Evaluating the conventional methods for mapping hydrothermal altered deposits by using landsat-8 OLI images in the Baft one to one hundred thousand geological Sheet is the prime target of our study. We used the color composite, band ratio, principal component analysis. The color composite and band ratio methods showed very clearly the hydrothermal altered deposits of clay minerals, iron oxides and ferric oxides around the fumaroles. The principal component analysis also enabled us to represent undoubtedly the altered hydroxyl and iron oxide mineral deposits of this region concentrating around the fumaroles. Finally, the target detection method for reference spectral analysis by using EnvI 4.8 detected the representative hydrothermal altered minerals around study area. Therefore, all the methods showed high efficiency for mapping hydrothermal altered mineral deposits.
Aerospace Methods for Studying Soil Characteristics for Solving Agricultural ...BRNSS Publication Hub
One approach is proposed for the application of high-resolution aerospace images in soil science. The process of
soil salinization in the pilot area of the Kura-Araks lowland is investigated. For the 1st time, an analysis of spectral
curves based on data from four channels of the AzerSky satellite and an extended range of wavelengths of the
electromagnetic spectrum based on eight-channel satellite WorldView-2 is given for this territory. The analysis of
spectral curves and the use of other methods (calculation of indices, filtration, the principal component method,
and classification) made it possible to more accurately separate soils with varying degrees of salinity and reveal
features of the course of the spectral curves of soils and vegetation on areas saline to varying degrees
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
A Simplified and Robust Surface Reflectance Estimation Method (SREM) for Use ...Muhammad Bilal
Advantages of SREM:
1. SREM is the simplest method compared to the existing surface reflectance (SR) estimation methods.
2. SREM performs SR inversion based on the 6S Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) equations.
3. SREM does not depend on RTM simulation and a comprehensive lookup table (LUT).
4. SREM does not use the following parameters:
a. aerosol optical depth (AOD),
b. aerosol model,
c. water vapor concentration,
d. ozone concertation, and
e. other gases.
5. SREM can provide SR retrievals over diverse land surfaces including urban, vegetated, and desert surfaces.
6. SREM SR values are comparable with the following satellite SR products:
a. Landsat SR product (LEDAPS & LaSRC) at 30 m resolution,
b. Sentinel-2A SR product at 10 m resolution,
c. MODIS (MOD09) SR product at 500 m resolution, and
d. Planet satellite at 3 m resolution.
7. SREM can be applied to other Multispectral as well as Hyperspectral satellite data.
SREM ENVI/IDL CODE:
SREM IDL codes for Multispectral and Hyperspectral satellite data are available on demand, please email me at muhammad.bilal@connect.polyu.hk with the subject “SREM_SatelliteName_Code” if anyone is interested, and please provide the following information:
a. Full name,
b. Position,
c. Affiliation,
d. Research application.
PDF Version: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1344/pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Simplified-and-Robust-Surface-Reflectance-Estimation-Method-SREM
Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifierijtsrd
Recently the use of soil classification has gained more and more importance and recent direction in research works indicates that image classification of images for soil information is the preferred choice. Various methods for image classification have been developed based on different theories or models. In this study, three of these methods Maximum Likelihood classification MLC , Sub pixel classification SP and Support Vector machine SVM are used to classify a soil image into seven soil classes and the results compared. MLC and SVM are hard classification methods but SP is a soft classification. Hardening of soft classifications for accuracy determination leads to loss of information and the accuracy may not necessary represent the strength of class membership. Therefore, in the comparison of the methods, the top 20 compositions per soil class of the SP were used instead. Results from the classification, indicated that output from SP was generally poor although it performs well with soils such as forest that are homogeneous in character. Of the two hard classifiers, SVM gave a better output than MLC. Priyanka Dewangan | Vaibhav Dedhe "Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18489.pdf
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
• The purpose of this project was to apply GIS and remote sensing methods to determine the spatial extent and level of pollution at mining sites in order to develop or implement the best approach and technique in prevention and reclamation.
• Two case studies were analyzed to understand the importance of remediation and the human, ecological, and socio-cultural impacts of acid mine drainage.
