This document presents a method for quantitatively characterizing the bioavailability of radiocaesium to plants in forest ecosystems. The method proposes calculating a radiocaesium availability factor in soils based on key soil characteristics like exchangeability, calcium content, and selectivity coefficients. Experimental data from forest sites showed a linear relationship between the calculated availability factor and measured radiocaesium concentration factors in ferns and bilberries. The advantage of this method is that it can estimate site-specific concentration factors using soil characteristics that can be found in references or measured simply.
Aerospace Methods for Studying Soil Characteristics for Solving Agricultural ...BRNSS Publication Hub
One approach is proposed for the application of high-resolution aerospace images in soil science. The process of
soil salinization in the pilot area of the Kura-Araks lowland is investigated. For the 1st time, an analysis of spectral
curves based on data from four channels of the AzerSky satellite and an extended range of wavelengths of the
electromagnetic spectrum based on eight-channel satellite WorldView-2 is given for this territory. The analysis of
spectral curves and the use of other methods (calculation of indices, filtration, the principal component method,
and classification) made it possible to more accurately separate soils with varying degrees of salinity and reveal
features of the course of the spectral curves of soils and vegetation on areas saline to varying degrees
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS DESIGN MODEL OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN INTEGRATED ...IAEME Publication
A dimensional analysis design model for the prediction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) was derived using the Buckingham’s π-theorem approach. The concentration of effluent BOD was derived as a function of the influent concentration of BOD, intensity of solar radiation, influent algae concentration, inlet velocity, density of wastewater, characteristic length of the pond, detention time, dispersion coefficient and dissolved oxygen.
Aerospace Methods for Studying Soil Characteristics for Solving Agricultural ...BRNSS Publication Hub
One approach is proposed for the application of high-resolution aerospace images in soil science. The process of
soil salinization in the pilot area of the Kura-Araks lowland is investigated. For the 1st time, an analysis of spectral
curves based on data from four channels of the AzerSky satellite and an extended range of wavelengths of the
electromagnetic spectrum based on eight-channel satellite WorldView-2 is given for this territory. The analysis of
spectral curves and the use of other methods (calculation of indices, filtration, the principal component method,
and classification) made it possible to more accurately separate soils with varying degrees of salinity and reveal
features of the course of the spectral curves of soils and vegetation on areas saline to varying degrees
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS DESIGN MODEL OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN INTEGRATED ...IAEME Publication
A dimensional analysis design model for the prediction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) was derived using the Buckingham’s π-theorem approach. The concentration of effluent BOD was derived as a function of the influent concentration of BOD, intensity of solar radiation, influent algae concentration, inlet velocity, density of wastewater, characteristic length of the pond, detention time, dispersion coefficient and dissolved oxygen.
Mapping Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits Using PCA and BR Methods in Baft 1:1000...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Evaluating the conventional methods for mapping hydrothermal altered deposits by using landsat-8 OLI images in the Baft one to one hundred thousand geological Sheet is the prime target of our study. We used the color composite, band ratio, principal component analysis. The color composite and band ratio methods showed very clearly the hydrothermal altered deposits of clay minerals, iron oxides and ferric oxides around the fumaroles. The principal component analysis also enabled us to represent undoubtedly the altered hydroxyl and iron oxide mineral deposits of this region concentrating around the fumaroles. Finally, the target detection method for reference spectral analysis by using EnvI 4.8 detected the representative hydrothermal altered minerals around study area. Therefore, all the methods showed high efficiency for mapping hydrothermal altered mineral deposits.
Oil and gas reserves sensitivity to log evaluationPeter Cockcroft
A paper by Peter Cockcroft and John Owens about sensitivity of log analysis to oil and gas reserves estimations. Presented to to the Society of Core Analysts in 1990 by John Owens
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
I created this poster for the 2017 Arctic Change Conference.
The poster is a preliminary research that focuses on the Geochemistry of parts of the Canadian Hudson Bay.
