This document provides an overview of key topics covered in an exam 2 review for a sociology course, including: 1) Collective behavior such as gatherings, demonstrations, and riots and the behaviors within them. 2) The four requirements for social movements to form: a preexisting communications network, a crisis, and an organizing effort. 3) Key aspects of culture like material and non-material culture, as well as symbols, values, and socialization. 4) Concepts of social structure, including status, roles, and primary and secondary social groups. 5) Agency of socialization and how society maintains institutions to meet needs. 6) Theories of deviance and social control, as

1. Exam 2 Review
Social Movements through Stratification

2. Collective Behavior
O Macro vs. Micro
O Gathers, demonstrations, and riots
O Behaviors within gatherings: milling,
common focus, collective locomotion,
queuing, collective vocalization
O Behaviors within demonstrations: religious
and political rallies, sporting events
O Behavior within riots: looting

3. Social Movements
O Inconspicuous beginnings
O Four things required:
O Preexisting communications network
O That is co-optable
O Crisis
O Organizing effort

4. Culture
O What is culture?
O Material vs. non-material culture
O Ethnocentrism, xenocentrism,
temporocentrism, culture shock
O Symbols, language (Sapir-Whorf), values,
norms (prescriptive & proscriptive, folkways,
mores & taboos)
O High, folk, popular culture
O Subcultures, countercultures
O Ideal vs. real culture

5. Social Structure
O Status (ascribed and achieved)
O Master status
O Roles
O Prescribed role, role perception, role
performance
O Role ambiguity, role strain, role conflict,
role confusion

6. Social Groups
O Statistical groups, categorical groups,
limited social groups, social groups
O Primary and secondary groups
O Dyad and Triad
O In-group and out-group

7. Socialization
O Nature vs. nurture
O Social isolation
O Mead: development of self, role taking, play
(preparatory, play and game stages),
generalized other, I & Me
O Cooley: looking-glass self
O Goffman: dramaturgical approach,
maintaining self
O Major agents of socialization
O Socialization as adults

8. Social Institutions
O Society must be self-sufficient
O Societal needs and what institutions fill
them
O Ideal type
O Generally unplanned (routine), inherently
conservative, interdependent, bear little
resemblance from society to society

9. Deviance and Control
O Deviance, deviants, conformity
O Variations in behavior
O Durkheim
O Positive and negative functions of
deviance
O Internal and external means of control
O Positive and negative, informal and formal
sanctions
O Biological, psychoanalytic and sociological
theories

10. Deviance and Control
O Merton’s strain theory
O Conflict theory
O Symbolic interaction: cultural
transmission, differential association,
social learning theory
O Labeling theory

11. Stratification
O Open vs. closed systems
O Systems of stratification (caste, estate,
slave, class)
O Weber: Class, status, party (power)
O Socioeconomic status
O Upper, middle, lower classes
O Poverty
O Class consciousness
O Structural functionalist and conflict theory