Aerospace Methods for Studying Soil Characteristics for Solving Agricultural ...BRNSS Publication Hub
One approach is proposed for the application of high-resolution aerospace images in soil science. The process of
soil salinization in the pilot area of the Kura-Araks lowland is investigated. For the 1st time, an analysis of spectral
curves based on data from four channels of the AzerSky satellite and an extended range of wavelengths of the
electromagnetic spectrum based on eight-channel satellite WorldView-2 is given for this territory. The analysis of
spectral curves and the use of other methods (calculation of indices, filtration, the principal component method,
and classification) made it possible to more accurately separate soils with varying degrees of salinity and reveal
features of the course of the spectral curves of soils and vegetation on areas saline to varying degrees
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
A Simplified and Robust Surface Reflectance Estimation Method (SREM) for Use ...Muhammad Bilal
Advantages of SREM:
1. SREM is the simplest method compared to the existing surface reflectance (SR) estimation methods.
2. SREM performs SR inversion based on the 6S Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) equations.
3. SREM does not depend on RTM simulation and a comprehensive lookup table (LUT).
4. SREM does not use the following parameters:
a. aerosol optical depth (AOD),
b. aerosol model,
c. water vapor concentration,
d. ozone concertation, and
e. other gases.
5. SREM can provide SR retrievals over diverse land surfaces including urban, vegetated, and desert surfaces.
6. SREM SR values are comparable with the following satellite SR products:
a. Landsat SR product (LEDAPS & LaSRC) at 30 m resolution,
b. Sentinel-2A SR product at 10 m resolution,
c. MODIS (MOD09) SR product at 500 m resolution, and
d. Planet satellite at 3 m resolution.
7. SREM can be applied to other Multispectral as well as Hyperspectral satellite data.
SREM ENVI/IDL CODE:
SREM IDL codes for Multispectral and Hyperspectral satellite data are available on demand, please email me at muhammad.bilal@connect.polyu.hk with the subject “SREM_SatelliteName_Code” if anyone is interested, and please provide the following information:
a. Full name,
b. Position,
c. Affiliation,
d. Research application.
PDF Version: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/11/1344/pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Simplified-and-Robust-Surface-Reflectance-Estimation-Method-SREM
Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifierijtsrd
Recently the use of soil classification has gained more and more importance and recent direction in research works indicates that image classification of images for soil information is the preferred choice. Various methods for image classification have been developed based on different theories or models. In this study, three of these methods Maximum Likelihood classification MLC , Sub pixel classification SP and Support Vector machine SVM are used to classify a soil image into seven soil classes and the results compared. MLC and SVM are hard classification methods but SP is a soft classification. Hardening of soft classifications for accuracy determination leads to loss of information and the accuracy may not necessary represent the strength of class membership. Therefore, in the comparison of the methods, the top 20 compositions per soil class of the SP were used instead. Results from the classification, indicated that output from SP was generally poor although it performs well with soils such as forest that are homogeneous in character. Of the two hard classifiers, SVM gave a better output than MLC. Priyanka Dewangan | Vaibhav Dedhe "Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18489.pdf
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
• The purpose of this project was to apply GIS and remote sensing methods to determine the spatial extent and level of pollution at mining sites in order to develop or implement the best approach and technique in prevention and reclamation.
• Two case studies were analyzed to understand the importance of remediation and the human, ecological, and socio-cultural impacts of acid mine drainage.
The methodology applied in this work is directed at mapping potential targets for Au mineralization using compositional kriging of ratios of Au pathfinder metals
Watershed delineation and LULC mappingKapil Thakur
Watershed Delineation - a watershed as an enormous bowl. As water falls onto the bowl’s rim, it either flows down the inside of the bowl or down the outside of the bowl. The rim of the bowl or the watershed boundary is sometimes referred to as the ridgeline or watershed divide. This ridge line separates one watershed from
another.
Topographic maps created by the United States Geological Survey can help you to determine a watershed’s boundaries.
Land use and land cover map (LULC Mapping) -
Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. … Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
ILWIS GIS for Monitoring Landscapes in Tundra Ecosystems: Yamal Peninsula, Ru...Universität Salzburg
P. Lemenkova, B. Forbes, and T. Kumpula. ILWIS GIS for Monitoring Landscapes in Tundra Ecosystems: Yamal Peninsula, Russia. Paper presented at the 3rd International Geosciences Student Conference ’Remote Sensing and Global Surveillance’. Oral presentation. Serbia, Belgrade. Association of Geophysicists and Environmentalists of Serbia (AGES), 2012. doi: 10. 13140/RG.2.2.18851.50729.
The methodology applied in this work is directed at mapping potential targets for Au mineralization using compositional kriging of ratios of Au pathfinder metals
Watershed delineation and LULC mappingKapil Thakur
Watershed Delineation - a watershed as an enormous bowl. As water falls onto the bowl’s rim, it either flows down the inside of the bowl or down the outside of the bowl. The rim of the bowl or the watershed boundary is sometimes referred to as the ridgeline or watershed divide. This ridge line separates one watershed from
another.
