The document summarizes a master's research presentation that characterized and evaluated the potential of extracts from red mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) bark as an indicator. Key points:
1. Classical phytochemical screening and GC-FID analysis identified various compounds in the water and ethanol extracts including tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids.
2. UV-visible spectroscopy showed the extracts absorbed in the visible region, while FTIR identified functional groups including O-H, C=O, C-O, and C-H.
3. Titration experiments found the extracts could act as acid-base indicators, changing color at specific pH ranges
Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cocculus hirsutus L...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many number of the plant species including Cocculus hirsutus L. is being used as the sources of herbal
medicine. Present work was mainly focused with the identification of the therapeutic properties of
C. hirsutus L. leaf extracts. The leaf extracts of methanol, aqueous, chloroform, and benzene showed
solvent dependent qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presence as well as antimicrobial activity.
Whereas the leaf extracts of methanol and chloroform showed significantly high antimicrobial activity
than water and benzene extracts. Further methanol leaf extract of C. hirsutus performed to liquid
chromato y-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for identification of active antimicrobial compound structure.
LC-MS studies give 26 structural compounds. Docking (annotating) studies revealed that among 26
compounds the Compound-5 (Hexadecanoic acid - (1R, 2R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-4, 6-diamino-2, 3-dihydroxy
cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) showed highest docking fitness score with
the bacterial membrane protein sortase-A. Our data suggest that methanol extract of C. hirsutus leaf
possess medicinally significant antimicrobial compounds and thus justify the use of this leaf as folklore
medicine for preventing human microbial related diseases.
Green synthesis, Characterization and anti microbial activity of silver nano ...IJERA Editor
The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of silver nano particles is considered a green
technology. Because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. Nanotechnology field is one of the most
attractive researches. The field of nanotechnology is applied to bio materials. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant sources. A detailed study on the reduction of silver ions to
silver nanoparticles from medical plant leaves extract were demonstrated with a brief experimental procedure.
Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles performed through UV spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra
Red spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy. This review mainly focus on anti microbial activities of synthesized silver nano particles.
Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted
effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of
Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo
groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water
aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an ecofriendly
system, this research part deals on the optimum
extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the
optimization parameters have technical and commercial
importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out
using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and
time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction
condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) wateracetone
exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31
and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The
absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents
such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive
index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment
and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color
compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract
solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the
diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at
70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules.
Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield
quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known
to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to
be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study.
Isolation of Natural Dyes from Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and Marigold Flower and...IOSRJAC
In this study deals with the isolation of natural dyes from hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flowers. There are different methods are used to synthesis the natural dyes on each flower. Then they are analysed by GC-MS, UV-Visible and IR Spectroscopy instrumental analysis. The instrument anlaysis reveals the structural conformation of natural dye collected from each dye. The mordant are important chemical component which is used to add with natural dye to enhance the colour strength of natural dye collected from the above flowers. In this project we use the alum, potassium dichromate, copper chloride and stannous chloride are used as mordant to increase the colour strength of each natural dye collected from the concerned flowesr. The colour strength is analysed with DATAColor Spectrophotomete. Wast fastness, Xenon fastness test are also carried out. From above test we conclude the strength of colour is increased by means of the stannous chloride mordent used compared to other mordants applied to the cotton dyed with the natural dyes extracted from the hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flower
Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cocculus hirsutus L...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many number of the plant species including Cocculus hirsutus L. is being used as the sources of herbal
medicine. Present work was mainly focused with the identification of the therapeutic properties of
C. hirsutus L. leaf extracts. The leaf extracts of methanol, aqueous, chloroform, and benzene showed
solvent dependent qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presence as well as antimicrobial activity.
Whereas the leaf extracts of methanol and chloroform showed significantly high antimicrobial activity
than water and benzene extracts. Further methanol leaf extract of C. hirsutus performed to liquid
chromato y-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for identification of active antimicrobial compound structure.
