kinesiology

DPT-1
 Presented to: Dr. Zeeshan Habib
 Presented By:
Group 5
1.Alishba Imran
3.Farheen Amin
4.Javeria Imran 5.Kashaf-ul-Minahil
6.Muqaddas Tariq
7.Natasha Noor
2.Anam Nadeem
8.Zainab sarfraz

Anam Nadeem
Prevention of muscle
wasting

 Muscular atrophy is the decrease in size
and wasting of muscle tissue.
 People may lose 20 to 40 percent of their
muscle and, along with it, their strength as
they age.

 Paralysis refers to the complete or partial
loss of muscle function.
 A neurological injury such as stroke or spinal
cord injury can cause different types of
paralysis, including ;
 spastic paralysis (caused by increased
muscle tone)
 flaccid paralysis (caused by reduced muscle
tone).

Spastic paralysis can occur when the
upper motor neurons become damaged,
resulting in a loss of voluntary control over
the affected muscles.
 With spastic paralysis, the signals that tell
the muscles to contract or relax are
imbalanced. The muscles respond to this by
becoming tight and hard.

 As a result, survivors may experience
muscle stiffness,
 spasm, or
 unconrollable twitching.

In Spastic Paralysis
 The aim of treatment is to initiate movement
to maintain normal joint range and muscle
extensibility and at the same time improve
the circulation.
 While the limb remains immobile any
potential for voluntary control is masked by
the spasm.

 Reflex movement initiated by means of
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
techniques,
 , i.e. the stretch stimulus coupled with a
command for voluntary effort, develop any
voluntary control which remains and may
lead to a permanent reduction in spasm.

 Controlled sustained passive stretching also
inhibits spasm sufficiently to permit
movement. Active or passive mobilization
may be preceded by massage or packing with
ice to reduce spasm and make movement
easier.

 Primary lesion
 Disease Atrophy

 In this case loss of power cannot be arrested
although a temporary improvement often
allow light exercise in cases which have no
previously received treatment.
 This is probably the result of making the best
use of fiber which still function.

 Muscle Atrophy from disease can be
prevented or controlled by strong and
frequent contraction against resistance.
 Exercise must be carried out within a limit of
disability but with skill and imagination this
an be organized.

 Any type of active work is suitable provided the right muscle
and activated sufficiently to maintain or improve their normal
strength.
 Exercise with manual resistance is advisable in the early stage
to make sure that the contraction is pain free and satisfactory.
 To give the physiotherapist the opportunity to access the
patient’s capacity or activity and to give the instructions in
those activities he must practiced on his own.

 It is important that the patient should fully understand
and appreciate the need of his own efforts to ensure
his cooperation's in carrying out a regime of free
exercise, the slog for which is five minutes for every
hour.
 If his cooperation is doubtful or his ability to exert a
voluntary effort is reduced he will require a constant
supervision and constant treatment.

 Suitable games and sports of a comparative nature
supply a demand for activity but need careful
supervision and control to avoid the development of
trick movement i.e development of faulty pattern of
walking in order to move rapidly.
 The wasting of muscle in rheumatoid disease is not
entirely due to disease.
 Isometric muscle work is a pain free range help to
prevent the atrophy and often lead to increase the
pain free movement which can be use foe functional
activities.

Pattern Of
Postures:
Static Dyanamic
Built up by integration of
many reflexes
Postural Reflex
Body segments
aligned &
maintianed
e.g., standing,
sitting,lying.
etc
Body segments
are moving
e.g., running,
jumping,
lifting, etc

In born ,
Conditioned
Constant repitition of
postures maintained by
Voluntary control
Good Posture
Fullfills the purpose for
which it is used with
maximum effeciency
and minimum effort
Principles of Good
Posture Good muscle flexibility
Normal motion in joints
Strong postural muscles
Balance of muscles
on both sides of spine

 Erect Postures alignment of specific parts of body usually leads to
perfect baalance of one segment upon another, a state which can be
maintained with minimum of muscular effort and which is
aesthetically pleasing to the eye.
 The plane of this alignment is vertical.
 Dynamic Postures involves constant readjustment to maintain the
efficiency of postural background throughout the progress of the
movement, they are much difficult to assess.
 This alignment is inclined or horizomtal.
 The effect of gravity on various body segments is altered.
 Muscle work is required to maintain and adjust the alignment
accordingly.
Both these adjustments are
made through erect static
postures e.g, walking, sitting,
writting.etc

Forward head
Forward head posture is when your head is positioned with
your ears in front of the vertical midline of your body. If your
body is in alignment, your ears and shoulders will be lined up
with your vertical midline.
Effects of faulty postures

 Kymphosis;
 refers to an exaggerated curvature of your
upper back (the thoracic spine) where the
shoulders are rounded forward. It’s also
called hunchback.

Swayback
Swayback, also called lordosis or hyperlordosis, is when
your hips and pelvis tilt forward, in front of your body’s
midline.
In this position, your lower back has an exaggerated
inward curve. You look like you’re leaning back when
you’re standing up, with your stomach and your rear
sticking out.