Topographic maps created by the United States Geological Survey can help you to determine a watershed’s boundaries.
Land use and land cover map (LULC Mapping) -
Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. … Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
ILWIS GIS for Monitoring Landscapes in Tundra Ecosystems: Yamal Peninsula, Ru...Universität Salzburg
P. Lemenkova, B. Forbes, and T. Kumpula. ILWIS GIS for Monitoring Landscapes in Tundra Ecosystems: Yamal Peninsula, Russia. Paper presented at the 3rd International Geosciences Student Conference ’Remote Sensing and Global Surveillance’. Oral presentation. Serbia, Belgrade. Association of Geophysicists and Environmentalists of Serbia (AGES), 2012. doi: 10. 13140/RG.2.2.18851.50729.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to estimate soil attributes of Brazilian wet...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study of soils and characterization of its attributes are continually evolving, however, for the condition of wetlands, such information is still scarce and poorly distributed. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize spectrally the soils of a wetland area. On the study area were collected georeferenced soil samples and sent for chemical and physical analysis routine and then subjected to spectral evaluation. Were identified seven soil classes with hydromorphic characteristics in their spectral curves? The information contained in these curves then led the development of equations for soil attributes. Sand was the physical attribute of a better correlation with laboratory data and Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC), the chemical attributes that showed better results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of topsoil iron oxide from visible spectroscopyeSAT Journals
Abstract Conventional methods of soil iron oxide estimation are laborious and costly. Reflectance spectroscopy provides a good alternative that may be used to replace conventional methods of soil analysis. Most of the studies are concentrated on near infrared region of the spectrum. But in developing countries like India affording for wider range spectroscopy is a costly affair. Hence this study was conducted to establish relationship between topsoil iron oxide and their visible reflectance spectra in lateritic type of soils. Visible reflectance spectra of the soil samples were measured by a spectroradiometer in the range of 325 to 1100nm with a 1nm increment. Multivariate PLSR method was used to predict iron oxide from reflectance which resulted in moderate prediction of R2 0.71 and 0.62 for calibration and validation respectively. It can be inferred that visible spectroscopy can be effectively used for topsoil iron oxide prediction with an acceptable level of accuracy. Keywords: Topsoil, iron oxide, visible spectrum, Partial Least Square Regression.
study and analysis of hy si data in 400 to 500IJAEMSJORNAL
The ability to extract information about world and present it in way that our visual perception can comprehend is ultimate goal of imaging science in remote sensing .Hyperspectral imaging system is most powerful tool in the field of remote sensing also called as imaging spectroscopy, It is new technique used by researcher to detect terrestrial, vegetation and mineral. This paper reports analysis of hyperspectral images. Firstly the hyperspectral image analyzed by using supervised classification of Amravati region from Maharashtra province of India. The report reveals spectral analysis of Amravati region. We acquired satellite imagery to perform the classification using maximum like hood classifier. Analysis is performing in ERDAS to determine the spectral reflectance against the no of band. The analytical outcome of paper is representing the soil, water, vegetation index of the region.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Application of Seismic Reflection Surveys to Detect Massive Sulphide Deposits...iosrjce
Seismic reflection techniques, the most widely used geophysical method for hydrocarbon exploration
has the capability to delineate and provide better images of regional structure for exploration of mineral
deposits in any geological settings. Previous tests on detection and imaging of massive sulphide ores using
seismic reflection techniques have been done mostly in crystalline environments. Application of seismic
reflection techniques for imaging sedimentary hosted massive sulphide is relatively new and the few experiments
carried out are at local scale (<500m). In this study, we analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by
modelling three massive sulphide ore and norite lenses scenario using 2D seismic survey with relatively sparse
source-receiver geometry to image these deposits within 1.5km depth range. Results from the modelling
experiment demonstrate that 2-Dimensional seismic reflections survey can be used to detect massive sulphides
at any scale. The test further indicates that geologic setting and acquisition parameters are very important for
the detection of these ore bodies. Overall, the outcomes of the results support our started objective which is to
demonstrate that seismic reflection surveys can be used to detect the presence of sediment hosted massive
sulphides at regional scale
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
