Knowledge
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1) Sociologists such as Durkheim, Marx, Berger, and Luckmann study how knowledge and reality are socially constructed through institutions and collective representations. 2) Knowledge is embedded in and distributed throughout society, with certain beliefs becoming taken for granted as "what everybody knows." 3) Thinkers like Foucault and Mannheim examine how knowledge and power are intertwined, with ideologies serving to maintain the power of ruling classes by appearing neutral and objective while still being socially constructed.
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social/labor fabric through which the material needs are produced, distributed, and consumed.
The Superstructure is composed of art, philosophy, politics, religion, the cultural ethos, and other ideologies.
These social ideas exist to hide or naturalize the real inequalities that are inherent in a given Mode of
Production and the resultant Relations of Production. Two classic examples: The Divine Right of Kings and
Preachers using the bible to naturalize slavery in the American South.
Max Weber: Argues with Marx. Ideas may have a powerful effect on the current Mode of Production and
Relations of Production. These ideas move, in modern society, toward the greater and greater rational
organization and bureaucratization of daily life. The classic example: Luther—>Calvin—>Predestination—>The
Calling—>altered productive and social relationships—>Capitalism.
For Weber, society exists, and changes occur, in the following manner:
There is a synthesis between new ideas<—>current Mode of Production and Relations of Production.
For Weber, ideas and material both matter, but new ideas may be the driving seat.
Emile Durkheim: The most complex & wide-ranging of the early sociologists. I will only give a brief
overview of a few pieces. A functionalist. The basis of society is embedded in value systems.
Society types: Mechanical Solidarity (Society) & Organic Solidarity (Society). Mechanical Solidarity is
found in simple societies. Simple division of labor, common ethos, common language, common knowledge,
common religion, common morality, and common ethics. Organic societies are held together by the far weaker
bonds of Interdependence. They share little else and feature many of the tensions we associate with our
society when we try to figure out who belongs.
Social Facts: Things in the mind that are real because they have an effect on not just one mind but many. Not
caused by genetic inheritance, so they are cultural and learned. Durkheim demonstrates the power of social
facts by studying suicide and proving that rates of suicide.
eMILE Durkheeim presentation
This document provides a biography and overview of the major works and ideas of Emile Durkheim, a founding father of sociology. It notes that he was born in 1858 in France, studied philosophy and science, and went on to establish the first university course in sociology. Some of his most important works examined how societies transition from simple to complex forms held together by different types of solidarity. He is known for establishing sociology as a science and demonstrating how social forces can influence even individual acts like suicide.
Durkheim's Perspective
Durkheim was a French sociologist who is regarded as the founder of modern sociology. Some of his most important works focused on how social forces influence human behavior and thought. He studied how the division of labor in modern societies led to both mechanical and organic solidarity. Durkheim also explored concepts like anomie, social facts, and human dualism. In his book Suicide, he analyzed suicide statistics to show how social integration and regulation impact suicide rates, treating suicide as a social fact influenced by social forces rather than just individual factors. Durkheim made major contributions to establishing sociology as a scientific discipline and understanding how social systems and social relationships shape human actions and societies.
Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a philosophical approach that studies conscious experience and attempts to understand the world from the point of view of acting subjects rather than scientific observers. It focuses on micro-level interactions and seeks to understand common sense and daily life experiences. Edmund Husserl is considered the father of phenomenology and believed that true meaning could only be understood through analyzing individual consciousness, not empirical facts. Later phenomenologists like Alfred Schutz and Peter Berger applied these ideas to sociology, positing that social reality is constructed through processes of externalization, objectification, and internalization of shared meanings. They viewed society through concepts like time consciousness, stock of knowledge, and reification. While providing insights into perception and social structures,
DEFINING GENERAL CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY..pptx
This document defines social philosophy and discusses its goals and nature. Social philosophy studies human interactions and relations between individuals and groups. It aims to understand social phenomena, interpret society based on social unity, and formulate principles of human behavior. Social philosophy is normative, evaluative, speculative, critical, and constructive. It also transcends the conclusions of other sciences. The document also discusses the ideals of Jose Rizal, Carlos P. Romulo, and Ferdinand E. Marcos for Philippine society.
Sociology of-knowledge
Sociology of knowledge is the study of how social contexts and structures influence human thought. It presumes that knowledge has a social component and is shaped by economic, religious, political and other social interests. Early thinkers like Vico and Marx recognized the role of society in shaping beliefs, though Marx's view that all knowledge is distorted by class interests is now seen as untenable. Durkheim argued that perception and experience are derived from social structures, which may be true for simple societies but not complex ones. The foundations of sociology of knowledge were established by Karl Mannheim in the 1930s and 1950s as he tried to systematically address the relationship between society and knowledge, though the problems it raises remain largely unsolved.