LC-MS studies give 26 structural compounds. Docking (annotating) studies revealed that among 26
compounds the Compound-5 (Hexadecanoic acid - (1R, 2R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-4, 6-diamino-2, 3-dihydroxy
cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) showed highest docking fitness score with
the bacterial membrane protein sortase-A. Our data suggest that methanol extract of C. hirsutus leaf
possess medicinally significant antimicrobial compounds and thus justify the use of this leaf as folklore
medicine for preventing human microbial related diseases.
Green synthesis, Characterization and anti microbial activity of silver nano ...IJERA Editor
The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of silver nano particles is considered a green
technology. Because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. Nanotechnology field is one of the most
attractive researches. The field of nanotechnology is applied to bio materials. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant sources. A detailed study on the reduction of silver ions to
silver nanoparticles from medical plant leaves extract were demonstrated with a brief experimental procedure.
Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles performed through UV spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra
Red spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy. This review mainly focus on anti microbial activities of synthesized silver nano particles.
Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted
effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of
Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo
groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water
aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an ecofriendly
system, this research part deals on the optimum
extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the
optimization parameters have technical and commercial
importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out
using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and
water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and
time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction
condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem
amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) wateracetone
exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31
and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The
absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents
such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive
index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment
and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color
compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract
solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the
diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at
70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules.
Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield
quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known
to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to
be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of
this study.
Isolation of Natural Dyes from Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and Marigold Flower and...IOSRJAC
In this study deals with the isolation of natural dyes from hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flowers. There are different methods are used to synthesis the natural dyes on each flower. Then they are analysed by GC-MS, UV-Visible and IR Spectroscopy instrumental analysis. The instrument anlaysis reveals the structural conformation of natural dye collected from each dye. The mordant are important chemical component which is used to add with natural dye to enhance the colour strength of natural dye collected from the above flowers. In this project we use the alum, potassium dichromate, copper chloride and stannous chloride are used as mordant to increase the colour strength of each natural dye collected from the concerned flowesr. The colour strength is analysed with DATAColor Spectrophotomete. Wast fastness, Xenon fastness test are also carried out. From above test we conclude the strength of colour is increased by means of the stannous chloride mordent used compared to other mordants applied to the cotton dyed with the natural dyes extracted from the hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flower
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane SteroidRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
Here, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by utilizing extract of Psidium guajava. In
this study leaf was with extricated alcohol, further this extract is utilized for the preparation of nanoparticles followed by treatment with silver nitrate solution. Color change from colorless to dark-yellow and
SPR band (UV-Vis) 420nm which indicates the synthesis of plant reduced silver nanoparticles. The presences of proteins as capping agent, which increase the stability of AgNPs in the colloids, are characterized
by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the presence at spherical AgNPs in the range of 15-30nm. The bactericidal activity of standard
antibiotics was essentially expanded in the presence of AgNPs against pathogenic bacteria, S Aureus,
Staphylococcus, E Coli, P Putida and fungus A Niger.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane SteroidRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
Here, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by utilizing extract of Psidium guajava. In
this study leaf was with extricated alcohol, further this extract is utilized for the preparation of nanoparticles followed by treatment with silver nitrate solution. Color change from colorless to dark-yellow and
SPR band (UV-Vis) 420nm which indicates the synthesis of plant reduced silver nanoparticles. The presences of proteins as capping agent, which increase the stability of AgNPs in the colloids, are characterized
by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the presence at spherical AgNPs in the range of 15-30nm. The bactericidal activity of standard
antibiotics was essentially expanded in the presence of AgNPs against pathogenic bacteria, S Aureus,
Staphylococcus, E Coli, P Putida and fungus A Niger.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
Rapid Prediction of Extractives and Polyphenolic Contents in Pinus caribaea B...Waqas Tariq
The potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapidly and accurately determining the extractives and polyphenol contents in Pinus caribaea bark extracts was assessed. Pinus caribaea bark samples were obtained from 110 trees in plantation stands at different locations of Ghana and were then scanned by NIRS. Their extractives and polyphenol contents reference values were obtained by TAPPI T204 om-88 and Folin-Ciocalteu methods respectively. These reference values were regressed against different spectral transformations using partial least square (PLS) regression. First derivative transformation equation of the raw spectral data, resulted in a coefficient of determination r2 in the external validation of 0.91 and 0.97 respectively for extractives content and polyphenol content. The calibration samples covered a wide range of extractives content from 34 – 45% and polyphenolic content from 16 – 23.5%. The standard deviation to root mean square error of cross validation ratio (SD/RMSECV), root mean square error of calibration to standard deviation ratio (RMSEC/SD), RMSECV/RMSEC and r2 for both extractives and polyphenol models were indicative of good prediction equations. The predicted values were thus highly correlated with time-consuming wet chemical measured values of extractives content and polyphenol content. The use of NIRS for the determination of the extractives and polyphenol contents in Pinus caribaea bark thus provides an advantage of time saving and cost of analysis.
