This document provides details about a research study on how Tanzanian media, specifically TBC 1 television, frames crime issues in its reporting. The study was conducted by Mary Kimiti for her bachelor's degree in mass communication from St. Augustine University of Tanzania. The study used interviews and questionnaires to examine how TBC 1 frames different types of crime stories and how this framing can influence public perceptions of crime. The findings showed that TBC 1 employs certain framing practices in its crime reporting due to various influences, including pressure from technical staff. The framing also varies based on the type of crime covered.

1. ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA
Faculty of Social Sciences and Communications
Tanzanian media position in framing crime issues
A case of TBC 1
Research Report on Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Bachelor
Degree of Art in Mass Communication Submitted to the Department of Journalism and
Mass Communication of SAUT
Mary Kimiti
June, 2013

2. Declaration
I, Mary Kimiti, declare that this research is my original work and has not been presented
in any other University for similar award.
Signature: _________________________
Date:_____________________________
___________________________________
Denis Mpagaze (research supervisor)
Date: ______________________________
i

3. Copyright
This research report is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convection Act of
1999 and the other international and national enactments, on that behalf of the intellectual
property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short
extracts in fair dealing, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or
discourse with acknowledgement, without written permission of author or dean of
faculty, head of department, or supervisor of this research on behalf of the author and the
St Augustine University of Tanzania.
ii

4. Dedication
This work is dedicated to my late and lovely parents
iii

5. iv

6. Acknowledgment
First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the gift of life, strength
and wisdom to carry out this research.
Special thanks go to my major supervisor, Mr. Denis Mpagaze, for her patience,
understanding, guidance, and most of all the encouragement he has given me during this
work. May the Almighty God bless you with happy and healthy life all the time. I would
also like to thank all special people to me especially Sr. Immaculate Lekule ,Richard
Rupia, Eva Kimiti ,Paul Nyoni for their advice, encouragement and moral support
Very special thanks go all those people for their love, understanding and financial support
during my undergraduate studies at SAUT. Mentioning you all by names wouldn’t be
possible.
Thank you.
v

7. Abstract
The major objective of this study was to assess the role of Tanzanian media in framing
crime issues. The study was guided by specific objectives; to find out the framing
progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1 and to ascertain how TBC 1’s images
can directly affect the public perception about crime.
The study was guided by framing theory which is an extension of agenda setting theory
by Walter Lippmann and later extended by Maxwell McCombs. The theory states that
media doesn’t tell people what to think rather what to think about.
The researcher used interviews and questionnaires to collect data. The findings show
there are framing practices which are persisting in TBC 1's operations due to various
influences among others, the power of technocrats. The findings also show that not every
crime is framed but rather there are some categorizations according to the type of crime.
vi

8. Contents
Declaration......................................................................................................................................i
Copyright........................................................................................................................................ii
Dedication......................................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................v
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................vi
Contents........................................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................1
Problem setting ..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background of the study.......................................................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the problem....................................................................................................2
1.4 Research objectives .............................................................................................................2
1.4.1 Main Objective...................................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Specific objectives..............................................................................................................2
1.5 Research questions...............................................................................................................2
1.6 Significance of the study.......................................................................................................2
1.7 Limitations of the study........................................................................................................3
1.8 Acronym Definition of key terms..........................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO ...............................................................................................................................4
Literature Review............................................................................................................................4
2.1 Theoretical argument...........................................................................................................4
2.2 Theoretical framework..........................................................................................................6
2.2.1.Framing. Framing theory....................................................................................................6
2.3 Empirical Literature...............................................................................................................7
2.4 Research Gap........................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................10
Research Methodology.................................................................................................................10
3.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................10
3.1 Research design..................................................................................................................10
vii

9. 3.2 Population of the study.......................................................................................................11
3.3 Area of the study.................................................................................................................11
3.4 Sampling technique............................................................................................................11
3.5 Sample size.........................................................................................................................11
3.6 Methods of data collection.................................................................................................11
3.7 Methods of data analysis ...................................................................................................12
CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................................13
Findings.........................................................................................................................................13
4.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................................20
Discussion.....................................................................................................................................20
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................23
REFERENCESReferences ...............................................................................................................25
Appendix One...............................................................................................................................27
Questionnaire for TV audience.....................................................................................................27
viii

