LINE
DRAINAGE POINT
MAINS COLD WATER SUPPLY
HEATING LOOP DISTRIBUTION
TUNDISH
COMBINATION 3 PORT 2 PORT
VALVE VALVE VALVE
FLOOR TOWEL
LOOP RAIL
SINK UNIT
COLD WATER SUPPLY FAN COIL LOOP
DRAINAGE
VALVE
FCU
No. 1
37
38. HOT WATER SUPPLY TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE
RELIEF CONNECTION INLET WATER
SLOENOID
Space Heating Mode
VALVE
DHW TANK HYDRO KIT
4.8 gallons
EXPANSION
VESSEL LIQUID LINE
CONDENSING
UNIT
GAS LINE
DRAINAGE POINT
MAINS COLD WATER SUPPLY
HEATING LOOP DISTRIBUTION
TUNDISH
3 PORT 2 PORT
COMBINATION VALVE VALVE
VALVE
FLOOR TOWEL
LOOP RAIL
SINK UNIT
COLD WATER SUPPLY FAN COIL LOOP
DRAINAGE
VALVE
FCU
No. 1
38
39. HOT WATER SUPPLY TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE
RELIEF CONNECTION INLET WATER
SLOENOID
Space Cooling Mode
VALVE
DHW TANK HYDRO KIT
4.8 gallons
EXPANSION
VESSEL LIQUID LINE
CONDENSING
UNIT
GAS LINE
DRAINAGE POINT
MAINS COLD WATER SUPPLY
HEATING LOOP DISTRIBUTION
TUNDISH
COMBINATION 3 PORT 2 PORT
VALVE VALVE VALVE
FLOOR TOWEL
LOOP RAIL
SINK UNIT
COLD WATER SUPPLY FAN COIL LOOP
DRAINAGE
VALVE
FCU
No. 1
39
40. Daikin Altherma LT Monobloc Overview
Solar collectors
Room thermostat
Fan coil unit
LT radiator
Under floor heating
Outdoor unit Domestic hot water tank
40
41. Daikin Altherma Monobloc System
FAN COILS
Monobloc Unit
Headers
3 way valve
Hot water
tapping
UnderFloor
Heating
By-pass valve
Headers
Cold water
inlet
DHW tank
41
42. Comparison LT Split – LT Monobloc
Altherma LT Split Altherma LT Monobloc
Outdoor (compressor) + Indoor Outdoor only (compressor and
Heat pump type
(hydronic parts) hydronic parts combined)
R-410A refrigerant Between outdoor unit and indoor
Inside the outdoor unit
piping unit
Between indoor unit and heating Between outdoor unit and heating
H2O piping
emitters emitters
42
43. Operating range
Heating mode Cooling mode
T ambient T ambient
77°F/25°C 109°F/43°C
-4°F/-20°C 59°F/15°C
77°F/25°C 122°F/50°C 45°F/7°C 68°F/20°C
Hydrobox Leaving Water Temperature Hydrobox Leaving Water Temperature
Sanitary mode
T ambient Booster
109°F/43°C
heater
95°F/35°C
-4°F/-20°C
77°F/25°C 122°F/50°C 194°F/90°C
Sanitary Tank Outlet Temperature
43
44. Domestic hot water tank design
DHW tank maximizes
energy savings &
warm water capacity
Booster
• Optimal placement of: Heater
1. Heat exchanger,
2. Temperature sensor &
3. Booster heater Leaving water from Sensor
Heat pump
• Control strategy
– Next slide Heat
Exchanger
Return water
44
45. Domestic hot water control strategy
• DHW priority setting can be adjusted
• Powerful DHW mode : both heat pump and booster heater are in operation
for quick hot water preparation
• Booster heater control :
– Adjustable delay timer : allow heat pump to heat up the water as high as possible
(118.4 -122°F) before operating the booster heater
– Booster heater priority : simultaneous operation of back-up heater and booster
heater can be disabled, booster heater has priority
– Scheduled timer : booster heater operation can be controlled by scheduled timer
• Comfort settings :
