Know the function of the following cytokines and create a table: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL- 7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta (the table should include: the cell that synthesizes each cytokine, the function of each cytokine, the target cell for each cytokine, and the action of each cytokines; need to be listed in table format). Solution Answer of Question Cytokines Source Action on function IL1 including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells,and non-immune system cells such as epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, astrocytes, and some smooth muscle cells. diff erent cell types, including T cells, B cells, monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells, as well as fi broblasts, liver cells, vascular endothelial cells, and some cells of the nervous system. eff ects of IL-1 include induction of local infl ammation and systemic eff ects such as fever, the acute phase response, and stimulation of neutrophil production IL-2 Activated T cells. T and B cells; activates NK cells Stimulates proliferation and diff erentiation of T and B cells; activates NK cells. IL-4 T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset),mast cells, basophils, and bone marrow stromal cells. T CELL,B CELL Promote nave T cell diff erentiation to TH2 cells. Stimulates the growth and differentiation of B cells. Induces class switching to IgE. Promotes allergic responses. IL-5 T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, eosinophils. B cell,esinophils Induces eosinophil formation and diff erentiation. Stimulates B cell growthand differentiation. IL-6 Some T cells and B cells, several nonlymphoid cells, including macrophages, bone marrow stromal cells, fi broblasts, endothelial and muscle cells, adipocytes, and astrocytes. Bcell, T cell Regulates B- and T-cell functions; in vivo eff ects on hematopoiesis. Inducesinfl ammation and the acute phase response. IL-7 Bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, intestinal epithelial cells T CELL, B cell Growth factor for T- and B-cell progenitors. IL-10 I Activated subsets of CD4_ and CD8_T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. T CELL ,B CELL ,MAST CELL Enhances proliferation of B cells, thymocytes, and mast cells; in cooperation with TGF-_, stimulates IgA synthesis and secretion by human B cells. Anti-infl ammatory; antagonizes generation of the TH1 subset of helper T cells. IL-12 Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. T CELL ,NK CELL Important factor in inducing diff erentiation of TH1 subset of helper T cells; induces IFN-_ production by T cells and NK cells and enhances NK and cytotoxic T cell activity IL-13 Activated T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, and NK cells T cell Role in TH2 responses; up-regulates synthesis of IgE and suppresses infl amatory responses. Involved in pathology of asthma and some allergic conditions INF alpha Cells activated by viral and other microbial components: macrophages, dendritic cells.

1. Know the function of the following cytokines and create a table: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-
7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta (the table
should include: the cell that synthesizes each cytokine, the function of each cytokine, the target
cell for each cytokine, and the action of each cytokines; need to be listed in table format).
Solution
Answer of Question
Cytokines
Source
Action on
function
IL1
including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells,and non-immune system cells such
as epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, astrocytes, and some smooth muscle
cells.
diff erent cell types,
including T cells, B cells, monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells, as well as fi broblasts, liver
cells, vascular endothelial cells, and some cells of the nervous system.
eff ects of IL-1 include
induction of local infl ammation and systemic
eff ects such as fever, the acute
phase response, and stimulation of neutrophil production
IL-2
Activated T cells.
T and B cells; activates NK cells
Stimulates proliferation and diff erentiation of T and B cells; activates NK cells.
IL-4
T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset),mast cells, basophils, and bone marrow stromal
cells.
T CELL,B CELL
Promote nave T cell diff erentiation to TH2 cells. Stimulates the growth and differentiation of B
cells. Induces class switching to IgE. Promotes allergic responses.
IL-5
T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, eosinophils.

2. B cell,esinophils
Induces eosinophil formation and diff erentiation. Stimulates B cell growthand differentiation.
IL-6
Some T cells and B cells, several nonlymphoid
cells, including macrophages,
bone marrow stromal cells, fi broblasts, endothelial and muscle cells, adipocytes,
and astrocytes.
Bcell, T cell
Regulates B- and T-cell functions; in vivo
eff ects on hematopoiesis. Inducesinfl ammation and the acute phase response.
IL-7
Bone marrow and thymic stromal cells,
intestinal epithelial cells
T CELL, B cell
Growth factor for T- and B-cell
progenitors.
IL-10
I Activated subsets of CD4_ and CD8_T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
T CELL ,B CELL ,MAST CELL
Enhances proliferation of B cells, thymocytes, and mast cells; in cooperation with TGF-_,
stimulates IgA synthesis and secretion by human B cells.
Anti-infl ammatory; antagonizes generation of the TH1 subset of helper
T cells.
IL-12
Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
T CELL ,NK CELL
Important factor in inducing diff erentiation
of TH1 subset of helper T cells; induces IFN-_ production by T cells and
NK cells and enhances NK and cytotoxic
T cell activity
IL-13
Activated T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, and NK cells
T cell
Role in TH2 responses; up-regulates synthesis
of IgE and suppresses infl amatory responses. Involved in pathology of asthma and some allergic
conditions