Keywords:
Hydrocarbons
Radioisotopes
Redox Elements
Total Organic Carbon
Principal Components Analysis
Sediments
Mapping Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits Using PCA and BR Methods in Baft 1:1000...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Evaluating the conventional methods for mapping hydrothermal altered deposits by using landsat-8 OLI images in the Baft one to one hundred thousand geological Sheet is the prime target of our study. We used the color composite, band ratio, principal component analysis. The color composite and band ratio methods showed very clearly the hydrothermal altered deposits of clay minerals, iron oxides and ferric oxides around the fumaroles. The principal component analysis also enabled us to represent undoubtedly the altered hydroxyl and iron oxide mineral deposits of this region concentrating around the fumaroles. Finally, the target detection method for reference spectral analysis by using EnvI 4.8 detected the representative hydrothermal altered minerals around study area. Therefore, all the methods showed high efficiency for mapping hydrothermal altered mineral deposits.
Oil and gas reserves sensitivity to log evaluationPeter Cockcroft
A paper by Peter Cockcroft and John Owens about sensitivity of log analysis to oil and gas reserves estimations. Presented to to the Society of Core Analysts in 1990 by John Owens
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
I created this poster for the 2017 Arctic Change Conference.
The poster is a preliminary research that focuses on the Geochemistry of parts of the Canadian Hudson Bay.
Keywords:
Hydrocarbons
Radioisotopes
Redox Elements
Total Organic Carbon
Principal Components Analysis
Sediments
Using Infrared Spectroscopy for Detection of Changes in Soil Properties in Se...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Caroline Ouko, from CETRAD - Kenya, in FAO Hq, Rome
Bis-pyrene probes of foldamer conformation in solution and in phospholipid bi...madhu740653
Exploring the detailed structural features of synthetic molecules in the membrane phase requires sensitive
probes of conformation. Here we describe the design, synthesis and characterization of bis(pyrene) probes
that report conformational changes in membrane-active dynamic foldamers.
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry for rare isotopes of the light...Alexander Bolshakov
Laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS) involves measuring isotope-resolved molecular emission. Measurements of several key isotopes (hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine) in laser ablation plumes were demonstrated. Requirements for spectral resolution of the optical detection system could be significantly relaxed when the isotopic ratio was determined using chemometric regression models. Multiple applications of LAMIS are anticipated in the nuclear power industry, medical diagnostics and therapies, forensics, carbon sequestration, and agronomy studies.
The existence of conducting islands in polyaniline
films has long been proposed in the literature, which
would be consistent with conducting mechanisms based on
hopping. Obtaining direct evidence of conducting islands,
however, is not straightforward. In this paper, conducting
islands were visualized in poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA)
films prepared at low pH, using Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) and atomic force spectroscopy (AFS). The
size of the islands varied between 67 and 470 Å for a
pH = 3.0, with a larger average being obtained with AFS,
probably due to the finite size effect of the atomic force microscopy
tip. In AFS, the conducting islands were denoted
by regions with repulsive forces due to the double-layer
forces. On the basis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for
POEA in the powder form, we infer that the conducting islands
are crystalline, and therefore a POEA film is believed
to consist of conducting islands dispersed in an insulating,
amorphous matrix. From conductivity measurements we inferred the charge transport to be governed by a typical quasione dimensional variable range hopping (VRH) mechanism.
Carbohydrate Research 405 (2015) 55–65Contents lists availab.docxwendolynhalbert
Carbohydrate Research 405 (2015) 55–65
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Carbohydrate Research
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / c a r r e s
Electrochemical synthesis of nanostructured gold film for the study
of carbohydrate–lectin interactions using localized surface plasmon
resonance spectroscopy
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2014.08.019
0008-6215/� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 (314) 516 5346; fax: +1 (314) 516 5342.
E-mail address: [email protected] (K.J. Stine).
Jay K. Bhattarai a,b, Abeera Sharma a,b, Kohki Fujikawa a, Alexei V. Demchenko a, Keith J. Stine a,b,⇑
a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
b Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 30 April 2014
Received in revised form 15 July 2014
Accepted 30 August 2014
Available online 16 September 2014
Keywords:
Lectin
Mannose
Monolayer
Plasmon
Gold
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy is a label-free chemical and biological molec-
ular sensing technique whose sensitivity depends upon development of nanostructured transducers.
Herein, we report an electrodeposition method for fabricating nanostructured gold films (NGFs) that
can be used as transducers in LSPR spectroscopy. The NGF was prepared by electrodepositing gold from
potassium dicyanoaurate solution onto a flat gold surface using two sequential controlled potential steps.
