This document summarizes various cytokine mediators and their functions. It discusses how cytokines are produced by different cell types and mediate effects through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling. Specific cytokines discussed include interleukins like IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-18. It also covers interferons, tumor necrosis factor, colony stimulating factors, chemokines and other growth factors. The document discusses the roles of these cytokines in innate immunity, lymphocyte differentiation, and inflammation, as well as their clinical applications.
The interleukins represent another large family of cytokines, with at least 25 different constituent members having been characterized thus far. Most of the interleukins are produced by a number of different cell types. Here, we introduce one of the important interleukins, interleukin-2. Contents contain interleukin-2 receptor, biological activity, cancer treatment, infectious diseases and Inhibition of interleukin-2 activity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The interleukins represent another large family of cytokines, with at least 25 different constituent members having been characterized thus far. Most of the interleukins are produced by a number of different cell types. Here, we introduce one of the important interleukins, interleukin-2. Contents contain interleukin-2 receptor, biological activity, cancer treatment, infectious diseases and Inhibition of interleukin-2 activity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Presentation for Plant Physiology. I was in charge of creating and designing the presentation as well as formating the images and information. Our projec won our class competition in regards to overall look and presentation.
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through
Know the function of the following cytokines and create a table IL-.pdfrohit219406
Know the function of the following cytokines and create a table: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-
7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta (the table
should include: the cell that synthesizes each cytokine, the function of each cytokine, the target
cell for each cytokine, and the action of each cytokines; need to be listed in table format).
Solution
Answer of Question
Cytokines
Source
Action on
function
IL1
including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells,and non-immune system cells such
as epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, astrocytes, and some smooth muscle
cells.
diff erent cell types,
including T cells, B cells, monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells, as well as fi broblasts, liver
cells, vascular endothelial cells, and some cells of the nervous system.
eff ects of IL-1 include
induction of local infl ammation and systemic
eff ects such as fever, the acute
phase response, and stimulation of neutrophil production
IL-2
Activated T cells.
T and B cells; activates NK cells
Stimulates proliferation and diff erentiation of T and B cells; activates NK cells.
IL-4
T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset),mast cells, basophils, and bone marrow stromal
cells.
T CELL,B CELL
Promote nave T cell diff erentiation to TH2 cells. Stimulates the growth and differentiation of B
cells. Induces class switching to IgE. Promotes allergic responses.
IL-5
T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, eosinophils.
B cell,esinophils
Induces eosinophil formation and diff erentiation. Stimulates B cell growthand differentiation.
IL-6
Some T cells and B cells, several nonlymphoid
cells, including macrophages,
bone marrow stromal cells, fi broblasts, endothelial and muscle cells, adipocytes,
and astrocytes.
Bcell, T cell
Regulates B- and T-cell functions; in vivo
eff ects on hematopoiesis. Inducesinfl ammation and the acute phase response.
IL-7
Bone marrow and thymic stromal cells,
intestinal epithelial cells
T CELL, B cell
Growth factor for T- and B-cell
progenitors.
IL-10
I Activated subsets of CD4_ and CD8_T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
T CELL ,B CELL ,MAST CELL
Enhances proliferation of B cells, thymocytes, and mast cells; in cooperation with TGF-_,
stimulates IgA synthesis and secretion by human B cells.
Anti-infl ammatory; antagonizes generation of the TH1 subset of helper
T cells.
IL-12
Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
T CELL ,NK CELL
Important factor in inducing diff erentiation
of TH1 subset of helper T cells; induces IFN-_ production by T cells and
NK cells and enhances NK and cytotoxic
T cell activity
IL-13
Activated T cells (particularly those of the TH2 subset), mast cells, and NK cells
T cell
Role in TH2 responses; up-regulates synthesis
of IgE and suppresses infl amatory responses. Involved in pathology of asthma and some allergic
conditions
INF alpha
Cells activated by viral and other microbial components: macrophages, dendritic cells.
