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KINGDOM OF LIFE PRESENTATION IN DEV BIOpptx
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- 2. • As livingthings are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.
- 3. • The groupingof organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors: ⚬1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) ⚬2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) ⚬3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
- 4. 1. Cell Type-The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
- 5. Prokaryotes – Bacteria! •DO NOT HAVE: • An organized nucleus • Structured organelles
- 6. Prokaryotes – Typical Bacteria BasicStructure • DNA – strands floating in cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids • Ribosomes- RNA/protein synthesis sites • Cytoplasm-water based • Cell membrane & Wall
- 8. Eukaryotes • DO HAVE: •Nucleus organized with a membrane • other organelles
- 10. 2ⁿᵈ criteria forKingdom Divisions: >>Cell Number • Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae • Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate
- 11. • Unicellular •Multicellular
- 12. 3ʳᵈ Criteria forKingdom Divisions Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food ⚬Autotroph or Producer Make their own food ⚬Heterotroph or Consumer Must eat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!
- 13. There used tobe only 5 kingdoms 1.Monera 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria
- 14. 6 Kingdoms • Archaebacteria •Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
- 15. Kingdom Cell TypeCell # Feeding Type Archaebact eria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both Protista Eukaryote Most Unicellular Both Fungi Eukaryote both Heterotroph Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph Animalia Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph Cell Wall Yes Yes Yes & NO Yes Yes NO
- 16. Moneran Protist FungusPlant Animal One-celled Has a nucleus more complex than monera Most are many- celled Many- celled Vertebrates invertebrates Many- Celled 2 main Groups Vascular Non- vascular Bacteria Paramecium One-celled with no membrane
- 17. Archaebacteria • Ancient bacteria- ⚬Livein very harsh environments ⚬extremophiles
- 18. Halophiles – saltloving methanogens – without oxygen (biogas) Thermophiles – extreme temperature
- 19. Eubacteria • It isthe eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.
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- 21. Bacterial Shapes • Bacteria comein 3 main shapes: ⚬Rod or Stick (bacilli) ⚬Sphere (cocci) ⚬Helical or spiral (borrelia)
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- 27. Bacterial Nutrition • Somebacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize • Some bacteria are heterotrophs
- 28. Bacterial Locomotion • Somebacteria have flagella or cilia for movement • Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs
- 29. Protists • Protists includemany widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom
- 30. Protista Kingdom • Thereare animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists • Some are beneficial • Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:
- 31. Disease Protist Vector (carrier) Symptoms Details Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica waterdiarrhea can get from tap water in some places Giardaisis (beaver fever) Giardia water diarrhea, vomiting don't drink water from streams African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Tse tse fly uncontrolled sleepiness, confusion Only found in isolated areas lives in blood Malaria Plasmodium Anopheles mosquito fever, chills, death can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma cats fetal death or brain damage pregnant women should avoid cat litter
- 32. Protists Disease • Amoebic dysentery •Amoebiasis Amoeba histolytica
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- 35. Protists Disease • MalariaPlasmodium
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- 37. Protists Locomotion • 3 typesof movement: ⚬Pseudopod (false foot) ⚬Flagella/cilia ⚬Contractile vacuoles
- 38. Protists Nutrition • Protists canbe autotrophs or heterotrophs
- 39. Fungi Kingdom • TheKingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. • By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.
- 40. Fungi • All fungiare eukaryotic • They may be unicellular or multicellular • All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular
- 41. Fungi • Fungi canbe very helpful and delicious • Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi Penicillin
- 42. Fungi • Fungi alsocauses a number of plant and animal diseases: • Athlete's Foot
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- 44. Fungi Locomotion • Fungiare stationary • They have root- like structures that they use for attachment
- 45. Fungi Nutrition • Allfungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter - Mutualists – live symbiotically - Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host
- 46. There are 4main types of Fungi (classified by how they reproduce) 1.Zygospore (Zygosporangia) common bread molds reproduce by “spores”- asexual reproduction!
- 47. There are 4main types of Fungi 2. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes) Mushrooms & puffballs ￭ Reproduce by spores, some spores are asexual (coming from mitosis) and some are sex spores (coming from meiosis)
- 48. There are 4main types of Fungi 3. Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes) Yeast – reproduce by “budding” = asexual method
- 49. There are 4main types of Fungi 4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes) Pharmaceutically important! ⚬Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted COMMERCIALLY important! ⚬Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese! ⚬Used to make soy sauce.
- 50. Plant Kingdom • Allplants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… • they are autotrophs
- 51. • 4 importantplant groups are the: Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Non-vascular Vascular
- 52. • Nonvascular Plants- Mosses • the simplest of all land dwelling plants • lack an internal means for water transportation • do not produce seeds or flowers - fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg. • lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short
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- 54. • Liverworts &Hornworts
- 55. • Vascular Plants •Internal transportation System ⚬ Xylem – water carrying tubes ⚬ Phloem – sugar carrying tissues ⚬ enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. • Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant
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- 58. Animalia Kingdom All animalsare: • Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall - Heterotrophs • Capable of movement at some point in their lives.
- 59. 1. Asymmetrical Asymmetrical animals (sponges)have no general body plan or axis of symmetry that divides the body into mirror-image halves. Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kgdm Body Symmetry
- 60. 2. Radial Symmetry Animals (such ascoral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.
- 61. 3. Bilateral Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical animals (suchas humans and fish) have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves.
- 63. 2ⁿᵈ Criteria forAnimal Classification • Skeletal Characteristics ⚬Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton ⚬Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage
- 64. • Kingdom ⚬Phylum Majorphylums of animals are… ￭ Subphylum • Class ⚬Order ⚬ Family ⚬ Genus ⚬ species
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- 66. • Cnidarians: Jellyfish,corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst
- 67. Another Cnidarian – theHydra • Hydra can reproduce asexually by “budding” • A “bud” is a CLONE of its parent
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- 71. • Platyhelminthes (flat worms) ⚬Tapeworms& Liver Fluke & Planaria Human liver fluke
- 72. Flatworms – PLANARIA •Hermaphrodites ⚬ fertilize their own sex cells internally ⚬ zygotes are released into water to hatch ⚬Planaria – capable of regeneration being studied to understand stem cells ability to differentiate.
- 73. • Annelids (segmentedworms) ⚬Worms & leeches
- 74. • Echinoderms ⚬Starfish, seaurchins, sea cucumbers
- 75. • Arthropods ⚬Shell fish,arachnids & BUGS!
- 76. • Phylum: Chordates ⚬TheChordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone) • Bilateral symmetry • Endoskeletons • Closed circulatory systems • Nervous systems with complex brains • Efficient respiratory systems
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Editor's Notes
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