Imaging by scanning electron microscopy reveals a morphology consisting of randomly configured block-
like nanostructures. The bulk refractive index sensitivity of the prepared NGF is 100 ± 2 nm RIU�1 and the
initial peak in the reflectance spectrum is at 518 ± 1 nm under N2(g). The figure of merit is 1.7. In addition,
we have studied the interaction between carbohydrate (mannose) and lectin (Concanavalin A) on the
NGF surface using LSPR spectroscopy by measuring the interaction of 8-mercaptooctyl-a-D-mannopyran-
oside (aMan-C8-SH) with Concanavalin A by first immobilizing aMan-C8-SH in mixed SAMs with 3,6-
dioxa-8-mercaptooctanol (TEG-SH) on the NGF surface. The interaction of Con A with the mixed SAMs
is confirmed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Finally, the NGF surface was regenerated
to its original sensitivity by removing the SAM and the bound biomolecules. The results from these exper-
iments contribute toward the development of inexpensive LSPR based sensors that could be useful for
studying glycan–protein interactions and other bioanalytical purposes.
� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy based
on the development of noble metal nanostructures with tunable
and responsive plasmonic behavior has become of b ...
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. Quantitative assessment of radiocaesium bioavailability in
forest soils
By A. v. Konoplevr'x, R. Avila2, A. A. Bulgakovl, K-J. Johanson3, L V. Konoplevaa and v. E. popovl
1 SPA "Typhoon",249020 Obninsk, Russia
' Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, S-17116 Stockholm, Sweden
3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 5-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
" Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecolo gy,249020 Obninsk, Russia
(Received August 18, 1999; accepted March 31, 2000)
Radiocaesium / Forest / Soil-plant transfer /
Pqrameterisation / Bioavailabilin factor
Summary. A method for quantitative characterisation of the
radiocaesium availability to plants in forest ecosystems has
been developed. For this purpose an expression has been
proposed to calculate the radiocaesium availabiliry factor
in soils, which is a combination of key soil characteris-
tics: radiocaesium exchangeability, exchangeable calcium in
soil and effective selectivity coefficient. The experimental
dependencies of the radiocaesium soil to plant concen-
ffation factors for fern and bilbeny, on the availability
factor calculated by the above equation were satisfactory
described by linear function. The advantage of this method
to characterise bioavailability of radiocaesium and to esti-
mate site-specific values of concentration factor is that the
necessary soil characteristics may be taken from the ref-
erence literature, evaluated by experts or determined with
a simple experimental procedure. The method can be used
in development of a radioecological Geographic Information
Systems.
Introduction
A key component in dose assessment is the estimation of
the soil-plant transfer of radionuclides. For this purpose the
concentration factor, Cfl is normally used which is the ratio
of radionuclide concentration in plant and its concentration
in the upper soil layer. The values of CF determined ex-
perimentally in different conditions for a particular plant
can differ by hundreds or even thousands of times [1]. Ac-
cordingly, using a plant-average CF leads to a considerable
uncertainty in prediction of bioaccumulation of the radionu-
clide. For this reason, numerous attempts were made to
develop methods for estimating site-specific values of CF
and a lot of efforts went into deriving empirical dependen-
cies of radionuclides accumulation in plant on soil proper-
ties [2]. An essential drawback of purely empirical models
is that they are not all-purpose. In order to be applied for
soils different from those for which they were obtained they
should be justified based on information about mechanisms
Radiochim. Acta 88, 789-792 (2000)
O by Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Miinchen
of sorption-desorption of radionuclides in soil and their soil-
plant transfer.
Today it is generally taken that one of the key factors
goveming soil-plant transfer of radionuclides is the part
of the exchangeable form of radionuclides. Although this
hypothesis is rather well-founded, the analysis of experi-
mental data has shown that it is not sufficient [3]. This is
probably explained by the fact that along with the part of
exchangeable form of the radionuclide in soil, the value
of CF is influenced by other factors the most important
of which are the radionuclide and element concentrations
in soil solution [4-6]. For caesium isotopes two hypothe-
ses were proposed accounting for the effect of the com-
position of soil solution on radionuclides transfer to plant.