Cytokines by Dr Rahul , Physiology SMS MEDICAL JAIPUR MOBILE NO-8764324067Dr.Rahul ,Jaipur
-CYTOKINES
-THEIR PROPERITIES
-TYPES OF CYTOKINES
-CYTOKINES RECEPTOR FAMILY
-CYTOKINES AND PYREXIA
-CYTOKINES AND OBESITY RELATED DISEASE
-CYTOKINES AS DRUGS
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disease caused by microbes; however the presence of microbes is not enough for the cause of its complex nature of disease. Inflammation is the prime cause of periodontal disease. It commences with the aggregation of pathogenic microbes that induce the host to stimulate a cascade of inflammatory response reactions which in-turn leads to the destruction of the host tissues itself. There is a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses which fights against the pathogens by direct interaction or by release of certain molecules including cytokines.
Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma. Cytokine biology reveals that there are some subsets of cytokines which are pro-inflammatory cytokines which stimulate the inflammatory responses and cause tissue destruction.
A periodontist is expected to have a sound basis of the cytokine profile to understand the pathogenesis of periodontitis and also to discover the new treatment modality of anti-cytokine therapy.
The Negative Clinical Consequences Due to the Lack of the Elaboration of a Sc...asclepiuspdfs
Until a few years ago, the immune system was considered as responsible for the only defense against microbial infections and other external agents. On the contrary, the immune cells have been proven to be linked not only through cell-cell contact but also by releasing proteins capable of influencing the immune-inflammatory response, the so-called cytokines or interleukins. Moreover, the cytokines have appeared to play not only immune activities but also metabolic and systemic effects influencing the overall biological systems, including the nervous, the endocrine, and the cardiovascular systems, by representing the main endogenous molecules responsible for the maintenance of the unity of the biological life. Therefore, only the systematic clinical consideration of cytokine effects may allow the generation of real future holistic medicine.
2. DEFINITION: Peptide mediators or
intercellular messengers that regulate
immunological, inflammatory and reparative
host responses.
Highly potent
Includes
Interleukins
Interferons
Tumor necrosis factor
Colony stimulating factor
Others
3. Produced by several different cell types.
eg;IL-1(leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts).
Pleiotropic
Redundancy
Induce effects by-autocrine,
paracrine and
endocrine.
Mediate actions by binding to high affinity
receptors on target cells.
9. IL-1: LAF, BAF
Stimulated by antigens, toxins {LPS from gram-
negative bacteria), lipoteichoic acid (from gram
positive bacteria), and zymosan (from yeast)},
physical injury, inflammatory processes.
Inhibited by corticosteroids, cyclosporin A,
prostaglandins.
Induce synthesis of endothelial adhesion
molecules and chemical mediators like
cytokines, chemokines, growth factors,
eicosanoids, nitric oxide.
10.
11. IL-2:T cell growth factor.
Produced by activated T cells.
Major activator of T and B cells.
Converts some of null cells(LGL) into
lymphokine activated killer cells which can
destroy NK resistant tumor cells.
USES: chronic granulomatous diseases.
IL-3: growth factor for bone marrow stem cells.
Also known as multi colony stimulating factor
(multi CSF).
12. IL-4:B cell growth factor-1.
Also acts as growth factor for mast cells, T cells.
Augments Ig E synthesis.,
IL-5:B cell growth factor-2.
Induces maturation of eosinophils.
IL-6: produced by stimulated T and B cells,
macrophages and fibroblasts.
induction of fever, promotion of B cell maturation
and differentiation, differentiation of nervecells,
stimulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal
axis, and induction of the synthesis of acute-
phase proteins (e.g., C-reactive protein) by
hepatocytes.
13. Circulating concentrations of IL-6 increase
dramatically after tissue injury.
IL-11: is a hematopoietic growth factor with
particular activity as a stimulator of
megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis.
USES: Recombinant IL-11-mild von Willebrand
disease
14. IL-12:Defective production of IL-12 by
peripheral blood mononuclear cells after
stimulation with IFN-γ and LPS is associated
with an increased risk for the development of
postoperative sepsis.
IL-12 has also been implicated in the
pathogenesis of IBD.