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Development and Validation of Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromato...BRNSS Publication Hub
A new, reliable, and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated for simultaneous assay of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and resveratrol. An isocratic separation of BPO and resveratrol was achieved on C18, 250 mm × 4.6 mm I.d., 5 μm particle size columns with a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min and using a UV detector to monitor the elute at 245 nm. The mobile phase consisted of an ammonium acetate (pH 4) and ethanol. Response was a linear function of drug concentration in the range of 10–100 mg/mL range with an R2 of 0.993 for BPO and 10–100 μg/mL range with an R2 of 0.995 for resveratrol, accuracy with percent relative standard deviation of 100.65 ± 0.23 (benzoic peroxide) and 100.48 ± 0.45 (resveratrol) and with a limit of detection and quantification for BPO and resveratrol, respectively. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery study. The accuracy ranged between 99.65 and 101.91%. The method was found to be precise, reproducible, and rapid.
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.BRNSS Publication Hub
The present investigation was focused on the phytochemical screening, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis, and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa using various organic solvent extracts. Ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts from the leaves D. viscosa were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents, FT-IR analysis, and antioxidant was carried the qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, thiols, glycosides, resins, and saponins, and was richly present in petroleum ether and methanolic extracts compared to other extracts. The FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of carbonyls (C=O), phenol (C-O), thioethers (C-S), disulfides (S-S), normal polymeric O-H, phenolic compounds, and arylthio ethers. Plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The results revealed that D. viscosa had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of ethanolic extract and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of D. viscosa.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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1. Characterization and Application of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) Bark
Extract as an Indicator
Master’s Degree Research Presentation
By
Korfii Uebari
(PG.2017/01982)
(HND RIVPOLY, PGD RSU)
Department of Chemistry
Supervisors: Dr. N. Boisa
Prof. T. J. K. Ideriah
Rivers State University
Faculty of Science
2. Graphical Abstract
Introduction
Justification of the Study
Aim and Objectives
Literature Review
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Contributions to Knowledge
References
Outline
3. 0
1
2
3
0 500 1000
Absorbance
wavelength nm
Characterization
Application
Collection of Sample
Graphical Abstract
Classical
Phytochemical Screening
Endpoint color changes
Titration
GC-FID Results
Preparation of the Plant Sample
Extraction
UV-Visible Spectrum
I.R Spectrum
1 2 3 4 5
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
water extract
Absorbance
% Concentration
Molar Absorptivity
Bark of the plant
4. 1
Introduction
An indicator is a substance that gives a visible sign, usually by a colour change, of the
presence or absence of a threshold concentration of a chemical species, such as an acid or an
alkali in a solution (Eze & Ogbuefi, 2014).
Dyes are conjugated molecules, generally consisting of aromatic and/or unsaturated
compounds that are either derived from natural sources or are made synthetically.
Natural dyes are derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals. The majority of natural dyes
are dyes from plant sources (Purwar, 2016).
Dyes applications are feasible because of the presence of chromophores and auxochromes
(Luqman et al., 2017).