By the first hypothesis, the radiocaesium concentration in
plant is proporlional to the ratio of its concentration in soil
solution and potassium concentration [7]. The comparison
with experimental data, however, has shown that there is
no meaningful correlation between the concentration factor
and r37Cs7K ratio in soil solution [7]. Another hypothesis,
which seems more sound, is that the concentration factor
is proportional to the part of radionuclide in the root ex-
change complex dependent on the composition of soil so-
lution [4]. Using this hypothesis a method for parameteri-
sation of radiocaesium bioavailability in soils was proposed
in [8]. The factor of radiocaesium bioavailability in soils
was introduced which is calculated by sorption characteris-
tics of soil and the composition of soil solution. The method
validation has demonstrated a good agreement with experi-
mental data which leads us to believe that it can be used
for obtaining fairly accurate soil-specific estimates of CF.
For doing this, however, one should know such soil char-
acteristics as the content of mobile forms of ammonium
cation and exchangeable Radiocaesium Interception Poten-
tial (RIP*). The values of these parameters are known for
a limited number of soils. Methods for their theoretical esti-
mation have not been developed and the methodology used
for experimental determination of RIP" is rather compli-
cated. Therefore, a simpler method is proposed in this paper
for parameterisation of the factor of radiocaesium availabil-
ity to plants using only those soil characteristics which can
either be taken from reference books or estimated usins
known correlation ratios.
+Author for correspondence (E-mail: konoplev@iem.obninsk.ru).
2. 790 A. V. Konoplev, R. Avila, A. A. Bulgakov er a/.
Theoretical approach
According to [8] the radiocaesium soil-plant concentration
factor can be presented as follows:
CF=β xム ,
where B is the parameter dependent on plant characteristics;
A is the availability factor. The availability factor A is taken
to be proportional to the part of radiocaesium in the "root
exchange complex" and is parameteized through the com-
position of the porous solution and the sorption properties of
soils as follows [8]:
o _ a"^SPAR t)
RIP". -/
where cy"* is the part of exchangeable form of 137Cs of
its total content in soil; SPAR is the Sorption Potassium-
Ammonium Ratio (mMos 1-os;'
SPAR= [K]υ 十【が
S(NH4/0[NH4]υ
V[Ca]υ 十[Mg]υ '
whtte[K]切 ,[NH4]の [Ca]り ,[Mg]″ are tllC eqllilibttum
concenttations of cottesponding cations in 、vater phase,
【fSS(NH4/K)is tlle selecttvitt coefncient of potassium ex―
changc for ammonium tt Selectvc Sorpdon Sites(SSS)Of
soll.
The factors goveming paralllcter 』 智e not collsidered
within廿1ls work.Lct us only point out that as a factor it
includes the selecivity coefflcient for tlle exchange of cae―
siunl catons for calcium and magnesiuln cations in the root
exchange coll■ plex of the plant.
A more rcasonおle pttal■ etαis航lon of tlle availability
factor can be del・ived with the equation calculattng radio―
CaeSiLIIIi Concenttation in tlle、 vater phase of thc soil― 、vater
systelll proposed in[9]:
陶 υ=ン : ④
whcrc[137cs]鉱 ,[K]鉱 班c thC COnccnttations of the ex一
changcお le 137cs in Soll(Bq/kg)and potassium(meq/kg),
respecti■ rd】
電
対iS he ettcⅢ e selecttitt cOettcient oftte
potassiunl cation exchange for caesiulll cation in the soll cx―
change complex.
Using(4)we get
A=
αcxPAR
【ダ(Cs/K)[K]鉄 '
where PAR is the Potassium Adsorption Ratio (mMos l 05),
PAR= [K]υ
∼
/[Ca]砂 十 [Mg]砂
`
EqLl航 10n(5)is si血1釘 tO tllat dcl・ ivcd in[8]based On tlle as―
sumption on a dilhcctly propo■ lonal ttlation between RIP鉄
alld[K]cx ThC Only di節研ence is tllat equation(5)incllldes
t13e efFect市 e selecti■rity coettcient.This may a1low a more
accurate estmation of tlle alrallお 1lity ftttor using tlle em‐
piical dependence of【 :T(CS/Ю On s01l prOpel・ tics.A bett釘
accuracy call bc achieved if he vttue of【 芦(CS/Ю iS meas―
ured expe五 rnentそ 述ly.