Hegemony denotation connotation barthes
The document provides an overview of key concepts in semiotics and ideology analysis including:
- Denotation refers to the literal or obvious meaning of a sign, while connotation refers to cultural interpretations and associations.
- Mythologizing and "naturalization" obscure the ideological function of signs by making beliefs seem natural and unquestioned.
- Dominant ideologies shape consciousness and are maintained through institutions like media and education.
- Hegemony describes how dominant groups use culture to establish and maintain power and control over subordinate groups.
Hegemony denotation connotation barthes
The document provides an overview of key concepts in semiotics and ideology analysis including:
- Denotation refers to the literal or obvious meaning of a sign, while connotation refers to cultural interpretations and associations.
- Mythologizing and "naturalization" obscure the ideological function of signs by making beliefs seem natural and unquestioned.
- Dominant ideologies shape consciousness and are maintained through institutions like media and education.
- Hegemony describes how dominant groups use culture to establish and maintain power and control over subordinate groups.
Hegemony denotation connotation barthes
The document provides an overview of key concepts in semiotics and ideology analysis including:
- Denotation refers to the literal or obvious meaning of a sign, while connotation refers to cultural interpretations and associations.
- Mythologizing and "naturalization" obscure the ideological function of signs by making beliefs seem natural and unquestioned.
- Dominant ideologies shape consciousness and are maintained through institutions like media and education.
- Hegemony describes how dominant groups use culture to establish and maintain power and control over subordinate groups.
Class 3 media
This document discusses various concepts related to ideology, subjectivity, and power in media and culture. It provides definitions and explanations of terms from theorists like Marx, Althusser, Foucault, Gramsci and others. Key concepts summarized include ideological domination, interpellation, subject positions, and Foucault's theories of power/knowledge and discourse. Examples are given of various artworks and how they relate to these conceptual frameworks.
L4 media theory
The document provides an overview of several key media theories related to the representation of youth culture, including Marxism, Althusser, and Gramsci. It explains some of Marx's core ideas about capitalist societies and social inequality. It then discusses how Althusser views ideology and the way it structures people's realities. Finally, it outlines Gramsci's concept of hegemony and how dominant groups maintain power through influencing ideologies that become viewed as "common sense." The document instructs the reader to apply these theories in analyzing media representations of youth and when responding to exam questions.
3 b media discourses
Discourse refers to systems of language use and socially constructed knowledge. Discourse theory examines how language shapes social relations and power structures. Michel Foucault argued that discourses create "regimes of truth" that shape perceptions. Norman Fairclough studied the relationship between social structures, practices, and discourse. Analyzing discourses can highlight how words and texts influence identity and participation in power. However, some criticize that discourse theory is too focused on words and subjective interpretations.
Soc 462, 2nd week slides
This document provides an overview of sociological perspectives on identity and culture from classical theorists like Durkheim, Marx, and functionalists like Parsons. It discusses key ideas around:
1) Durkheim's view that culture bonds individuals to groups through socialization and collective identity, while Marx saw culture as a means for ruling groups to justify dominance.
2) Functionalism sees society as a system and culture maintains order by socializing individuals, though it is criticized for ignoring conflict.
3) Marxism views society as structured by class conflict, and sees culture as a form of control used by ruling classes to maintain false consciousness among subordinate classes.
Sociological-and-Anthropological-Perspectives-of-the-Self (1).pdf
The document discusses sociological and anthropological perspectives on the self. It summarizes that sociology views the self as emerging through social interactions and relationships, as explained by theorists like Mead and Cooley. Anthropology sees the self as culturally constructed and embedded within one's culture. Culture provides patterns of behavior and ways of life that influence conceptions of self and identity. The document outlines how anthropologists have explored how cultures shape notions of personhood and the development of social identities.
Interpretive
The document discusses interpretive sociology and the study of culture. It outlines that interpretive sociology focuses on how meaning and interpretation shape social life, as opposed to external observable factors. Culture is a central factor for interpretations, as it involves shared meanings and values. While Weber advocated for value-neutral sociology, he recognized that meaning and cultural systems matter. The study of culture draws from fields like anthropology, literary studies, and history. It treats culture as a system of shared meanings that shape identity and social practices.
Intro to Sociology
Socialization is the process through which individuals learn the norms and behaviors appropriate for their culture through interactions with social institutions like family, schools, and media. Having a sociological imagination involves understanding how individual experiences are shaped by broader social, historical, and structural forces. One's social location refers to their position in society based on intersecting social identities that inform their worldview.
Post Structuralism (Derrida, Foucault, Jean)
Contemporary Theory in Anthropology: A Critical Approach that challenges Reason,Science, Logic, Universal truth, Universal reality.