5. 2
Justification of the Study
Environmental issues from synthetic indicators (Pathade et al., 2009).
Apart from the environmental related issues of synthetic indicators, studies have shown that
some of these synthetic indicators have toxic effects on users (Okoduwa et al., 2015; Abugri
et al., 2012; Pathade et al., 2009).
Several researchers; Abugri et al., (2012), Izonfuo et al., (2006), Okoduwa et al., (2015), and
Trivedi et al., (2016) have reported a variety of local plants to have contained different types
of dyes which are used as indicators.
6. 3
Aim and Objectives
Aim
This study characterized and evaluated the potential of extracts from red mangrove
(Rhizophora racemosa) bark as an indicator.
7. 4
1. Extraction of dye from red mangrove plant (Rhizophora racemosa) bark
2. Identification of the components in the extracted plant using classical phytochemical screening
and GC-FID techniques
3. To determine the wavelength of maximum absorptions (λmax) of the extracted dyes using Ultra-
Violet/Visible spectroscopy to determine the optical properties of the extracts
4. Identification of functional groups present in the extracted dye from the plant using Fourier
Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR)
5. Application of the extracts as potential indicator through titration
Objectives
8. 5
Literature Review
Authors of other
Researches
Plants used Methods and Solvents used Application Instrumental
Characterization
Izonfuo et al., (2006) Hibiscus sabdariffa and
Basella alba
Traditional Method, Aqueous and
Ethanol
Acid-Base
Titration
UV/Visible spectroscopy
Abugri et al., (2012) Guinea corn Traditional Method, Ethanol Acid-Base
Titration
UV/Visible spectroscopy
Eze & Ogbuefi, (2014) Urena Lobata (Mgbo) Traditional Method
Ethanol, Cold Water, and Hot Water
Acid-Base
Titration
NA
Onwuachu et al., (2014) Hibiscus, Mango, Ginger
& Kolanut
Ethanol Acid-Base
Titration
NA
Okoduwa et al., (2015) Rose (Rosa setigera),
Allamanda (Allamanda
cathartica), Hibiscus
(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
Soxhlet Extraction Method
Cold Method
Methanol and Water
Acid-Base
Titration
UV/Visible spectroscopy
Trivedi et al., (2016) Euphorbia milii Traditional method, Methanol Acid-Base
Titration
NA
Present Research Red Mangrove Plant
(Rhizophora racemosa)
Traditional Method, Ethanol and
Water
Acid-Base Titration UV/Visible spectroscopy,
Infra-Red spectroscopy,
and GC-FID
NA = Not Applicable
9. 6
Chemical Properties of Dyes
The hue of dyes depend on the entire light absorbing system.
Direct Red 81
(James, 1997)
Indicators are able to change colors with pH changes by donating or
accepting protons
10. 7
Materials and Methods Application
Titration
Characterization
Collection
of Sample
Preparation of the Plant Sample
Extraction
Identification of the Plant
Traditional Method
Classical
Phytochemical Screening
(Onwuka, 2018)
GC-FID Results
UV-Visible Analysis
Molar Absorptivity I.R Analysis
Data Analysis
Data Analysis
Bark of the plant
11. 8
Results and Discussion
Table 1. Classical Phytochemical Screening
Sample Tannin Saponin Cardiac
Glycoside
Steroids Terpenoids Alkaloids Anthraquinone Flavonoids
Water
Extract
+ + + + - - + +
Ethanol
Extract
+ + + + + + + +
The same phytochemical compounds were reported by Udeozo et al., (2018), Edu et al.,
(2015), Poompozhil & Kumarasamy, (2014), Ukoima et al., (2013), Ganesh & Vennila
(2011) and Obi & Onuoha, (2000) in Rhizophora racemosa, and other mangrove plant
species.
