Krebs Cycle - 2008 BIOCHEM 201.pdf
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The document discusses key aspects of the citric acid cycle: 1. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle to be oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP through 8 reactions. 2. Enzymes catalyze each reaction, and the cycle produces net reductions of NAD+ to NADH and FAD to FADH2, fueling oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP. 3. Regulation of the cycle and its role as the final common pathway for oxidation of various biomolecules is also described.
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This document summarizes the Krebs or citric acid cycle, which is the final common pathway that oxidizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy in the form of ATP. It discusses how pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that generate electron carriers NADH and FADH2, whose electrons are then transferred to the electron transport chain to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. A total of 12 ATP molecules are produced for each acetyl-CoA molecule that goes through the Krebs cycle. Oxygen is required for the regeneration of NAD+ and FAD from N
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While citric acid occurs naturally in citrus fruits, it's also produced commercially through microbial fermentation, primarily using strains of the fungus Aspergillus niger. This method allows for large-scale production of citric acid to meet the demand in various industries. Additionally, it can be synthesized chemically, although this method is less common due to higher production costs and environmental concerns.
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The document discusses cellular respiration, which occurs in three stages: 1) acetyl-CoA production from organic fuels like glucose and fatty acids, 2) acetyl-CoA oxidation in the citric acid cycle (CAC) to produce NADH, FADH2, and GTP, and 3) oxidative phosphorylation to generate large amounts of ATP. The citric acid cycle involves a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These stages capture energy from nutrients and transfer it to ATP via electron transport chains located in cellular organelles like mitochondria.
Chapter16 160419082018
The document discusses cellular respiration, which occurs in three stages: 1) acetyl-CoA production from organic fuels like glucose and fatty acids, 2) acetyl-CoA oxidation in the citric acid cycle (CAC) to produce NADH, FADH2, and GTP, and 3) oxidative phosphorylation to generate large amounts of ATP. The citric acid cycle involves a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These stages capture energy from nutrients and facilitate the production of ATP to fuel cellular work.
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- 1. Key knowledge base • To discuss the function of the citric acid cycle in intermediary metabolism, where it occurs in the cell, and how pyruvate is converted into acetyl coA and enters the cycle. • Be able to write down the structures and names of the CAC intermediates and the name of the enzyme catalyzing each step. • Understand and be able to write down the net reaction of the citric acid cycle. • Be able to name all the steps in the citric acid cycle in which reduced NAD or reduced FAD is formed. • Be able to name all the decarboxylation steps in the citric acid cycle. • To describe and discuss the regulation of the citric acid cycle. • To describe and discuss how the citric acid cycle functions as the final common pathway for the oxidation of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids.
- 2. The Three Stages of Metabolism
- 3. Citric Acid Cycle Electron transport Oxidative phosphorylation R5P Glucose Pyruvate NADH + H+ and ATP Glycogen Disaccharides Acetyl CoA NADH + H+ and FADH2 and CO2 aerobic conditions citric acid cycle O2 H2O ATP ADP + Pi
- 4. The Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle; The TCA Cycle • Function of citric acid cycle is to oxidize organic molecules under aerobic conditions. • 8 reactions in the Krebs cycle • Pyruvate is degraded to CO2. • 1 GTP (ATP in bacteria) and 1 FADH2 are produced during one turn of the cycle. • 3 NADH are produced during one turn of the cycle. • NADH and FADH2 energize electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
- 5. Mitochondrion • Which membrane is impermeable to protons and other ions? • Which membrane will allow for the transport of molecules up to a molecular weight of about 1000?
- 6. A dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyze metabolic oxidations involving loss of hydrogen from the electron donor. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
- 7. pantothenate unit Chemical structure of Coenzyme A β− mercaptoethylamine unit N O OH O P O O O P O O O H2 C CH3 CH3 OH H N H2 C H2 C N N N NH2 O H N H2 C H2 C HS P O O O O
- 8. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme assembly of three types of subunits (E1, E2, and E3) and 5 coenzymes that catalyze 5 reactions. E1 E2 E3
- 9. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex E1 E2 E3 Pyruvate decarboxylated by E1 (pyruvate decarboxylase) TPP required Hydroxyethyl intermediate oxidized by transfer to E2 Lipoic acid required
- 10. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex E1 E2 E3 Acetyl group bound to lipoic acid is transferred to CoA
- 11. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is highly regulated.
- 12. Overview of Krebs Cycle C-4 C-6 C-6 C-4 C-2 + NADH + NADH GTP FADH2 NADH
- 14. Entrance of acetyl CoA does not ↑ or ↓ intermediates in CAC aldol condensation isomerization oxidative decarboxylation
- 16. succinyl-CoA synthetase Coupled reaction: substrate level phosphorylation succinyl-CoA succinate + CoA GDP + Pi GTP Net reaction ΔGo = -34 kJ/mol ΔGo = +31 kJ/mol ΔGo = -3 kJ/mol
- 18. e¯ ( 4 ) Reversible oxidation reaction
- 21. Main Points of the Krebs Cycle • Occurs in mitochondrion • All enzymes are hydrophilic and occur in the matrix except for succinate dehydrogenase, which occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane • Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and a- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are the three irreversible reactions • ICD is the main regulatory enzyme, and it is activated by ADP • Succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate and oxaloacetrate