The value of PAR for forest soils (characterised by low
values of SSS capacities and elevated levels of ammo-
nium) can be expressed through Exchangeable Potassium
Ratio (EPR) using Gapon equation. EPR equals to the ratio
of the exchangeable potassium and the total concentration
of exchangeable calcium and magnesium. From literature
data [10] concerning ion exchange it is known that the selec-
tivity coefficient for K+ in relation to (Ca2+ + Mg'*) is about
10. Thus, PAR can be replaced by EPR in equation (5) as
follows:
A=
10α cx
【ダ(CS/0([Calcx+[Mg]鉱 )
This equation can be further simplified by neglecting the
content of exchangeable Mg in soil. The rational for this
simplification is twofold: 1) the content of exchangeable Mg
in most cases is less than 20Vo of exchangeable Ca; 2) Ca is
generally preferred over Mg on root exchange complex [1 1].
Therefore, finally we get:
(7)
A= (8)
(5)
(6)
WItaterials and lnethods
The applicability of cqutton(8)was teSted witll lllc dtta on
soll― plallt ttansfel・ collected fl・oェ1 0ne fOrcst site of Bり ansk
rcglon(Russia)alld nine forest sites in Uppsala district
(SWeden).Descl■pdon ofthe sites under smdy and solltypes
is presented in Table l. Sal■ ■plcs of solls and plants were
collccted in summers of 1997 and 1998 yetts.Soils of se―
lected sites tte tttributed to podsol typc witll simll釘 tex―
的res.As reference plants we chose fern(Pた ガ冴サ″脅 α?″ サ″―
,れ ″初 と.)and bilbtty(予物CCけれ
'″
初 初ノガサ〃″ざと。).Roots of
these plants occur mostly in tlle organic soll laycr and as
suggcsted by tlle anttysis 9f the vttcal distributon of ra―
dlocacsium,most ofits invcntory is in the samc horizon.The
high variabllity of a3gregated transfer factor, alllong otller
things,ls explalned by direl・ent position of roots、 vith rc―
spect to tlle vttcal dis匂 止bution of thc rattolluclide in soll,
It would,tllerefore,be appropiate to comptte CF(for dリ
weight of plamt and soll)calculated speciflcally for tlle root
zone― C阜 .The S01l charactel・ istcs in tlle equtton account―
ing for tlle a17お labill呼 fractorム wtte also measured for tlle
root zone.For this purpose,、 vater and lヽ /1-almmonium ac―
ctそ近e exttactons wtte perfoコ ■cd.Exchangeable loIIs wcrc
measured in tlle exttacts by Atolllic Absorptton Spectromc―
的′(AAS)and 137cs waS measured in the ammonium cxtract
to gct αcx.Contcnt of organic lnatter in solls、 vas detenllined
as losses on ignition at 450° C.
Results and discussion
To estimate site― speciflc value of effectivc selectivity coe←
flciellt its empiical dependence on organic matter colltellt
(OM,%)Was uSed[12]:
【芦(Cs/K)=13-0.12x OM. (9)
3. Quantitative assessment of radiocaesium bioavailability inforest soils 791
Tablel. Listing of the soils studied, the
symbols used and soil type. Sampling site Symbols Type of forest Soil type Texture
St. Bobovichy
Uppsala 3
Uppsala 11
Uppsala 13
Uppsala 14
Uppsala 21
Uppsala 23
Uppsala 66
Uppsala 71
Uppsala 78
RUSSIA, Bryansk region
StB Pine,birch soddy podsolic
peaty
SWEDEN, Uppsala region
Pine, spruce ferric podsolic
Pine, spruce ferric podsolic
Pine, spmce ferric podsolic
Pine, spruce ferric podsolic
Pine, spruce, birch cambic podsol
Pine, spruce cambic podsol
Up3
Upll
Up13
Up14
Up21
Up23
Up66
Up71
Up78
sand
light loam
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy loam
sand
flne gravel
sandy loam
sandy loam
sandy loam
Pine ferric podsol
Pine, spruce ferric podsol
Birch humic cambisol
Table2.Soilcharacteristicsandl3TCs soil-plantconcentrationfactorsforrootzoneCF..
