1. The document discusses various mechanisms of gene regulation including DNA methylation, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, microRNAs, and epigenetic changes.
2. It provides details on Rett syndrome, a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, and how this disrupts gene silencing.
3. Regulation of specific genes like lac and trp is explained through different environmental conditions and levels of proteins/molecules that control transcription.
I have described in this presentation the critical points in the maturation of small non-coding RNA especially miRNA and its role in the development and diagnosis of specific psychiatric disorders
I have described in this presentation the critical points in the maturation of small non-coding RNA especially miRNA and its role in the development and diagnosis of specific psychiatric disorders
DNA and RNA Structure
Central Dogma of Life
Protein Engineering (Brief)
Introduction to microRNA (miRNA)
History of miRNA
Biogenesis of miRNA
Conservation of miRNA
Impact of miRNA
miRNA Therapy
Conclusion
Rules and impact of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cancersFran Supek
Premature termination codons (PTCs) cause a large proportion of inherited human genetic diseases. PTC-containing transcripts can be degraded by an mRNA surveillance pathway termed nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). However, the efficiency of NMD varies; it is inefficient when a PTC is located downstream of the last exon junction complex (EJC). We used matched exome and transcriptome data from 9,769 human tumors to systematically elucidate the rules of NMD targeting in human cells. An integrated model incorporating multiple rules beyond the canonical EJC model explains approximately three-fourths of the non-random variance in NMD efficiency across thousands of PTCs. We also show that dosage compensation may sometimes mask the effects of NMD. Applying the NMD model identifies signatures of both positive and negative selection on NMD-triggering mutations in human tumors and provides a classification for tumor-suppressor genes.
DNA and RNA Structure
Central Dogma of Life
Protein Engineering (Brief)
Introduction to microRNA (miRNA)
History of miRNA
Biogenesis of miRNA
Conservation of miRNA
Impact of miRNA
miRNA Therapy
Conclusion
Rules and impact of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cancersFran Supek
Premature termination codons (PTCs) cause a large proportion of inherited human genetic diseases. PTC-containing transcripts can be degraded by an mRNA surveillance pathway termed nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). However, the efficiency of NMD varies; it is inefficient when a PTC is located downstream of the last exon junction complex (EJC). We used matched exome and transcriptome data from 9,769 human tumors to systematically elucidate the rules of NMD targeting in human cells. An integrated model incorporating multiple rules beyond the canonical EJC model explains approximately three-fourths of the non-random variance in NMD efficiency across thousands of PTCs. We also show that dosage compensation may sometimes mask the effects of NMD. Applying the NMD model identifies signatures of both positive and negative selection on NMD-triggering mutations in human tumors and provides a classification for tumor-suppressor genes.
GenomeTrakr: Whole-Genome Sequencing for Food Safety and A New Way Forward in...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/wgs-on-food-safety-management/en/
GenomeTrakr: Whole-Genome Sequencing for Food Safety and A New Way Forward in the Microbiological Testing & Traceability for Foodborne Pathogens. Presentation from the Technical Meeting on the impact of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) on food safety management -23-25 May 2016, Rome, Italy.
Shigella sonnei es el principal patógeno bacteriano causante de la shigelosis. Se trata de microorganismos infecciosos descubiertos hace 100 años por un científico japonés llamado Shiga, de quien tomaron su nombre.
The distinctive character of modern biology is the study of biology as information. Merging of biology and information sciences is a fundamental drive in biomedicine. Indeed, the post-genomic era is providing a huge of amount of molecular data, pertaining to different levels of evidence, which requires specific expertise in raw data processing, explorative data analysis and systems biology.
Translational genomics relies on our ability to recognize the functional elements of the genome and to disentangle the complexity of their interactions, starting from the sequence and following its implications in transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics. The promise of genomic medicine is improved diagnosis and treatment through the application of genomic information and technologies, leading to precision medicine.
This talk will give an overview of computational genomics and its current challenges.
Covers the flow of information from DNA to Protein synthesis, Transcription, Types of RNA, Genetic code, Protein Synthesis, Cell Function and cell reproduction
8. The leading cause of RTT is sporadic mutations in a gene called MECP2, located on the X chromosome. Studies have shown that more then 95% of mutations originate from a mutated sperm. The MECP2 gene makes a protein, also called MeCP2, believed to play a pivotal role in silencing other genes . Scientists suspect that the inability to shut down specific genes causes the cascade of symptoms seen in RTT. Methyl cytosine binding protein 2 Rett syndrome rare progressive neurological disorder that causes mental retardation, compulsive hand movements, reduced muscle tone, difficulties in walking, autism, decreased body weight, failure of the head to grow with age, and the increased presence of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). Rett syndrome causes progressive disabilities in intellectual and motor development.
9.
10. Regulation of trp transcription Low tryptophane level – transcription of trp genes
11. High glucose – low cAMP Low lactose Low glucose – high cAMP Low lactose Low glucose – high cAMP High lactose High glucose – low cAMP High lactose Synthesis of LacZYA proteins: 1. Glucose level - low glucose – high cAMP 2. Lactose level - h igh lactose + - - - transcription
12. Regulation of lac transcription High glucose – low cAMP Low lactose -galactosidase permease transacetylase Low glucose – high cAMP Low lactose Low glucose – high cAMP High lactose High glucose – low cAMP High lactose CAMP receptor protein
23. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, RNA molecules encoded in the genomes of plants and animals (Figure 1). These highly conserved, ~21-mer RNAs regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of specific mRNAs. Although the first published description of an miRNA appeared ten years ago (Lee 1993), only in the last two to three years has the breadth and diversity of this class of small, regulatory RNAs been appreciated. A great deal of effort has gone into understanding how, when, and where miRNAs are produced and function in cells, tissues, and organisms. Each miRNA is thought to regulate multiple genes , and since hundreds of miRNA genes are predicted to be present in higher eukaryotes (Lim 2003b) the potential regulatory circuitry afforded by miRNA is enormous. Several research groups have provided evidence that miRNAs may act as key regulators of processes as diverse as early development (Reinhart 2000), cell proliferation and cell death (Brennecke 2003), apoptosis and fat metabolism (Xu 2003), and cell differentiation (Dostie 2003, Chen 2003). Recent studies of miRNA expression implicate miRNAs in brain development (Krichevsky 2003), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Calin 2002), colonic adenocarcinoma (Michael 2003), Burkitt’s Lymphoma (Metzler 2004), and viral infection (Pfeffer 2004) suggesting possible links between miRNAs and viral disease, neurodevelopment, and cancer. There is speculation that in higher eukaryotes, the role of miRNAs in regulating gene expression could be as important as that of transcription factors. Figure 1 . Transcription of miRNAs. Approximately 60% of miRNAs are expressed independently, 15% of miRNAs are expressed in clusters, and 25% are in introns.