EVALUATING REFLECTIVE SPECTROSCOPY FOR PREDICTING SOIL PROPERTIES IN GAJAPATI...indexPub
Visible near-infrared spectroscopy, renowned for its non-destructive nature, rapidity, cost-efficiency, and minimal sample preparation requirements, holds promise as a substitute for in vitro techniques. This ongoing study aims to evaluate the viability of reflective spectroscopy for predicting soil properties in ion farming plains across Gajapati district Odisha. A meticulous collection of 110 soil samples from these regions formed the basis, with their core attributes established using conventional in vitro methods. Employing a land spectroscopic device, the soil samples underwent spectral analysis within the wavelength band of 240 to 400 nm. Following spectrum recording, diverse pre-processing approaches were assessed, paving the way for the application of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLSR (Partial Least Squares Regression) models to decipher pivotal soil properties. The superior model choice was subsequently employed to formulate regressive functions, facilitating the prediction of targeted parameters through linear regression. Findings spotlight the precision of both PCA and PLSR models in elucidating soil properties, with the latter displaying heightened accuracy. Evaluated using the RPD (Ratio of Performance to Deviation) metric, the most accurate estimations were achieved for minerals (RPD=9.34), pH (RPD=4.45), and nitrogen (RPD>2), all classified within category A. In contrast, accuracy proved lower for variables like clay, silt, gravel, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and gypsum, where RPD values ranged between 0.01 and 0.28. These values collectively affirm the satisfactory precision of spectral regressive functions in forecasting the targeted foundational properties. In summary, outcomes of this study underscore the commendable precision of both PCA and PLSR models in determining crucial soil parameters. Moreover, soil spectral data emerges as an effective indirect means to estimate the physical and chemical attributes of soil. Compared to conventional laboratory methods, this technique emerges as a more cost-effective alternative, enhancing efficiency in terms of both time and cost while maintaining heightened precision.
Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry for rare isotopes of the light...Alexander Bolshakov
Laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS) involves measuring isotope-resolved molecular emission. Measurements of several key isotopes (hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine) in laser ablation plumes were demonstrated. Requirements for spectral resolution of the optical detection system could be significantly relaxed when the isotopic ratio was determined using chemometric regression models. Multiple applications of LAMIS are anticipated in the nuclear power industry, medical diagnostics and therapies, forensics, carbon sequestration, and agronomy studies.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Mapping Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits Using PCA and BR Methods in Baft 1:100000 Geological Sheet, Iran
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 1433
Mapping Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits Using
PCA and BR Methods in Baft 1:100000
Geological Sheet, Iran
Amirmohammad Abhary, Hossein Hassani
Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Tehran, Iran
Abstract— Evaluating the conventional methods for
mapping hydrothermal altered deposits by using landsat-
8 OLI images in the Baft one to one hundred thousand
geological Sheet is the prime target of our study. We used
the color composite, band ratio, principal component
analysis. The color composite and band ratio methods
showed very clearly the hydrothermal altered deposits of
clay minerals, iron oxides and ferric oxides around the
fumaroles. The principal component analysis also
enabled us to represent undoubtedly the altered hydroxyl
and iron oxide mineral deposits of this region
concentrating around the fumaroles. Finally, the target
detection method for reference spectral analysis by using
EnvI 4.8 detected the representative hydrothermal altered
minerals around study area. Therefore, all the methods
showed high efficiency for mapping hydrothermal altered
mineral deposits.
Keywords— Baft, Hydrothermal Alteration; OLI, Band
Ratio, PCA.
I. INTRODUCTION
The definition of hydrothermal alteration is the reflection
of response of preexisting, rock forming minerals to
physical and chemical conditions different than those,
under which they originally formed, especially by the
action of hydrothermal fluids[1]. The hydrothermal fluid
processes alter the mineralogy and chemistry of the host
rocks that can produce distinctive mineral assemblages
which vary according to the location, degree and duration
of those alteration processes. When these alteration
products are exposed at the surface, they can be mapped
as a zonal pattern. They appear concentrically around a
core which has the highest grade alteration and greatest
economic interest. The importance of the recognition of
such spatial patterns of alteration makes the ‘remote
sensing technique’ one of the standard procedures in
exploration geology, due to its high efficiency and low
cost [2].