+ Present, - Absent
12. GC-FID Results
Phytochemicals Water Extract ug/ml Ethanol Extract ug/ml
Alkaloids 2.5171 1.6344
Tannins 4.7026 4.6642
Flavonoids 26.084 28.859
Phenol 11.8429 6.9698
Saponins 4.2997 3.9587
Oxalate 2.3746 2.5587
Phytate 1.9860 0.6926
Steroids 11.9544 12.4892
Total 65.7613 61.8366
Table 2. GC-FID Results of Red Mangrove Plant (Rhizophora racemosa) Extracts
Amadi et al., (2017), Emejulu et al., (2017), Azubuike et al., (2016) and Njoku & Obi, (2009) have reported
that plants contain varying amounts of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acid, oxalate, phytate
and steroids. 9
14. UV-Vis Spectroscopy Results
Water Extract
Ethanol Extract
72 hrs After Extraction
11
Figure 1b. UV-Visible spectra of water and ethanol extracts
15. Findings from the present study agree with the reports of Sudarshan et al., (2011) on
Thevetia thvetiodes and Thevetia peruvianei and Espinosa-Morales et al., (2012) on Justicia
spicigera that extracts from plants could absorb at 581 nm, 555nm and 537nm respectively.
Izonfuo et al., (2006) also obtained a λmax of 520 nm for the ethanol extracts of Hibiscus
rosasinensis.
These findings showed that the some plant extracts absorbed within the visible region (400 –
750 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum justified by their colour productions.
12
16. Water Extract_001
Name
Water Extract
Description
4000 350
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
104
7
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
cm-1
%T
3440.91cm-1
436.82cm-1
529.92cm-1
1634.43cm-1
411.00cm-1
390.64cm-1
378.21cm-1
354.51cm-1
366.71cm-1
358.96cm-1
2059.32cm-1
1441
1111.7
1290.3
FT-IR Results
Figure 2a FT-IR Spectrum of the Water Extract
13
17. Frequency
Range (cm-1)
Absorption
(cm-1)
Appearanc
e
Functional
Group
Compound
Class
Comment
4000-3000 3440.91 Strong
Broad
O-H Stretching Alcohol, Phenol Intermolecular
bonded
1800-1600 1634.43 C=O Stretching Carboxylic acid
1600-1400 1441.0 Medium C-H Bending Alkane Methyl group
1400-1000 1290.3 Strong C-O Stretching Aromatic ester
1111.7 Strong C-O Stretching Secondary
alcohol
Table 3. Interpretation for Rhizophora racemosa Water Extract
Merck Life Science (Sigma-Aldrich) Standard for IR Spectrum Table and Chart
14
19. Frequency
Range (cm-1)
Absorption
(cm-1)
Appearance Functional
Group
Compound
Class
Comment
4000-3000 3447.67 Strong
Broad
O-H Stretching Alcohol,
Phenol
Intermolecular
bonded
1800-1600 1636.77 C=O Stretching Carboxylic acid
1600-1400 1520.4 Strong N-O Stretching Nitro
compound
1445 Medium C-H Bending Alkane Methyl group
1400-1000 1256.3 Strong C-O Stretching Aromatic ester
Table 4. Interpretation for Rhizophora racemosa Ethanol Extract
Merck Life Science (Sigma-Aldrich) Standard for IR Spectrum Table and Chart
16
20. Findings from the present study agree with the FTIR reports by Al-Alwani, (2017) and
Nhapi, (2016) on their reports for functional group characterization of Strelitzia reginae
flowers and Eichhornia crassipes dyes.
The present findings also agree with the reports by Espinosa-Morales et al., (2012) in their
research on characterization of a natural dye by spectroscopic techniques.
Reports by Udeozo et al., (2018) on the efficacy of Rhizophora racemosa wood revealed the
presence of the functional groups C=O, O-H and C=N. Findings from the present study
agree with this report.