– Max DHW running time : maximum continuous operation in DHW mode (to avoid
cooldown of rooms)
– Anti-recycling time : minimum time between two successive DHW operations (to
allow recovery of temperature in heated rooms)
• Thermal disinfection mode
– Heat up the tank daily / weekly to avoid bacteria infection (default setting 158°F)
45
46. Domestic hot water recovery times
Static Recovery Times (47°F/8°C outdoor ambient)
Daikin Altherma™ DHW Recovery Times (minutes)
Capacity BTUH 50 gal (220 l) Tank 80 gal (300 l) Tank
(036) 36000 55 89
20 Minute Booster Heater Delay 48 74
(036) 46,000 w/Booster Heater (3kW) 43 70
(048) 48000 45 65
20 Minute Booster Heater Delay 37 59
(048) 58,000 w/Booster Heater (3kW) 34 55
(054) 54000 37 59
20 Minute Booster Heater Delay 34 53
(054) 64,000 w/Booster Heater (3kW) 31 51
Recovery times based on 80°F/44.5°C ΔT
Booster heater delay default setting is minimum 20 minutes (Maximum is 95 minutes)
46
48. Heat generation by heat pumps
No heat “generation”, only move heat
from the outside to the inside.
48
49. Heat pump principle
Expansion
valve
Condenser
Evaporator
Comp
Electric
power
49
50. Heat Pump Concept
Capture heat from the outside air and transfer it to the inside of the building.
Example:
48,000 BTU heat pump will use 27.97 amps @ full load
ERLQ048/ EKHBX054
Producing 50,700 BTU of heat @ 54ºF/12°C outdoor w/ 113° LWC
( 44.8 kBTU at 45ºF/7°C outdoors)
( ( 31.6 kBTU at 19ºF/-7°C outdoors) 65.8% of Rated Capacity
Electric heat of 51,182 BTU or a 15kW heat strip
@ 230 volts would consume 65 amps
Electric Heat uses 2.33 times the power
Which is more efficient,
No heat “generation”, only inside??? heat
Creating the heat energy or just bring it move
from the outside to0the inside.
CO emissions -
2
50
51. Daikin Altherma Outdoor Unit Technology
Bell Mouth Guides
Smooth air inlet bell mouth
Digitally Commutated Fan Motors added to the bell mouth
intake to reduce turbulence.
Efficiency improved in all areas
compared to conventional AC Sine Wave DC Inverter
motors, especially at low
speeds. Use of the smooth sine wave
PWM smoothes motor rotation,
Aero Spiral Fan further improving operating
efficiency and reducing
The bent fan blade edges offensive operating sounds.
control air eddies of the blade
edge, drastically reducing
operating sound.
Reluctance Digitally
Commutated Compressor
Super Aero Grille
Overheating losses are
Refined ventilation mechanism reduced by pressurizing the
enables further reduction in area around the motor,
required fan power. boosting energy saving
performance in conjunction with
other features.
51
52. Built In Reliability PE fin
Special anticorrosion treatment of the heat exchanger provides 5 to 6
times greater resistance against acid rain and salt corrosion.
Corrosion resistance rating
Non-treated Anticorrosion treated
Salt corrosion 1 5 to 6
An anticorrosion
Acid rain 1 5 to 6 heat exchanger
cutaway view
Hydrophilic film
Aluminum
Heat exchanger Corrosion-resistant
acrylic resin
Galbarium steel base
A rust-proof steel sheet on the bottom of the unit gives additional protection.