There are many studies around the world related to
hydrothermal alteration mapping using multispectral
satellite images especially, Landsat and Aster (e.g., [3]–
[6]). Thematic mapping multispectral images from
Landsat satellites cover the visible and infrared spectrum
of hydrothermal alterations [7], [8]. The major types of
alteration found in volcanic areas are potassic, phyllic,
argilic, propylitic, and silicification. Each type of
alteration has diagnostic minerals in their respective
rocks. Satellite imaging plays an efficient role in
differentiating the representative minerals for the different
types of alterations. Hydrothermal alteration could also be
used to locate faults in any volcanic area. Usually, the
alteration zones are correlated with the discharged flows
from the volcanic reservoir, and with the main structures
that control the permeability of the reservoir and the cap
rock. So, locating hydrothermally altered rocks in the
surface can help to determine the presence of up flows
from the volcanic reservoir.
Previous studies explained the fact that certain minerals
associated with hydrothermal processes, such as iron
bearing minerals (e.g., goethite, hematite, jarosite and
limonite) and hydroxyl bearing minerals (e.g., kaolinite
and K-micas) show diagnostic spectral features that allow
their remote identification [9]. Iron oxide is quite a
common constituent of alteration zones associated with
hydrothermal sulphide deposits [10]. The major iron
oxide species – goethite, jarosite, and hematite that are
formed from the weathering of sulfides absorb energy at
different frequencies in the VNIR/SWIR [11], providing a
means of discrimination using hyperspectral scanners
[12]. Hydroxyl bearing minerals form the most
widespread product of alteration.
The main target of our study is to detect and map the
hydrothermal altered minerals in study area by using
satellite imaging information by the conventional
methods, i.e., color composites, band ratio, PCA.
Fig.1 shows the Location of our study area.
II. LANDSAT-8 OLI/TIRS DATA
Landsat-8images of Baft area was obtained from the US
Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and
Science Center (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov ).The image
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map projection is Universal Transverse Mercator zone
40N (polar stereographic for Antarctica) from the WGS
84 datum. The OLI features two additional spectral
channels with advanced measurement capabilities: a deep
blue band for coastal water and aerosol studies (band 1,
0.433–0.453 m, 30 m pixel size), and a band for cirrus
cloud detection (band 9, 1.36–1.39 m, 30 m pixel size).
The TIRS collects data in two long wavelength thermal
bands (band 10, 10.30–11.30 m,100 m pixel size; band
11, 11.50–12.50 m, 100 m pixel size), which have been
co-registered with OLI data. Table1 shows Landsat-8 OLI
properties.
III. PRE-PROCESSING OF LANDSAT-8 OLI/TIRS
DATA
The Landsat-8 image of the target site was processed with
Environment for Visualizing Images version4.8 software.
Landsat-8 data were converted to surface reflectance by
the internal average relative reflection method [13], which
is recommended for calibration in mineralogical mapping,
as it does not require prior knowledge of samples
collected in the field. During atmospheric correction, raw
radiance data from an imaging spectrometer is rescaled to
reflectance data, and therefore all spectra are shifted to
nearly the same albedo. The resulting spectra can be
compared directly with laboratory or filed reflectance
spectra. Panchromatic and cirrus cloud bands were not
used in this study.
IV. COLOR COMPOSITES
Three additive colors (i.e., red, green and blue) were used
to display multispectral bands in the color composite
method where the spectral response of the minerals
indicates a maximum in their reflectance. This
enhancement is achieved by combining bands in the
visible and the infrared portion [14].
V. BAND RATIO
The band ratio is a technique that has been used for many
years in remote sensing to display spectral variations
effectively (e.g., [15]). It is based on highlighting the
spectral differences that are unique to the materials being
mapped. Identical surface materials can give different
brightness values because of the topographic slope and
aspect, shadows, or seasonal changes in sunlight
illumination angle and intensity.
These variances affect the viewer’s interpretations and
may lead to misguided results. Therefore, the band ratio
operation could be able to transform the data without
reducing the effects of such environmental condition.
In addition, ratio operation may also provide unique
information that is not available in any single band which
is very useful for disintegrating the surface materials [16].
The band ratio images are known for enhancement of
spectral contrasts among the bands considered in the ratio
operation and have successfully been used in mapping of
alteration zones [17].
VI. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS
(PCA)
The principal components analysis (PCA) uses the
principal components transformation technique for
reducing dimensionality of correlated multispectral
data. The analysis is based on multivariate statistical
technique that selects uncorrelated linear
combinations (eigenvector loadings) of variables in
such a way that each successively extracted linear
combination, or principal component (PC), has a
smaller variance [18]. The statistical variance in
multispectral images is related to the spectral
response of various surficial materials such as rocks,
soils, and vegetation, and it is also influenced by the
statistical dimensionality of the image data[19].