10. CHAPTER ONE
Problem setting
1.1 Introduction
This chapter presents background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of
the study research question, significance of the study and limitations of the study and
definition of the terms.
1.2 Background of the study
News and stories about crimes are prominent in all media. While there is an evidence of
the increase of the attention to crime in some parts of the media, overall it has been
fascinating throughout media history. The risk of crime as it is portrayed by most of the
media is both quantitative and qualitatively although the media underplay the current
probabilities of victimization by property crime (Duorkin, 2005).
According to Crime has become one of the few enduring news topic together with
disasters and politics, both academic and public attention focused in media image of
crime.
VictimPolitics. Victim of crime reporting with their families and friends often are found
themselves in the subject of the media coverage, regardless whether they agree to
participate directlyectctly or not and this is against human rights.
1

11. 1.3 Statement of the problem
At the heart of crime reporting there must be an intensive consultation and participation
of audience on what to be viewed and what not to be viewed due to some notable impacts
which are directed to them, somethem. Some advantages of doing so are inclusive inof
production of lesser aggressive contents which would not distort moral values of the
society. Therefore the focus of the present
1.4 Research objectives
1.4.1 Main Objective
To assess Tanzanian media position in framing crime issues
1.4.2 Specific objectives
• To find out the framing progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1
• To ascertain how TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public perception about
crime
1.5 Research questions
• What are the framing progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1?
• How TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public perception about crime?
1.6 Significance of the study
The major significance of this study is to create awareness to the society, government and
media men about crime reporting, chiefly on its practices and effects in the country. The
knowledge from this research will enable lead media practitioners to monitor their
2

12. reportingage values by reducing aggressive and violent contents in their daily reporting
which in larger contexts affects some members in the society negatively.
1.7 Limitations of the study
The study was is limited to one television station that is Tanzania Broadcasting
Corporation (TBC 1) because it wasill be easy to get relevant required information rather
than involving many television stations. also, among other reasons TBC 1 is one among
the prominent television stations which covers different stories including crime news in
comprehensive ways.
1.8 Acronym Definition of key terms
TBC 1- refers to Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation channel.
3

13. CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical argument
The public concern and fear of crime iscrime is influenced by different sources. It was
investigated that most of the public do not have direct contact with serious crimes.
Instead, the public is exposed to crime and criminal justice processes from vicarious
sources of information, such as news media. Newspapers, television and radios are
among the best influential sources used by public to develop opinions about crime and
criminal justice system. (Haines, 2007)
An important challenge to news media is to report on crime about victims without
victirevialimizing themthem. It should be understood that it, is important for as well that
victims who wanted to tell their stories had right respresented with the assurance that they
would still receive fair treatment. Giving victims a chance to feel their stories can help
their recovery (Mc Fadden, 1990)
4

14. Baran (2001) arguesd that most of the crimes are not reported, not recorded, and not
followed through or not able to be proved.
ButProved. But on his side Leon (2002)’s previous research shows that crime stories
compose a plurality of stories in local television news broadcasts, in addition as a public
issue, crime is covered more often than all other public issues combined.
Crime is sensationalized, with important implications for the fear of crime among certain
sections of the population. This fear was heightened by the way in which crime was seen
to be random in nature, with any one and every one a possible target for victimization.
(Rainer, 2005)
Many subsequent studies show that the role of the media to is shapeing the boundaries of
criminality by creating new categories of offence, or by changing perceptions and
sensitivities, leading to fluctuations in apparent crime.
Victims of crime reporting with their families and friends often are found themselves the
subject of media coverage, regardless whether they agree to participate directly.
Frame setting
Frame setting refers to the interaction between media frames and individuals’ prior
knowledge and predispositions. Frames in news may affect learning, interpretation, and
evaluation of issues and events.
Moreover Iyengar (2005) examined the use of episodic (event-based) and thematic
(issue-based) forms of presentation in news production on people’s responsibility
5