Site PHrcr OM,% α.x,% Exchangeable cations. meq/kg
[Ca]鉱 [Mg]ex
C阜 (Bqkg 1/Bq kg 1)
Fcm Bilbery[Klel
St.B
Up3
Upll
Up13
Up14
Up21
Up23
Up66
Up71
Up78
34
3.1
3.5
31
3.0
4.2
4.6
2.9
2.8
2.6
11
70
35
82
26
11
24
767
61
78
18.1
19
27
27
14
2.7
1.4
212
21.2
3,1
17
108
86
204
26
42
228
105
445
51
3
24
11
26
5
7
32
295
115
45
94
5`78
3.31
3.85
0.04
0
6.2
76
06
180
109
1.10
1.41
一
m
2
拓
一
3
6
5
8
4
2
7
御
5 . 7
︲ ・ 6
This dependence was obtained alsO for podsolic soil types.
Othtt rel釘 allt soll chttactel・ istcs alld values of Ctt for the
plants are prcsented in Table 2.
The derived dcpendencles of radiocaeslum concenttatton
factor on avttlabili呼 勉dOr for tllc two plallts tte adequately
desc五 bcd by a strお ght linc(see Fig.1).Regresslon eqlla―
位ons for plallts under sttdy call be presented as follows:
CFr(fCln)=(0.96± 0.11)× A十 (0.08± 0.59);
C阜 (bllbttry)=(0.17± 0.05)xA十 (0.35± 0.3り ,
In botll cascs deived regressibn eqtlattons tte stattstically
signincant(P<o.01 for fel■ l and P<0.05 for bilbeny).
The good agreementin the tl■ eoredctt and expel■ mental de―
pendencies indicates tllat the propOsed metllod can be uscd
for obtaining sitc― specinc concentration factors of radiocac―
sium in plalats,Pを 配 of tlle pttamettts in cquation(8)for
tlle卸おlabllllj7 factor can be found by expert judgemellt or
measured using a ratller simple procedure(α cx,【:r),While
anotller is impoltallt agrochelllical indicator and for mally
regions call bc taken fl・ om refettnce literam的 ([ca]欲).ThiS
allows using the proposed metllod for mapping tlle radio_
caesium avallabllity to plants. Incorporation of such maps
into Geographic lnformatton Systems(GIS),whiCh are ac―
tively being developed in the wOrld,will lead to a signincallt
reductton in unce■ainty in dose assessment.
The uncertaintt in esdmation of C■ uSing tlle proposcd
method can be signincantly reduced by inttoduction of cOr―
recttons for non― uniformity of the radiocaesium veltical dis―
tnbution and Of exchangeably sorbed and dssolved catlons
in the upper soil layer. In development of practical recom-
mendations for prediction of radionuclides accumulation in
plants the problem of vertical non-unifonnity of the soil and
radionuclides distribution in this soil is reduced to determin-
ation of the layer the characteristics of which can be used for
calculation of CF and A. The vertical distribution of r37cs
in the root zone in all the soils studied was rather uniform
and hence, the value of CF was weakly dependent on which
horizon the radionuclide concentration was determined in.
As demonstrated by the experimental data obtained in
the latest years [13-15] the radiocaesium transfer to plants
is dependent not only on the value of PAR, but also on
the absolute potassium concentration in the soil solution.
The radiocaesium concentration in plants is decreasing in al-
most inverse proportion to the potassium concentration in
14
12
10
、 8
°
6
4
2
0
Fern ./ R'?- 0,9'l2i
●
/
●
Bilberry
R' - 0,61og
A
Fig.l. Dependence of 13?Cs
soil-plant concentration factor for root
zone (CF.) on availability factor A for the sites under study.
4. 792 A. V. Konoplev, R. Avila, A. A.Brigakov et al.
the nutrient solution with the increase of the last to 1 mM,
following which it remains practically unchanged |3,741.
This effect may be rather noticeable in arable soils impov-
erished in potassium, but in forest soils the potassium con-
centration in the soil solution is usually rather high and its
effect on radiocaesium accumulation in plants can be ig-
nored. In all the soils studied, as shown by the analysis of
the water extractions, the potassium concentration in the soil
solution is much higher than 1mM. High nutrient content
of the soil solution of forest soils allows us to neglect both
the effect of the potassium concentration on radiocaesium
accumulation in plants and the difference in the composi-
tion of soil solution in the root layer and in the soil on the
average. Therefore, equation (8) seems sufficient for pre-
diction of the radiocaesium bioavailabilitv at least in forest
soils.
Acknowledgment This work was supported by Swedish Radiation Pro-
tection Institute.
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