3. INF alpha
Cells activated by viral and other microbial components: macrophages, dendritic cells, and
lymphocytes,virus infected cell
Mostly T CELL
Induces resistance to virus infection.
Inhibits cell proliferation. Increases
expression of class I MHC molecules on
nucleated cells
INF BETA
Cells activated by viral and other microbial components: fi broblasts, dendritic cells, and some
epithelial cells, virusinfected cells.
T cell
Induces resistance to virus infection.
Inhibits cell proliferation. Increases
expression of class I MHC molecules.
INF gama
TH1 cells and some CD8_ T cells and NK cells.
TH1 diff erentiation and is the key TH1 cytokine. Induces class switching
to IgG subclasses.
Activates macrophages
and induces MHC class II
expression. Weak antiviral and antiproliferative
activities.
TGF alpha
normal gastric mucosa
TGF- induces epithelial development
TGF- binds to EGFR it can initiate multiple cell proliferation events.
TGF BETA
Some T cells (especially TREGs), macrophages,
platelets, and many other cell
types.
Enhances wound healing. Induces class switching
to IgA
Inhibits growth, diff erentiation, and function
of a number of cell types, including T
and B cells and monocytes/macrophages.

4. Inhibits infl ammation
Cytokines
Source
Action on
function
IL1
including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells,and non-immune system cells such
as epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, astrocytes, and some smooth muscle
cells.
diff erent cell types,
including T cells, B cells, monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells, as well as fi broblasts,
liver cells, vascular endothelial cells, and some cells of the nervous system.
eff ects of IL-1 include
induction of local infl ammation and systemic
eff ects such as fever, the acute
phase response, and stimulation of neutrophil production
IL-2
Activated T cells.
T and B cells; activates NK cells
Stimulates proliferation and diff erentiation of T and B cells; activates NK cells.
IL-4
T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset),mast cells, basophils, and bone marrow stromal
cells.
T CELL,B CELL
Promote nave T cell diff erentiation to TH2 cells. Stimulates the growth and differentiation of B
cells. Induces class switching to IgE. Promotes allergic responses.
IL-5
T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, eosinophils.
B cell,esinophils
Induces eosinophil formation and diff erentiation. Stimulates B cell growthand differentiation.
IL-6
Some T cells and B cells, several nonlymphoid
cells, including macrophages,
bone marrow stromal cells, fi broblasts, endothelial and muscle cells, adipocytes,
and astrocytes.
Bcell, T cell

5. Regulates B- and T-cell functions; in vivo
eff ects on hematopoiesis. Inducesinfl ammation and the acute phase response.
IL-7
Bone marrow and thymic stromal cells,
intestinal epithelial cells
T CELL, B cell
Growth factor for T- and B-cell
progenitors.
IL-10
I Activated subsets of CD4_ and CD8_T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
T CELL ,B CELL ,MAST CELL
Enhances proliferation of B cells, thymocytes, and mast cells; in cooperation with TGF-_,
stimulates IgA synthesis and secretion by human B cells.
Anti-infl ammatory; antagonizes generation of the TH1 subset of helper
T cells.
IL-12
Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
T CELL ,NK CELL
Important factor in inducing diff erentiation
of TH1 subset of helper T cells; induces IFN-_ production by T cells and
NK cells and enhances NK and cytotoxic
T cell activity
IL-13
Activated T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, and NK cells
T cell
Role in TH2 responses; up-regulates synthesis
of IgE and suppresses infl amatory responses. Involved in pathology of asthma and some
allergic conditions
INF alpha
Cells activated by viral and other microbial components: macrophages, dendritic cells, and
lymphocytes,virus infected cell
Mostly T CELL
Induces resistance to virus infection.
Inhibits cell proliferation. Increases
expression of class I MHC molecules on
nucleated cells

6. INF BETA
Cells activated by viral and other microbial components: fi broblasts, dendritic cells, and some
epithelial cells, virusinfected cells.
T cell
Induces resistance to virus infection.
Inhibits cell proliferation. Increases
expression of class I MHC molecules.
INF gama
TH1 cells and some CD8_ T cells and NK cells.
TH1 diff erentiation and is the key TH1 cytokine. Induces class switching
to IgG subclasses.
Activates macrophages
and induces MHC class II
expression. Weak antiviral and antiproliferative
activities.
TGF alpha
normal gastric mucosa
TGF- induces epithelial development
TGF- binds to EGFR it can initiate multiple cell proliferation events.
TGF BETA
Some T cells (especially TREGs), macrophages,
platelets, and many other cell
types.
Enhances wound healing. Induces class switching
to IgA
Inhibits growth, diff erentiation, and function
of a number of cell types, including T
and B cells and monocytes/macrophages.
Inhibits infl ammation