Module 1 -_text_sociology2
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline and its development. It discusses:
1. The key founders of sociology including Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber and their important contributions to establishing sociology as a scientific field of study.
2. The origins and nature of sociology emerging from industrialization and social changes in Europe.
3. The subfields and related social sciences that sociology encompasses and is informed by such as psychology, political science, anthropology and economics.
4. The development of sociology in the Caribbean region informed by classical sociological theories but also examining issues relevant to the Caribbean context such as slavery,
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This document provides an outline for reviewing topics covered on Exam 3, including race & ethnicity, gender & sexuality, religion, and power. Some of the key concepts mentioned are racial groups, the one drop rule, minority groups, prejudice vs. discrimination, institutional racism, assimilation vs. cultural pluralism, gender roles and performativity, sacred vs. profane, types of religious organizations, theories of religion, definitions and sources of power, and cultural hegemony.
Religion
Religion provides meaning, identity, and personal gratification for individuals. It also functions to reinforce social norms and cohesion for societies. Durkheim argued that religion developed from early rituals performed in groups, which created a sense of awe and reinforced moral values in society. Religion expresses the ideals and identity of the social group through shared beliefs and sacred symbols.
Gender and sexuality
This document discusses gender and sexuality from multiple perspectives. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity, sexuality and queer theory. It also outlines differences between sex and gender as well as issues still facing the LGBTQ community such as prejudice, equal rights and group identity.
Race and ethnicity
Racial and ethnic groups are socially constructed categories distinguished by physical characteristics. While biology plays a role through phenotypes like skin color, race is also a social construct. Ethnicity refers more to cultural traits like language and religion. Minority groups have less power and control than dominant groups in a society. Stereotypes are exaggerated beliefs about groups that often develop from fear or a threat to the dominant group. Prejudice involves negative attitudes toward others based on characteristics. Discrimination involves actions that exclude or oppress groups. Racism includes beliefs of inherent superiority and the subjugation of others. Integration aims for equality, while assimilation requires abandoning one's own culture. Cultural pluralism values diversity within a society.
Exam2 review
This document provides an overview of key topics covered in an exam 2 review for a sociology course, including:
1) Collective behavior such as gatherings, demonstrations, and riots and the behaviors within them.
2) The four requirements for social movements to form: a preexisting communications network, a crisis, and an organizing effort.
3) Key aspects of culture like material and non-material culture, as well as symbols, values, and socialization.
4) Concepts of social structure, including status, roles, and primary and secondary social groups.
5) Agency of socialization and how society maintains institutions to meet needs.
6) Theories of deviance and social control, as
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The document discusses social stratification and systems of stratification. It defines key terms like social differentiation, inequality, and stratification. It also summarizes different theories of stratification like structural functionalism and conflict theory. It provides examples of different historical systems of stratification like the caste, estate, and class systems. Finally, it analyzes social class and mobility in the United States.
Deviance and social control
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as variations from social norms and expectations. While some deviance is normal, too much or extreme deviations can disrupt social order. Deviance performs functions like defining norms but can also have dysfunctions. Society uses internal and external social controls like sanctions to encourage conformity. Theories of deviance include strain theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionist perspectives like differential association theory and labeling theory.
Social institutions
Social institutions are phenomena that account for enduring and repetitive social structures. They develop gradually and unplanned over time to meet important societal needs like providing new members, socializing children, addressing health issues, assigning jobs, creating knowledge, and promoting social unity. Social institutions tend to be conservative and change slowly due to being legitimized as logical and natural. A change in one institution can impact others due to their interdependence. While fulfilling core functions, the specific form of institutions differs between societies.
Socialization
Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn the rules of society and prepare to participate within it. It involves both biological and environmental factors interacting in complex ways. Key agents of socialization include family, school, peers, religion, and mass media. Throughout life, people may undergo resocialization when taking on new roles requires significant changes to their customary behaviors and perspectives.
Structure and groups
1) Social structure organizes society in predictable ways through statuses like ascribed and achieved, roles and expectations, and groups.
2) Roles can cause ambiguity, strain or conflict if expectations are unclear or incompatible.
3) Groups range from loose aggregates to intimate primary groups and include in-groups and out-groups that shape our identities.
Culture
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to culture, including:
- Definitions of culture and society.
- Material and non-material aspects of culture.
- Common "isms" like ethnocentrism, xenocentrism, and cultural relativism.
- Important elements that make up culture like symbols, language, values, norms, technology.
- Units of culture such as subcultures and countercultures.