15. attribution on each issue. He found that the types of responsibility for crime and terrorism
fell into three categories: individual, punitive and societal responsibilities.
He also argued that opinions and attitudes on crime issues are more vulnerable to the
effects of the news than to political leanings. However, he suggested that an expanded
look at crime stories in local television news would be appropriate, considering the
relatively strong effects of framing in crime stories on national news (Iyengar Ibid, 2005).
2.2 Theoretical framework
2.2.1.Framing. Framing theory
Framing theory was an extension of Agenda setting theory which primarily developed by
Walter Lippmann and later patented by Maxwell McCombs as it states that media doesn’t
tell us what to think but rather what to think about, Howeverabout. However, the framing
theory is more focused. , Baran and Davis (2009) explain that the framing theory
“examines the idea about how people use expectations to make sense of everyday life”.
The basis of framing theory is that the media focuses attention on certain events and then
places them within a field of meaning. This field of meaning can have an effect on
audiencesaudience’s beliefs, attitudes, and behavioursbehaviors by connecting a
particular meaning on interpretation on an issue.
The framing theory refers to not only how audience is influenced and interprets what is
presented to them by the media, but also refers to the media ability to persuade its
audiences to accept one meaning of a concept over another (Ibid,Baran, 2009)
Framing a news story regarding the public issue creates a slant or spin that may affect the
way news consumer understands the issue, as well as the policies they prefer as a remedy.
6

16. Framing is inherently a part of news construction, certain fact exists for each issue or
event reported in the news, and newsmakers must choose which facts to include or
exclude in their reporting.
The researcher appliedy this theory as a building block of the entire study which
established the basis for defining the practices and influences of media in projecting the
composed sets of messages to audience. Theory will guided the researcher to study about
the position of Tanzanian press in framing crime stories.
2.3 Empirical Literature
Media coverage of crime had long been the focus of researchers in the field of mass
communication. The empirical studies of crime news reporting process suggested that the
deterministic implications of hegemonic model require qualification. They did not
overthrow its fundamental implications, however criteria leading to the selection of
particular types of stories and perspective (Greer, 2007)
Gant and Dimmick (2006) asserted that althoughthat although media shaped our
perceptions of reality of crime around us .Such media cratesd reality influencinge people
who express their opinion that crime is the most important problem facing the society.
Broadcast news generally devoted more attention to crime reports than newspapers.
There arewere also variations in the proportion of crime news items between different
markets. Commercial of crime news stories overall than the BBC, although the later
carried more reports about crime in general and criminal justice, crime news was more
frequent than any other category for every medium at each market level (Cumberbatch,
2005).
7

17. Crime news exhibits remarkably similar patterns in studies conducted at many different
times and places. From earliest studies example (Harris 1932) onwards, analyses of news
reports have found that crimes of violence are featured disproportionately compared to
their incidence in official crime statistics. Indeed a general finding has been the lack of
relationship between patterns and trends in crime news and crime statistics.
Crime reporting has been a major issue in the world today .The culture of crime reporting
is an interesting phenomenon. This is supported by (Friedman, 2006) crime and
punishment in America, Crime reporting has risen by 700 percent since 1970, even the
nation’s crime rate has declined by 4 percent during that same period.
In Tanzania the study conducted by “Tanzania Crime News” showed that mostly in
national news crime is reported involving celebrities and world leaders, crime of unusual
nature, trials of crime which challenge the law and set precedents, crime that presents
trends of national concern. The reporters yet do not know the type of crime to be shown
to the audience since when they report about a particular crime, they do not show the
viewer discretion to warn the audience about a particular crime story which may be
harmful to some people like children and old people (Tanzania Crime News, 2010)
2.4 Research Gap
Different research concerning crime reportage in media had tried to look at the negative
side effects of crime reporting such as aggressive behavioursbehaviors. i.e. (Friedman,
2006), “Crime and punishment in America”. Greer (2007) in his research argued that
television networks are essential sources of increasing aggressive behavioursbehaviors to
the audience due to the kind of crime news they showed. But they had failed to show the
8