52
54. Optimized Sine Wave
Advantage:
Smoother motor rotation
Improved motor efficiency
Inverter output current wave
Rough wave Smooth wave
54
55. The DC-motor Principles
Stator = Coil
Rotor = Permanent Magnets
Neodymium Ferrite
Commutation by means of
Inverter AC Wave Input
55
56. The DC-motor Principles
Reluctance brushless DC compressor
DC = Digitally commutated
Rotating stator field
Curved
Iron Rotor
Electrical field in the Neodymium
stator not the rotor Magnets
no need for brushes
56
57. Inverter Drive System
+V • The inverter control adjusts the
supply frequency
• Thus the rotational speed of the
T(sec) compressor is controlled
• Exactly the right amount of
refrigerant gas is pumped to meet
-V the cooling requirements
60 Hz Frequency
Inverter Box Multi-Step Principle
+V
Load
T(sec)
17capacity steps VRV-s
-V 22 capacity steps on WC
37 capacity steps VRV
Frequency 52 to 210 (Hz)
57
58. Multiple Step Control
Standard HVAC system
1 to 2 stages of capacity
Uses mechanical unloading techniques
VRV uses inverter technology
Electronic inverter varies compressor rotational speed in steps
Unloader, Two Speed or Multi-Step Control Principle
Two Compressors
Load
Load
50% 100% 52~210Hz
Compressor capacity Applied frequency
58
59. Other Inverter Benefits
Very low startup amperage
No locked rotor amps
No stress on windings or compressor frame
No “light flicker”
Lubrication of bearings increases before speed
increases
System pressures increase gradually reducing noise and
stress on piping
Quiet compressor startup
Idea for backup generator and photo voltaic solar
applications
59
60. Inrush Current
Non 5 to 6 times RLA
Inverter 132 amps
Rush
Current
Current
22 amps
Running
0 amps Current Time
When starting up, Inverter
raises frequency smoothly,
eliminating the rush current.
Current 31.9 amps ?
No heat “generation”, only move heat
4 amps
Running
from the outside to the inside.
0 amps
Current Time
Altherma Inverter
60
63. Daikin Altherma System Applications
Ideal for New Construction Ideal for New Construction
Mono-Valent Mono-Energetic
100% Heat pump coverage : Best balance between investment cost
selection of bigger capacity and and running cost, results in lowest
higher investment cost heat pump Lifecycle Cost
Back up heater*
Heat Hydro Radiators/ Back up heater is only used
pump box floor heating Heat Hydro Radiators/ below the equilibrium point
pump box floor heating
Mono-valent (heatpump only)
Heatpump capacity Mono-energetic (heatpump + heater)
Coldest day of the year Coldest day of the year
Heating requirement
Heating requirement
Heatpump capacity
Equilibrium point
Covered by heatpump
Spare heatpump 10%
Covered by heatpump
capacity
Covered by back up heater
Spare heatpump
100% 90% capacity
Hours Hours
*Back up heater is mounted inside the hydro box
63
64. Daikin Altherma System Applications
Ideal for Refurbishment/Upgrade
Space Heating with an Auxiliary Boiler
Bi-Valent
3.Space heating application by either the
Daikin Altherma Hydrobox or by an
Auxiliary boiler connected in the system.
4.An auxiliary contact decides whether the
Hydrobox or the boiler will operate.
5.The auxiliary contact can be an outdoor
temperature thermostat, an electricity tariff
contact, a manually operated contact etc.
6.Domestic Hot Water in such an
application is always produced by the
System Tank connected to the Hydrobox,
including when the boiler is in operation for
space heating.
64
65. Did you know that ...
Floor heating systems
result in a more
uniform temperature
distribution in the room
compared to radiators.
65
66. Temperature profiles
8.9 ft
6 ft
4 in
°F 60.8 64.4 68 71.6 75.2 60.8 64.4 68 71.6 75.2 60.8 64.4 68 71.6 75.2 57.2 60.8 64.4 68 71.6 75.2
FCU / air to air
Comfort Discomfort
The highest heating comfort is achieved with a floor heating system
With floor heating, the room temperature can be reduced by 3.6°F
Because of the large heating surface and low water temperature 77-104°F,
floor heating is perfect to combine with a heat pump
66
67. Installation Examples
Advantage: Low Initial Cost
Disadvantage: Poor
Temperature Control
SBI: Supplied by Installer
67
68. Installation Examples
Advantage: Separate Temperature
Control of each Heating Loop for
Improved Comfort
Disadvantage: Higher Initial Cost
68
69. Installation Examples
Advantage: Low Initial
Cost. Heating & Cooling
are Separated by M13
Valve.
