Thoroughly describe the molecular underpinnings of ONE and only one.pdf

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Thoroughly describe the molecular underpinnings of ONE and only one of these processes. Transcription initiation and elongation Solution Transcription is the biochemical process involves transferring of information from DNA to RNA, assisted with RNA polymerase. The RNA produced in this process will be converted to protein in the process of translation. RNA polymerase read the DNA template and synthesize with help of other important proteins to carried out the process. The process of transcription comprises of series of events leading to Initiation, elongation, and termination. In the initiation process, RNA polymerase with other adapter proteins binds to the upstream of DNA in the initiation point. RNA polymerase complexed with unwound DNA which bind to the promoter sequence, and results in the initiation of the process. Promoter region contains an initiation site where process begins. RNA polymerase synthesize new strand RNA, which is complementary to the DNA strand. In elongation phase, DNA polymerase lengthened the RNA, used as a DNA triplet code in the template strand. polymerse read the template until the signal is percieved. RNA polymerase functions by adding nucleotids to 3\' end of the strand and synthesized in 5\' to 3\' direction..

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• Transcription machinery interacts with the template strand to produce an mRNA whose sequence resembles the coding strand. • Life on earth is said to have begun from self-replicating RNA since it is the only class of molecules capable of both catalysis and carrying genetic information. • Transcription maintains the link between these two molecules and allows cells to use a stable nucleic acid as the genetic material while retaining most of their protein synthesis machinery.

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Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are said to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are copied into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Transcription is an essential step in using the information from genes in our DNA to make proteins. Proteins are the key molecules that give cells structure and keep them running. DNA can’t leave the nucleus so mRNA has to take the instructions from the DNA to ribosomes

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Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomenon of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomenon of amino acid assembly from RNA). The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during post translational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes, i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum. Preproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present. In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.

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Below are the transactions and adjustments that occurred during the first year of operations at Kissick Co a. Issued 190,000 shares of $5-par-value common stock for $950,000 in cash. b. Borrowed $500,000 from Oglesby National Bank and signed a 10% note due in three years. c. Incurred and paid $380,000 in salaries for the year. d. Purchased $730,000 of merchandise inventory on account during the year. e. Sold inventory costing $590,000 for a total of $910,000, all on credit. f. Paid rent of $220,000 on the sales facilities during the first 11 months of the year. g. Purchased $180,000 of store equipment, paying $55,000 in cash and agreeing to pay the difference within 90 days. h. Paid the entire $125,000 owed for store equipment and $620,000 of the amount due to suppliers for credit purchases previously recorded. i. Incurred and paid utilities expense of $35,000 during the year. j. Collected $825,000 in cash from customers during the year for credit sales previously recorded. k. At year-end, accrued $50,000 of interest on the note due to Oglesby National Bank. l. At year-end, accrued $20,000 of past-due December rent on the sales facilities. Required a. Prepare an income statement (ignoring income taxes) for Kissick Co.\'s first year of operations and a balance sheet as of the end of the year. account affected by the transactions.) KISSICK CO Income Statement Solution Answers ASSETS LIABILITIES STOCKHOLDER EQUITY INCOME STATEMENT (Retained earnings) Transaction Cash Accounts receivables Merchandise Inventory Equipment Notes Payable Accounts Payable Common Stock Net Income Revenue Expenses a $ 950,000.00 $ 950,000.00 $ - b $ 500,000.00 $ 500,000.00 $ - c $ (380,000.00) $ (380,000.00) $ 380,000.00 d $ 730,000.00 $ 730,000.00 $ - e $ 910,000.00 $ 910,000.00 $ 910,000.00 $ (590,000.00) $ (590,000.00) $ 590,000.00 f $ (220,000.00) $ (220,000.00) $ 220,000.00 g $ (55,000.00) $ 55,000.00 $ - $ 125,000.00 $ 125,000.00 $ - h $ (745,000.00) $ (745,000.00) $ - i $ (41,000.00) $ (41,000.00) $ 41,000.00 j $ 825,000.00 $ (825,000.00) $ - k $ 50,000.00 $ (50,000.00) $ 50,000.00 l $ 20,000.00 $ (20,000.00) $ 20,000.00 Total $ 834,000.00 $ 85,000.00 $ 140,000.00 $ 180,000.00 $ 550,000.00 $ 130,000.00 $ 950,000.00 $ (391,000.00) $ 910,000.00 $ 1,301,000.00 Transaction no. e Sales Revenues $ 910,000.00 e Cost of Goods Sold $ 590,000.00 Gross Profits $ 320,000.00 Operating Expenses: c Salaries expense $ 380,000.00 f + l Rent Expenses $ 240,000.00 i Utilities expense $ 41,000.00 Total operating expenses $ 661,000.00 Operating Income $ (341,000.00) Other revenues & expenses j Interest expense $ 50,000.00 Net Income (Loss) $ (391,000.00) ASSETS Current Assets: Cash $ 834,000.00 Accounts receivables $ 85,000.00 Merchandise Inventory $ 140,000.00 Total current assets $ 1,059,000.00 Equipment $ 180,000.00 Total Assets $ 1,239,000.00 LIABILITIES Accounts Payable $ 110,000.00 Interest Payable $ 50,000.00 Rent (Expense) Payable $ 20,000.00 Total current Liabilities $ 180,0.