Treatment of patients with refractory IBD with
thalidomide, a potent anti-inflammatory agent,
decreases the production of TNF and IL-12 by
mononuclear cells isolated from the lamina
propria of gut mucosal biopsy samples and
decreases disease activity
15. IL-18:induce production of IFN-γ by T cells and
NK cells.
induces the production of CC and CXC
chemokines from human mononuclear cells
and activates neutrophils, an effect that may
contribute to organ injury and dysfunction in
conditions such as sepsis and ARDS.
16. IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 can be regarded as
inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, or counter
regulatory cytokines.
IL-4 has many biologic actions that promote the
expression of the Th2 phenotype, characterized by
down regulation of proinflammatory and cell-
mediated immune responses and up regulation of
humoral (B cell–mediated)immune responses.
IL-4 inhibits the production of TNF, IL-1, IL-8, and
PGE2 by stimulated monocytes or macrophages
and down regulates endothelial cell activation
induced by TNF.
17. IL-10 inhibits the production of numerous
proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, TNF,
IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and GM-CSF, by monocytes and
macrophages; on the other hand, it increases
synthesis of the counter regulatory cytokine IL-
1RA by activated monocytes.
down regulates the proliferation and secretion of
IFN-γ and IL-2 by activated Th1 cells, primarily by
inhibiting the production of IL-12 by macrophages
Production of IL-10 by peripheral blood
mononuclear cell and CD4+ T cells is increased in
trauma patients, and sepsis
18. Additional anti-inflammatory properties of
IL-13 include inhibition of induction of the
enzyme COX-2, required for the production of
prostaglandins, and induction of an enzyme,
15-lipoxygenase, that catalyzes the formation of
a lipid mediator (lipoxin A4) with anti-
inflammatory properties.
19. Species specific
By producing translation inhibiting
protein(TIP)
protein kinase
oligonucleotide synthetase
RNAse
Inactivated by proteolytic enzymes
Resist heat 56-60C for 30-60min.,and stable
over Ph range of 2-10.
Poorly antigenic
20. TYPES:
Alpha: leucocytes
Beta: fibroblasts
Gamma: T-lymphocytes.
immunomodulatory, anti proliferative.
Biological effects:
Anti viral
Anti bacterial
Immunoregulatory
Inhibits cell growth and proliferation
21. USES:
IFN-alpha: Hairy cell leukemia
CML, Malignant melanoma
kaposi sarcoma, RCC, carcinoid
Hepatitis B and C infections
IFN beta: Multiple sclerosis(relapsing type)
IFN gamma: Chronic granulomatous diseases
Recombinant IFN-γ has been shown to reduce
the frequency of infections markedly in
patients with chronic granulomatous disease.
Local application of high doses-URTI, genital
warts and herpetic keratitis.
22. Serum factor found to induce haemorrhagic
necrosis in certain tumors.
TYPES: TNF-αlpha(cachectin)
TNF-beta Lymphotoxin-α (LT-α)
Other members of the TNF family include Fas
ligand (FasL), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
(RANKL), CD40 ligand (CD40L) and TNF-related
apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL).
TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 (as well as some other
proinflammatory cytokines) can activate the
extrinsic pathway of coagulation, in part by
promoting expression of tissue factor (TF), on
endothelial cells and monocytes.
25. GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor and
proinflammatory cytokine produced by multiple
cell types, including bronchial epithelial cells,
monocytes, and endothelial cells.
As a growth factor, GM-CSF promotes an increase
in the number of circulating polymorphonuclear
nuclear cells (PMNs).
Crohn’s disease may result, at least in part, from
impaired innate immunity (e.g., caused by a
mutation in the NOD2 gene), recombinant GM-
CSF might be a therapeutic option for this
condition.
26. TGF-beta: effects includes modulation of cell
growth, inflammation, matrix synthesis, and
apoptosis.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF):
up regulates the expression of TLR4 on
macrophages, thereby amplifying the response
of the innate immune system to LPS.
Leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF):eosinophil
chemotaxis.