This document discusses goniometry and range of motion measurements for the knee and ankle. It defines goniometry as the measurement of joint angles and describes the main types of goniometers. It then provides the details on performing knee flexion, knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle plantarflexion, ankle inversion, and ankle eversion range of motion measurements, including positioning, axis of motion, and reference points. Recommended textbooks on biomechanics and goniometry are also listed.

2. Subject Name: Biomechanics and ergonomics 2
Course Code: B2ME-832
Credit Hours: 3(2-1)
Teacher Name: Ambreen Zahid
Email ID: ambreen.zahid@uipt.uol.edu.pk

3. Dr. Ambreen zahid
Ms-ompt, DPT
Senior lecturer UOL

4.  What is goniometry
 Types of goniometer
 Knee goniometry
 Knee flexion
 Knee extension
 Ankle goniometry

5.  The term goniometry is derived from two
Greek words, gonia, meaning angle, and
metron, meaning measure.
Goniometer
 A goniometer is an instrument which
measures the available range of motion at a
joint

6.  Universal goniometer
 Gravity dependent goniometer or
Inclinometer. (pendular and bubble
goniometer)
 Electrogoniometer

7.  Universal goniometer
 Gravity dependent goniometer or
Inclinometer. (pendular and bubble
goniometer)
 Electrogoniometer

8. ROM: 0 to 135
Muscles : hamstring
Pt position :prone lying
Therapist : at test side
Axis: lateral epicondyle
Stationary arm: greater trochanter
Movable arm: lateral malleolus
Procedure: ask the patient to flex his or her knee

10. ROM: 135 to 0 degree
Muscles : rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis,
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
Pt position : prone lying
Therapist : at test side
Axis: lateral epicondyle
Stationary arm: greater trochanter
Movable arm: lateral malleolus
Procedure: ask the patient to flex his or her
extend

12. ROM: 0 to 20
Muscles : Tibialis anterior
Pt position : supine lying
Therapist : at test side
Axis: lateral malleolus
Stationary arm: fibular head
Movable arm: 5th metatarsal
Procedure: ask the patient to move his or her
feet upward

14. ROM: 0 to 45 degree
Muscles : gastrocnemius, soleus
Pt position : supine
Therapist : at test side
Axis: lateral malleolus
Stationary arm: fibular head
Movable arm: 5th metatarsal
Procedure: ask the patient to move his or her
foot downward

16. ROM: 0 to 25 degree
Muscles : peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
Pt position : prone lying
Therapist : at test side
Axis: calcaneus
Stationary arm: midline of leg
Movable arm: midline of calcaneus
Procedure: ask the patient to move his or her
foot outward.

18. ROM: 0 to 35 degree
Muscles : tibialis posterior
Pt position : prone lying
Therapist : at test side
Axis: calcaneus
Stationary arm: midline of leg
Movable arm: midline of calcaneus
Procedure: ask the patient to move his or her
foot inward

20.  What is goniometry
 Types of goniometer
 Knee goniometry
 Knee flexion
 Knee extension
 Ankle goniometry

21.  An Introduction to Human Movement and
Biomechanics E-Book: An Introductory Text by
Philip Rowe, Andrew Kerr
 Human Movement & Biomechanics 7th
Edition
 Basic Biomechanics by Susan Hall