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Question 3 2 pts In response to the Great Recession, the Federal Reserve engaged in quantitative easing. As a consequence, the monetary base rose by nearly 400%, causing some to worry about inflation. However, during this time the money supply rose by only 110%. What explains this? A money multiplier greater than 1. A money multiplier equal to 1. A money multiplier smaller than 1. A negative money multiplier. Solution Money multiplier = Money supply / monetary base = 110 / 400 = 0.275 A money multiplier smaller than 1.

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Prepare a classified balance sheet. Do not show the components that .pdf

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Microscopes and telescopes both consist of two converging lenses contained in a tube. What is the difference in set-up of the two lenses between a microscope and a telescope? The rearview mirror on a truck warns the user that objects may be closer than they appear. What kind of mirror is being used, and why was that type selected? Why does a clear stream always appear to be shallower than it actually is? Discuss the type of aberration involved in each of the following situations. (i) The edges of the image appear reddish. (ii) The image cannot be clearly focused. A baby fish has his eyesight tested and is found to be myopic. His father wants to make a set of glasses to correct for this problem. Since fish live under water, the father fish will make the glasses out of a very thin clear plastic bag which is filled with air (n = 1.000). What type of lens does the fish need to make? What shape should the lens be? What is the wavelength of yellow light? Solution In refracting telescopes, there are typically two convex lenses. One lens acts as the objective lens: this lens gathers light from faraway objects and forms a real, inverted image of the object at its focal point. A second lens, called the eyepiece, is positioned such that the image formed by the objective lens is at its focal point. When an observer looks through the eyepiece with a relaxed eye, they are able to see an object of the image, formed at infinity. Microscopes are used to look at magnified images of small objects. A simple microscope (a “magnifying glass”) consists of a single convex lens. The lens is held close to the object so that the object is between the lens and its focal point. When viewed from the other side of the lens, a magnified, virtual, upright image is seen. The compound microscope is the most common type of microscope used in laboratories. With these microscopes, an objective lens is used to create an inverted, real image of the object. Using the eyepiece, the image is magnified. In this sense, its operating principles are similar to that of a refracting telescope. The rear view mirror is a convex mirror which forms a virtual and erect image of the object which is smaller in length than the object. Because the image formed is smaller in length, it appears to be farther away and hence, the warning written on it. This is because of the phenomenon of refraction of light as it crosses the medium of water(refractive index greater than that of air). As the light ray travels from water(denser medium) to air(rarer medium), the light ray bends away from the normal and the image of the bottom of the stream seems to be raised and hence, the stream appears to be shallower. a) In optics, chromatic aberration (CA, also called chromatic distortion, and spherochromatism) is an effect resulting from dispersion in which there is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same convergence point. It occurs because lenses have different refractive indices for differentwavelength.

Microscopes and telescopes both consist of two converging lenses cont.pdf

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Know the function of the following cytokines and create a table: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL- 7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta (the table should include: the cell that synthesizes each cytokine, the function of each cytokine, the target cell for each cytokine, and the action of each cytokines; need to be listed in table format). Solution Answer of Question Cytokines Source Action on function IL1 including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells,and non-immune system cells such as epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, astrocytes, and some smooth muscle cells. diff erent cell types, including T cells, B cells, monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells, as well as fi broblasts, liver cells, vascular endothelial cells, and some cells of the nervous system. eff ects of IL-1 include induction of local infl ammation and systemic eff ects such as fever, the acute phase response, and stimulation of neutrophil production IL-2 Activated T cells. T and B cells; activates NK cells Stimulates proliferation and diff erentiation of T and B cells; activates NK cells. IL-4 T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset),mast cells, basophils, and bone marrow stromal cells. T CELL,B CELL Promote nave T cell diff erentiation to TH2 cells. Stimulates the growth and differentiation of B cells. Induces class switching to IgE. Promotes allergic responses. IL-5 T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, eosinophils. B cell,esinophils Induces eosinophil formation and diff erentiation. Stimulates B cell growthand differentiation. IL-6 Some T cells and B cells, several nonlymphoid cells, including macrophages, bone marrow stromal cells, fi broblasts, endothelial and muscle cells, adipocytes, and astrocytes. Bcell, T cell Regulates B- and T-cell functions; in vivo eff ects on hematopoiesis. Inducesinfl ammation and the acute phase response. IL-7 Bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, intestinal epithelial cells T CELL, B cell Growth factor for T- and B-cell progenitors. IL-10 I Activated subsets of CD4_ and CD8_T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. T CELL ,B CELL ,MAST CELL Enhances proliferation of B cells, thymocytes, and mast cells; in cooperation with TGF-_, stimulates IgA synthesis and secretion by human B cells. Anti-infl ammatory; antagonizes generation of the TH1 subset of helper T cells. IL-12 Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. T CELL ,NK CELL Important factor in inducing diff erentiation of TH1 subset of helper T cells; induces IFN-_ production by T cells and NK cells and enhances NK and cytotoxic T cell activity IL-13 Activated T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, and NK cells T cell Role in TH2 responses; up-regulates synthesis of IgE and suppresses infl amatory responses. Involved in pathology of asthma and some allergic conditions INF alpha Cells activated by viral and other microbial components: macrophages, dendritic cells.

Know the function of the following cytokines and create a table IL-.pdf

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