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Collective behavior and social movements
This document discusses collective behavior and social movements. It defines collective behavior as gatherings of two or more people in public places that can include demonstrations, riots, or other behaviors. Behaviors within gatherings can include milling, common focus, locomotion, queuing, and vocalization. Demonstrations are gatherings primarily for protest or celebration, while riots consist mainly of violence against people or property. For social movements to form, they require an existing communications network that can be co-opted by movement ideas as well as organizing efforts to unite spontaneous groups. Examples discussed include the civil rights movement, women's liberation movement, Arab Spring, and Occupy Wall Street.
Social Research: Part II Types of Research
This document provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research aims to quantify data by counting and measuring variables to construct statistical models, while qualitative research seeks to understand characteristics and meanings through methods like observation and interviews. Both approaches can be used together, such as through content analysis of texts. The document also provides examples of specific research methods like surveys, experiments, field research, and ethnography.
Social Research: Part 1 The Scientific Method
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Micro macro
The document discusses macro and micro sociology. Macro sociology studies whole social structures and systems from a top-down perspective, while micro sociology focuses on interactions between individuals and how social contexts shape behavior at an interpersonal level. The document also examines concepts from the book "The Cheese and the Worms", which relates the story of an obscure miller who was burned at the stake for his heretical beliefs, as revealed through records of his trials.
Marx Weber Durkheim
- Marx analyzed society through historical materialism, arguing that economic conditions and class struggle drive historical change. He believed capitalism would inevitably be overthrown and communism established.
- Weber saw the rise of capitalism and rationalization as driven by Protestant ethics like the Calvinist belief in predestination. He argued this led to disenchantment and an "iron cage" of bureaucracy.
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Sociological Paradigms
The document discusses three major sociological paradigms - structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Conflict theory sees society as characterized by inequality and conflict between groups competing for scarce resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals interpret and act based on shared symbols and their understanding of social situations.
History of Sociology
Sociology is a relatively young discipline that emerged around 200 years ago in response to modernizing social changes. Early thinkers like Auguste Comte proposed sociology as a way to understand social order and address social upheaval caused by industrialization and the decline of traditional social structures. Sociology developed further in the late 19th/early 20th century with the work of theorists like Marx, Weber, and Durkheim who studied topics like social classes, bureaucracy, and religion from a sociological perspective. The discipline was also influenced by the empirical, problem-focused approach of the early Chicago School of sociology in the United States.
What is sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of human behavior, social groups, and society. It examines how social relationships influence individuals and how individuals influence society. Sociologists use critical analysis and look for patterns to understand how history, culture, and social structures shape human actions and experiences, which are often constrained by social norms in ways people may not realize. Sociology aims to objectively study social facts and social life beyond individual perspectives.
Student tech
The document discusses key tech tools for students at UIW including Microsoft Office 2010, CardinalMail student email powered by Live@Edu, the Blackboard learning management system, Bannerweb for student information and online registration, and Rave Alert for emergency notifications. It provides guidance on setting passwords, logging into email and each system, and navigating tools for courses, assignments, grades and other functions to help students utilize the resources.
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Knowledge
- 1. The Sociology of Knowledge
- 2. Durkheim – The Elementary Forms of Religious Life O Deals also with social origins and impact of society on knowledge
- 3. Collective Representations O Symbols and images that represent ideas, beliefs and values of the collective O Contradictory existence O Both external to the individual (created and controlled by society) O And internal to the individual (part of the individual as a participant in society) O Help conform the individual to society‟s thoughts and morality O Help make sense of the world
- 4. Marx – The German Ideology O “Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life.”
- 5. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann O The Social Construction of Reality O Looks at how roles become institutionalized O Institutionalizing roles embeds meaning in society O Knowledge and conceptualizations of reality become embedded in social institutions O Ergo, reality and knowledge are socially constructed
- 6. Social Stock of Knowledge O “Theoretical knowledge is only a small and by no means the most important part of what passed for knowledge in a society…the primary knowledge about the institutional order…is the sum total of „what everybody knows‟ about a social world, an assemblage of maxims, morals, proverbial nuggets of wisdom, values and beliefs, myths, and so forth.”
- 7. Berger and Luckmann O The general body of knowledge in a society is distributed throughout the society O Symbolic universes are created to legitimate the institutional structure of society O Beliefs that everybody knows O Have to be maintained
- 8. Objectivity O Is it possible?
- 9. Karl Mannheim O If all knowledge is socially constructed, the argument is self- defeating O Relationism O Certain things are only true in certain times and places O Doesn‟t make them any less true overall
- 10. Michel Foucault O Madness and Civilization O Conceptions of madness and reason are culturally based
- 11. Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison O Knowledge is a form of power and can be used against individuals as such O Knowledge is socially constructed to maintain the power of the rule class O Social institutions perpetuate ideologies
- 12. Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison O Discourses and ideologies subject us to power, turning us into subjects of that power O We become afraid to challenge the norm O Ideologies and discourses appear as neutral, but are, in fact, not