17
21. Titration (Acid-Base)
Indicators HCl / NaOH HAc / NaOH HCl / NH4OH HAc / NH4OH
Methyl orange 26.63±0.2 25.67±0.2 3.02±0.0 5.4±0.1
Methyl red 25.53±0.7 26.37±0.8 3.00±0.1 9.5±0.1
Phenolphthalein 23.53±0.4 25.17±0.2 2.02±0.0 3.02±0.0
Water Extract 26.70±0.2 28.1±0.3 4.17±0.2 3.3±0.1
Ethanol Extract 26.03±0.1 25.43±0.1 4.03±0.1 3.37±0.1
Table 5.Titration for 25.00ml of 0.1M of the Base was Titrated against 0.1M Solution (Acid)
*All values are mean ± S.D. for n=3
HCl: Hydrochloric acid, HAc: Acetic Acid, NaOH: Sodium Hydroxide, NH4OH:
Ammonium Hydroxide 18
22. Endpoint Color Change from the Titration
Acid
Yellow
Red
Base
This agree with other findings reported by Kapilraj et al., (2019), Nair et al., (2018), Trupti,
(2017), Byamukama et al., (2016), Eze & Ogbuefi, (2014), Abugri et al., (2012), Udachan et
al., (2012), Pathade et al., (2009), Patil et al., (2009), Bhagat et al., (2008), and Nwosu et
al., (2004) on the fact that extracts from plants could act as indicators in titration. 19
Figure 3. Endpoint Color Change from the Titration
23. 1 2 3 4 5
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
water extract
Absorbance
% Concentration
1 2 3 4 5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
ethanol extract
Absorbance
% Concentration
Figure 4. Molar Absorptivity of the Red Mangrove Plant (Rhizophora racemosa)
Extracts
Molar Absorptivity for Water Extract Molar Absorptivity for Ethanol Extract
From the present findings, it is revealed that molar absorptivity of extracts from plant can be derived.
This agree with the reports of Izonfuo et al., (2006) where they derived the molar absorptivity of H.
sabdariffa and B. Alba.
450 nm 400 nm
20
24. 21
Table 6. Comparative Properties of the Indicators
Indicators Functional
Groups
λmax Colour
changes
Solubility Color/Forms Presence of
Chromophore
Presence of
Auxochrome
Methyl Orange N=N
S=O +
420 nm + Red - Yellow Soluble in water,
practically
insoluble in
ethanol
˧
Orange-Yellow/Powder
crystalline +
Yes Yes
Methyl Red C=O
O-H
N=N +
410 nm ͯ Red - Yellow Soluble in
ethanol, partially
soluble in water ˧
Dark red crystalline
powder+
Yes Yes
Phenolphthalein O-H
C=O +
550nm + Colourless -
Pink
1 g dissolves in
12 ml alcohol.
In water, 400
mg/L at room
temperature
+
white or yellowish-white
to pale orange fine
crystalline powder
+
Yes Yes
Water Extract of
Rhizophora
racemosa
O-H, C=O, and
N-O
450 nm,
559 nm
Yellow – Red Soluble in water
and ethanol
Ox-blood/Liquid Yes Yes
Ethanol Extract
of Rhizophora
racemosa
O-H, C=O, and
N-O
400 nm,
572 nm
Yellow – Red Soluble in water
and ethanol
Ox-blood/Liquid Yes Yes
Sources: + PUBCHEM, ˧ CHEMSPIDER, ͯ Sigma-Adrich
25. Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the red mangrove plant (Rhizophora racemosa) extracts are suitable to
be used as indicators.
Classical phytochemical analysis and GC-FID revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, steroids,
cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, anthraquinone, saponins, terpenoids in the extracts.
UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the maximum absorptions of the extracts. The Wavelength of maximum
absorbance fall between 400 – 450nm and 559 – 572 for the fresh extracts.
I.R spectroscopy showed the presence of C-O, O-H, C=O, C-O and N-O groups in the extracts from the
plant.
Titration revealed that the plant changed colour from yellow in an acidic solution to red in the alkaline
solution at the endpoint.
The molar absorptivity of the extracts from the plant showed the intrinsic property of the chemical
species of the plant extracts. 22
27. Contributions to Knowledge
The research revealed that extracts from red mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) bark has
the potential to serve as an indicator in titration.
The research also revealed that extracts from red mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) bark
absorb within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
24
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