Disadvantage: Poor
Temperature Control
SBI: Supplied by Installer
69
71. Installation Requirements
• Distance between outdoor and hydro-box (Outdoor
& Monobloc).
• Distances related to water pipe installation (Outdoor
& Monobloc).
• Refrigerant piping (Outdoor).
• Attention points on the water circuit.
• Installation Examples
71
72. Installation Requirements ERLQ036, 048, 054BAVJU (Outdoor)
*Standard
246 ft minimum 16.4 ft.
With factory
10 ft* charge
98.4 ft 10 ft if
recharging
outdoor is
10 ft performed.
32.8 ft
To avoid big temperature change when To guarantee a minimum temperature
switching from sanitary to cooling ( hot difference between outlet PHE and inlet tank
draft)
72
73. Installation Requirements
10 ft
32.8 ft
39.4 ft in length.
To avoid big temperature change when switching from DHW to
cooling ( hot draft)
To guarantee a minimum temperature difference between outlet
PHE and inlet DHW tank
73
74. Installation Requirements Required Oil Trap ERLQ036, 048, 054BAVJU
Since there is a possibility of oil held inside
the riser piping flowing back into the
compressor when stopped and causing
liquid compression phenomenon.
Install trap at each difference in
height of 32.8 ft is required.
•Trap installation spacing.
A Outdoor unit
B Indoor unit
C Gas piping
D Liquid piping
E Oil trap
H Install trap at each difference in height of 10 m
Oil trap is not necessary when the outdoor
unit is installed in a higher position than the
indoor unit.
Caution: Requirements for a trap
74
76. Installation Requirements
Water Circuit
Installation of shut-off valves at inlet and outlet of hydro-box.
Installation of drain valves at the lowest places
Air vents at the highest level
All field piping must withstand the water pressure
Water volume
ERLQ036, 048, 054AVJU + EKHB/EKHX054BA3/6VJU
EDLQ/EBLW036,048,054A6VJU
Minimum water volume
– Heating only model: 5.3 gals.
– Heating / Cooling model: 5.3 gals.
76
77. Basic System Layout – Space Heating Only
Hydro Box
Outdoor unit Backup Heater
Refrigerant
Plate heat exchanger
Space heating
77
78. Basic System Layout – Space Heating and DHW
DHW mode
Outdoor unit Backup Heater
Refrigerant
Plate heat exchanger
Sanitary Tank
Max
176°F
(80°C)
Booster heater
3 way valve
Max 55°C
Space heating
78
79. Basic System Layout – Space Heating and DHW
Heating
mode
Outdoor unit Backup Heater
Refrigerant
Plate heat exchanger
Sanitary Tank
Max
176°F
(80°C)
Booster heater
3 way valve
Space heating
79
80. Basic System Layout - Sanitary and Moderate Floor
Cooling (cooling mode)
Back up heater
Backup Heater
Outdoor unit
To avoid condensation
Refrigerant on the floor, LWE
temperature should be
higher than dewpoint.
