Take the basic Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation, where there are alleles A and B. If the frequency of the two alleles are represented by p and q, then the expected genotypic frequencies are p2 2pq q2. Please review your comfort with calculating observed and expected allele and genotype frequencies. Try adding subscripts to the equation for relative fitness (use w) to predict change in allele frequency due to selection. Both inbreeding and genetic drift can cause problems for rare species with declining population size due to reducing genetic diversity. Please contrast (say how they are different these two forces in terms of number of alleles at a locus (some loci have more than two alleles) and in terms of average heterozygosity at a locus. In most organisms most mating is local. If populations of an organism are scattered across a landscape, with gaps between population, how will that affect inbreeding and expected Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? Solution Both inbreeding and genetic drift can cause problems for rare species with declining population size due to reducing genetic diversity. Please contrast (say how they are different) these two forces in terms of number of alleles at a locus (some loci have more than two alleles) and in terms of average heterozygosity at a locus. In most organisms most mating is local. If populations of an organism are scattered across a landscape, with gaps between population, how will that affect inbreeding and expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? If migration among populations increases how will it affect inbreeding and expected hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? P^2 = homozygous dominant 2pq =heterozygotes Q^2= homozygous recessive According to hardy Weinberg P^2 +2pq + Q^2 =1 p = p2 + ½ (2pq) = p2 + pq q = q2 + ½ (2pq) = q2 + pq p + q = 1 (p + q)2 = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (the Hardy-Weinberg Principle) Inbreeding can be referred as the mating between closely related organisms. Inbreeding favors homozygosity, and increase q^2 (recessive homozygotes) and decreases dominant phenotypes It will increases the chances of offspring being affected by recessive or lethal traits. Genetic bottlenecks and founder effects occurs in the population Leads to Hence population will be deviated from hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

1. Take the basic Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation, where there are alleles A and B. If the
frequency of the two alleles are represented by p and q, then the expected genotypic frequencies
are p2 2pq q2. Please review your comfort with calculating observed and expected allele and
genotype frequencies. Try adding subscripts to the equation for relative fitness (use w) to predict
change in allele frequency due to selection. Both inbreeding and genetic drift can cause problems
for rare species with declining population size due to reducing genetic diversity. Please contrast
(say how they are different these two forces in terms of number of alleles at a locus (some loci
have more than two alleles) and in terms of average heterozygosity at a locus. In most organisms
most mating is local. If populations of an organism are scattered across a landscape, with gaps
between population, how will that affect inbreeding and expected Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
Solution
Both inbreeding and genetic drift can cause problems for rare species with declining population
size due to reducing genetic diversity. Please contrast (say how they are different) these two
forces in terms of number of alleles at a locus (some loci have more than two alleles) and in
terms of average heterozygosity at a locus. In most organisms most mating is local. If
populations of an organism are scattered across a landscape, with gaps between population, how
will that affect inbreeding and expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? If migration among
populations increases how will it affect inbreeding and expected hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
P^2 = homozygous dominant
2pq =heterozygotes
Q^2= homozygous recessive
According to hardy Weinberg
P^2 +2pq + Q^2 =1
p = p2 + ½ (2pq) = p2 + pq
q = q2 + ½ (2pq) = q2 + pq
p + q = 1
(p + q)2 = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (the Hardy-Weinberg Principle)
Inbreeding can be referred as the mating between closely related organisms.
Inbreeding favors homozygosity, and increase q^2 (recessive homozygotes) and decreases
dominant phenotypes
It will increases the chances of offspring being affected by recessive or lethal traits.
Genetic bottlenecks and founder effects occurs in the population
Leads to

2. Hence population will be deviated from hardy-Weinberg equilibrium