 Flatback
Flatback is a condition where the normal curve of
your lower spine loses some of its curvature. Your
lower back looks straight and you stoop forward.
It can be present at birth, or it can result from some
kinds of back surgery or degenerative conditions of
the spine,

“Development of good posture”
•Develops quite naturally
•Provide essential mechanisms for its
maintenance
•Adjustment are intact and
healthy
Factors responsible for good
posture
•Stable psychological background
•Good hygienic conditions
•Opportunity for plenty of natural
free movement

Mental effects on posture :
•Emotion and mental attitude the nervous system as
a whole , and this is reflected on the posture of the
individual
•Joy ,happiness and confidence are stimulating and are
reflected by an alert posture in which positions of
extension predominate
•Conversely unhappiness ,conflict and a feeling of
inferiority have just the opposite effect and result in
postures in which positions of flexion are most
conspicuous

•It is certain that mental attitude effects the
physical , either temporarily or permanently .
•Good hygienic conditions , particularly with
the regard to nutrition and sleep , are essential
for a healthy nervous system and for the
growth and development of bones and muscles .
•Activities which are much enjoyed by the normal
healthy child at play , for example: running
,jumping, and climbing ,are those in which
movements of active extension predominate.

Benefits of Good Posture
•Encourages proper alignment of joints and bones.
•Promotes effective and efficient use of the muscles
of your body.
•Decreases stress on the ligaments of your spine.
•Prevents abnormal positioning of your spine.
•Prevents muscle fatigue.

How can I improve my posture when
standing?
•Stand up straight and tall.
•Keep your shoulders back.
•Pull your stomach in.
•Put your weight mostly on the balls of your
feet.
•Keep your head level.
•Let your arms hang down naturally at your
sides.
•Keep your feet about shoulder-width apart.

 Posture is a “position or attitude of the body a
relative arrangement of body part for a specific
activity or a characteristic manner of bearing
the body”.
 There are two type of posture maintain by the
body.
 Good posture.
 Bad posture

●Bad posture or poor posture is defined as:
“When our spine is
positioned in unnatural position, in which the
curve are emphysiazrd, and this result in the
joint muscle and vertebrae being in the
stressfull condition.”

●Poor posture change in the shape of spine due to poor nutrition infection and
long term or repetitive mechanical or bio mechanical factor.
●In most cases it can be prevented and treated by good education and the
process.
● Four main causes of poor posture.
•Use of technology.
•Muscle injury or muscle weakness.
•A sedentary lifestyle
•Stress and anxiety
•poor footwear

 Body aches, pain including upper and lower back pain,
neck shoulder and arm pain.
 Lower limb pain including leg and hip knee and ankle pain
muscle fatigue.
●Headache due to build up the pain in upper neck shoulder.
VISIBLE SYMPTOMS:
• Poor posture: slouching ,rounded shoulder, Hunchback
,tilting head forward ,bend knees.
●Poor posture: Shoulder blades excessively back, arching of
the low back ,locked knees, pot belly.

 Assessment and diagnose of postural habit.
 Postural education and training.
 Manual therapy and soft tissue massage.
 Dry needling.
 Postural tapping.
 Electrotherapy.
 Joint mobilization
 Corrective exercise and movements, to include
flexibility, strength and posture.

 A great number of people Suffer from the
negative effects of bad posture and yet do not
change the Factors of their lives which cause
them the problem .
 In today’s Post chartered physiotherapist
discussed postural problem , how they occur
and how they can be resolved.

 Poor posture is defined as When our
spine is Positioned in unnatural
positioned, in which curves are
emphasised and this result in the
Joint, muscles and vertebrae being in
stressful position

Lack of education or
awareness of good Posture
Sedentary Lifestyle
Occupational demand.
Joint stiffness
Decreased fitness
Muscles weakness etc.

Mental attitude
Poor hygienic condition
Prolonged fatigue etc

 Back pain: One of the most commonly
known side effects of poor posture Is
unwanted strain on your upper and lower
back. If you notice pain below the neck and
around your tail bone after a long day at
work , you are likely not sitting up straight.

 An upright spine is not really
straight . You have a few
essential spinal curves which
are one in your:
 Upper to mid back
 Neck
 Lower back
 Bad Posture can distort these
natural curves of your spine,
affecting your whole body and
causing an array of issues

Poor posture also caused
by poor posture, such as
sitting for prolonged
period , can also cause
your blood to stagnate in
your lower extremities
(i.e legs and feet).

Be mindful of your posture
Stay active
Maintain a healthy weight
Wear comfortable, Low heeled –
shoes
Make sure work surfaces are at a
comfortable height.

 Pelvic tilt (PT) is a position-dependent
parameter defined as the angle created by a
line running from the sacral endplate
midpoint to the center of the bifemoral
heads and the vertical axis

Types of pelvic tilt:
It is of 3 types;
 Anterior pelvic tilt (forward tilting)
 Posterior pelvic tilt (backward tilting)
 Lateral pelvic tilt

Anterior Pelvic Tilt
 APT is defined as a forward tilt of the pelvis,
resulting in an increased lordosis of the
lumbar spine and a protrusion of the
abdomen . It can be caused by a variety of
factors, including tight hip flexors, weak
gluteal muscles, and poor postural habits.

Posterior Pelvic Tilt
 It occurs when the Pelvis is tilted backward.
This is often seen at the bottom of a squat
(also known as butt wink) and can result in
excessive flexion of the lumbar spine. Other
causes of Posterior Pelvic Tilt include tight
Hamstrings, and Glutes, and poor hip and
back strength.

Lateral pelvic tilt
 It is characterized by the pelvis shifting side
to side which may contribute to one hip side
being higher than the other. Due to the
constant shifting of the pelvis it becomes
detrimental to the erector spine muscle
group.

Rotation of the pelvis
 The ASIS of one side is thrust forwards.
 Separation of legs in antero-posterior
direction.

 Imaginary Line Method:
 Angle at which an imaginary line drawn
through the symphysis pubis and the lumbo
sacral angle lies in relation to horizontal line
can be measured.
 Normal in standing position; 50 to 60 degree

 By the use of inclinometer:
 One arm of inclinometer is placed over the
symphysis pubis other on the PSIS.
 Normal value: 30 degrees in standing

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