Sanitary Tank
Max
Plate heat exchanger
176°F
(80°C)
Booster heater
3 way valve
Space heating
80
81. Basic System Layout - Sanitary and Cooling (cooling
mode)
Outdoor unit Backup heater
Refrigerant
Plate heat exchanger
Sanitary Tank
Max
176°F FCU for cooling
(80°C)
Booster heater
2 way valve
3 way valve
Space heating
81
82. Switchover Between Sanitary and Cooling (sanitary
mode)
Hydrobox
Sanitary Tank
Produces
water of
55°C
3 way valve leads
Max 10 ft (3m)
the water to the
sanitary tank FCU for cooling
The water is cold but
not circulating
82
83. Switchover Between Sanitary and Cooling (transient)
Hydrobox
Sanitary Tank
Produces
cold water
3 way valve leads Warm water
the water to the
FCU FCU for cooling
The water is warm
but not circulating
83
84. Switchover Between Sanitary and Cooling (cooling
mode)
Hydrobox
Sanitary Tank
Produces
cold water
3 way valve leads
the water to the
FCU FCU for cooling
The water is warm
but not circulating
84
86. Remote Controller
Back up heater symbol Booster heater symbol
Pump on symbol Heating/Cooling on/off
Compressor on symbol Space heating operation
Space cooling operation
Silent mode operation
Weather depending control
Temperature setpoint adjusment DHW heating operation
DHW water temperature setpoint adjusment
Controller reference
86
In Reply to Intensive Market Demand, Daikin is proud to launch VRVIII “ One step further into the revolution”
Altherma’s advanced control strategy maximizes comfort and energy efficiency by steering the system switches between the heating or cooling mode and the sanitary mode. For specific end user needs this control strategy can be customized via the user interface on the hydrobox. The sanitary tank maximizes both the energy savings and the sanitary warm water capacity by its optimal placement of the heat exchanger, the temperature sensor and the electric booster heater combined with its control strategy . The placement of the heat exchanger in the lower part of the tank maximizes the contribution of the heat pump to the sanitary warm water preparation. The integrated booster heater in the upper part contributes to higher water temperatures or rapid water heating in case of high warm water demands. If the temperature sensor would be placed too low: The temperature in the tank would become too high before the sensor reaches the “booster heater off” setpoint, this can heat up the return water temperature which could be harmful to the heat pump. In addition the efficiency would be affected with reduced coverage by the heat pump. If the temperature sensor would be placed too high, the warm water capacity can be reduced which affects comfort since the Booster heater switches off too early. If the Booster heater is placed too close too the heat exchanger, it will heat up the condenser (via the return water) which can be harmful to the heat pump. If the heating exchanger surface area is too small, the heat pump may not reach the setpoint within the maximum time in sanitary mode (field setting 5-60 min),and the heat pump may have to stay so long in sanitary mode so that the room temperature decreases. This means less comfort...
To successfully enter the heating market, a water based system must be used. Floor heating close to ideal. Low source temperature – small temp diff between source and emitter. Ideal for HP Radiators higher source temp. Colder along floor than head. Convection. Blows hot air, draft. Big temp diff between heat and feet.
Training Course: Heating Products: Altherma 2008 For Internal Use Only
Cooling is an option. Must have reversible hydrobox. Heating hydrobox can not be upgraded to heating and cooling. 2 way valve (field supply) makes sure no cold water enters the floor loops and causes condensation FCU for cooling System will switch between sanitary mode and cooling Both space heating and cooling has priority over sanitary water. Does not mean lack of warm water. Not a instant system. 150-300l buffer volume. Switches to sanitary mode when the setpoint for heating or cooling is reached Can provide cooling through floors is water temp is kept high and adequate dew point control is provided.
Cooling is an option. Must have reversible hydrobox. Heating hydrobox can not be upgraded to heating and cooling. 2 way valve (field supply) makes sure no cold water enters the floor loops and causes condensation FCU for cooling System will switch between sanitary mode and cooling Both space heating and cooling has priority over sanitary water. Does not mean lack of warm water. Not a instant system. 150-300l buffer volume. Switches to sanitary mode when the setpoint for heating or cooling is reached Can provide cooling through floors is water temp is kept high and adequate dew point control is provided.
Heat pump with sanitary tank, the max distance between the hydrobox and 3 way valve is 3 meters.
Heat pump with sanitary tank, the max distance between the hydrobox and 3 way valve is 3 meters. The system switches automatically between modes The volume of the warm water is very small compared to the volume of cold water (water mixing) The FCU will not blow out warm air.
Heat pump with sanitary tank, the max distance between the hydrobox and 3 way valve is 3 meters. The system switches automatically between modes The volume of the warm water is very small compared to the volume of cold water (water mixing) The FCU will not blow out warm air.
The on/off button is only used for the heating cooling not sanitry!!!!!!!!!