18. practices of it which led to media people to produce news which had criminology content
with viewer discretion.
Also some studies have indicated that children are the mostly affected group when it
come to crime coverage (Yankey, 2006) while, there are other affected people like old
people and other minor groups. This research will filled out the gap by providing
necessary information about crime reporting on its practices and effects.
9

19. CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction
This chapter discusses included research design, population of study, area of the study,
sampling techniques, sample size, methods of data collection and methods of data
analysis.
3.1 Research design
Research design is defined as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analysis of
the data, aiming to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure
(Kothari, 2004,p.: 31). It is therefore a framework for the data collection and analysis
relating them to the research objectives. The design helps the researcher to get relevant
data to achieve the objective of the study.
The researcher used case study research design, which gaveives the directions and
systematizes the research and concern with qualitative phenomena. relating or involving
quality or kind. The researcher obtained data by studying the general public viewers and
media professionals working in TBC 1. The research design was useful for testing
whether scientific theories and models could were actually work in real world,world; also
it provided more realistic responses than purely statistical survey.
A case study is in depth study of a particular situation rather than a sweeping statistical
survey. It is a method that is used to narrow down a very broad field of research into one
easily researchable topic. (Martyn, 2008)
10

20. 3.2 Population of the study
The targeted population of the study wasis the media professionals who are working at
TBC 1 in Dar-es-salaam and other ordinary viewers of TBC 1 news. A research
population is generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is the moving
focus of a scientific query.
3.3 Area of the study
The study was carried out in Dar es Salaam region where TBC 1 television headquarters
is located. , thisThis is the mediuma which broadcast news and programmes throughout
the country, Itcountry. It also functions as educative and informative tool of Tanzanian
society.
3.4 Sampling technique
The research was conducted using purposive sampling technique because it will helped
her to increase the utility of the findings and it is also it is less costly. Therefore this
sampling waswill be more convenient to the researcher to accomplish the main objective
of the study.
3.5 Sample size
The study included 25 respondents from the total population whereby 20 respondents
were will be the viewers of TBC 1 news programmes and 5 respondents will be thewere
media professionals who are working at TBC 1 Television.
3.6 Methods of data collection
The researcher employed questionnaires and interviews. According to Kothari (2004)
questionnaires and interviews are useful when the research does not take time to be
11

21. conducted when an observation method can be used. Also Cohenel et al (2000)
discourage the use of only one technique as it ownowns distant the reality of what the
researcher is investigating, the study employed two instruments for data for data
collection which are questionnaires and interviews as indicated before..
The researcher used both structured and unstructured questions to the respondents from
which the structured or pre-determined questions provides limited response from the
respondents and some few unstructured questions which gave the freedom to respondents
to give further elaborations about the study.
3.7 Methods of data analysis
The researcher used qualitative and quantitative method in analyzing and interpreting the
information obtained in the field. Both primary and secondary data werewas presented
and analyzed using quantitative method where percentages and tables were was used
effectively, while qualitative method used the elaborations and descriptions of facts.
Moreover data displayed enabled, the researcher to organize and assemble the data to
permit drawing of conclusions and actions. The data collected was be codedwere coded,
decoded and analyzed using percentages and tables.
12

22. CHAPTER FOUR
Findings
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents findings collected through questionnaires and interviews on the
study conducted in Dar es salaamSalaam city. The study aimed at assessing Tanzania
media in framing crime issues with the case of TBC 1. The data have been analyzed and
presented by using objectives of the study which are to assess Tanzanian media position
in framing crime issues, to find out the progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1,
and to ascertain how TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public perception about
crime.
4.1 Demographic characteristics
All tTwenty five questionnaires distributed were filled out and returned to the researcher.
Out of 25 filled out questionnaires, 20 respondents were TBC1 viewers (audience),he
study was conducted using (25) questionnaires which were distributed and returned filled
from respondents whereby (20) were filled by viewers of TBC 1, and the remaining (5)
were given to media experts. This can be illustrated in table 4.1.the following figure:-
Table 4.1 characteristics of respondents
Respondents Male Female
TBC 1Mediamen 3 2
TBC I Viewers 12 8
Total 15 10
Source: Researcher 2012
13