Eigenvector loadings (eigenvalues) give information
using magnitude and sign of about which spectral
properties of vegetation, rocks and soils are
responsible for the statistical variance mapped into
each PC, and this is the basis of the Crosta technique.
VII. DISCUSSION
In the case of Color composites Fig.2 shows
hydrothermal alteration zone as deep green and blue
(RGB as 5:7:3).
From the theoretical knowledge of mineral’s spectral
properties, it is well recognized that the Landsat-8 bands
ratios of (
4 6 6
, ,
2 7 5
) are analyzed for iron oxides,
hydroxyl bearing minerals, ferrous oxides, respectively.
The applied Abrams ratio (
6 4 5
, ,
7 3 6
) illustrated the
hydrothermal altered iron oxide as green and clay
minerals as red color (Fig.3). Minerals containing iron
ions, vegetated zones and hydroxyl minerals show
respectively red, green and blue color using Kaufmann
ratio (
7 5 6
, ,
5 4 7
) (Fig.4). Using Chica-Olma ratio (
6 6 4
, ,
7 5 2
),altered clay minerals as will be obtain red, iron
ions as green and ferrous oxide as blue color (Fig.5).
From these entire analysis maps, the region with high
concentrated iron minerals was found.
In the case of Principal component analysis (PCA), it
could be predicted that iron oxides will be
distinguished by bright pixels in PC4 of Table2
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(Fig.6). Hydroxyl bearing minerals are mapped as
dark pixels in PC5 due to the fact that the
contribution is negative from Band 6 and positive
from Band 7 in this PC, so they could be shown by
bright pixels in –PC5 Form (Fig.7).
Note that in this project, band 6 has been used as
background for a better illustration of minerals, so the
bright pixels will be shown by rainbow colors.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
We evaluated the applicability of Landsat-8 data for
obtaining geological information on hydrothermal
alteration, with selected image-processing methods.
In the study area, Landsat-8 bands yielded
information that allowed identification of vegetation,
iron oxide and hydroxide and clay and carbonate
minerals, silicate mineral and lithological units for
the exploration of Hydrothermal deposits.
After using the conventional alteration mapping
methods on the Landsat image in the study area, we
found that the color composite and band ratio
methods showed their efficiency to define the area of
hydrothermal alteration. Principal component analysis
illustrated the iron oxides and hydroxyl altered
minerals area of this region very clearly. We have
mapped successfully the spatial distribution of
goethite, hematite and clay minerals of our study area
using conventional methods. In conclusion, we found
all of the hydrothermally altered minerals in study
area. So, it is quite clear that all these methods are
quite efficient to delineate hydrothermal alteration
products using Landsat-8 OLI images in study area.
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[20] “GSI (Geological Survey of Iran),” 1100,000 Baft
Geol. Sheet, 1970.
Fig.1:Location of our study area, Baft 1:100000
geological Sheet, Iran [20].
Table.1: Landsat-8 OLI properties
(http://landsat.usgs.gov )
Fig.2: Hydrothermal alteration zone as deep green and
blue (RGB as 5:7:3)
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Fig.3: Abrams ratio (
6 4 5
, ,
7 3 6
) illustrated the
hydrothermal altered iron oxide as green and clay
minerals as red color
Fig.4: Minerals containing iron ions, vegetated zones and
hydroxyl minerals show respectively red, green and blue
color using Kaufmann ratio (
7 5 6
, ,
5 4 7 )
Fig.5: Altered clay minerals as red, iron ions as green
and ferrous oxide as blue color Chica-Olma ratio (
6 6 4
, ,
7 5 2 )
Table.2: PCA analyses results for study area
Eigenvecto
r
Band2
Band3
Band4
Band5
Band6
Band7
PC1
-0.262147
-0.338261
-0.413866
-0.331408
-0.506132
-0.528746
PC2
-0.271141
-0.200807
-0.221254
0.885275
0.095810
-0.210509
PC3
0.438424
0.374596
0.392849
0.256754
-0.474562
-0.471170
PC4
-0.521400
-0.135537
0.688471
-0.137316
0.277981
-0.373699
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PC5
-0.282787
-0.236263
0.333306
0.146083
-0.647656
0.558856
PC6
-0.560107
0.794194
-0.200861
-0.018395
-0.112739
0.046285
Fig.6: Iron oxides are distinguished by rainbow
colors in PC4
Fig.7: Hydroxyl bearing minerals by rainbow colors
in –PC5