23. 4.2. Findings
Objective One: To find out framing progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1
The respondents under this objective were asked to fill out questionnaires which
magnified the essence of the study as follows;.
4.2 .1. State of crime news framing
Question Measureme
nt
Response Percentage
Are there any attempts
that show framing of
the crime stories?
Yes 19 76%
No 6 24%
Total 25 100%
Source: Field data 2012
The above findings shows that (19) respondents equals to 76% said there are attempts
which show framing of the crime stories while (6) respondents equals to 24% denied that
there are no any attempts that show framing of crime stories. Among the respondents (4)
respondents from TBC 1 corresponding to 16% denied that there is any news framing
element.
4.2.23 Genres which observes framing crime news
Question Measurement Respo
nse
Percentage
In which element of
TBC 1 reports do you
think the crime stories
News stories 15 60%
Documentaries 4 16%
14

24. can be framed?
Interviews 1 4%
Non among mentioned 5 20%
Total 25 100%
Source: Field data 2012
According to findings presented in Table 4.2.2. (15) respondentsRespondents
corresponding to 60% noted that framing can be done in TBC 1’s news stories, (4)
respondents equal to 16% said it can occur in documentaries, (1) noted it can occur in
iInterview and (5) rejected the possibility of news framing in TBC 1’s elements.
4.2.3.4 Influence of framing news
Question Measurement Response Percentage
Among these which
can be a possible
influence behind the
crime news framing
in TBC 1?
Authoritarian
power
10 40%
Self-censorship 8 32%
Ethical
implications
5 20%
All mentioned
factors
2 8%
Total 25 100%
Source: Field data 2012
The Table 4.2.3.figure above illustrates the responses showing possible influences of
news framing from which (10) respondents equals to 40% cited authoritarian power as
the influence behind news framing, (8) respondents the same to 32% mentioned self-
censorship, (5) respondents equals to 20% cited ethical implication and (2) corresponding
to 8% said all mentioned factors can influence news framing.
15

25. Objective two: to ascertain how TBC 1’s images can directly affect the public
perception about crime.
16

26. 4.2.4.5 The public perception over news facts produced by TBC 1
Question Measureme
nt
Respons
e
Percentage
How do you
regularly perceive
news from TBC 1?
Unframed 9 36%
Framed 11 44%
Neutral 5 20%
Total 25 100%
Source: Field data, 2012
The findings revealed that (9) respondents equal to 36% perceive TBC 1’s news as
unframed while (11) respondents equivalent to 44% perceived the station’ news as
framed and (5) respondents equal to 20% perceived TBC 1’s news as neutral.
4.2.5.6 Correlation between TBC 1’s presentations and publics’ experience of crime
Question Measureme
nt
Response Percentage
Does TBC 1 reports
appealing to your
personal experience
of crimes
Yes 13 52%
No 12 48%
Total 25 100%
Source: Field data, 2012
The findings indicated that (13) respondents equal to 52% said TBC 1's presentations are
appealing to their personal experience of crime while (12) respondents the same to 48%
noted that the reports are not appealing to their experience of crime issues.
17

27. 4.2.6.7 Relevance of TBC 1’s crime stories to social groups
Question Measureme
nt
Response Percentage
Does TBC 1’s images
of crime stories
relevant to all groups
Yes 18 72%
No 7 28%
Total 25 100%
Source: Field data, 2012
According to above table (18) respondents equivalent to 72% said the images of crime
stories given by TBC1 are relevant to all groups while (7) respondents equals to 28% said
that the images of crime stories are not relevant to all groups.
4.2.67 Critics for relevance of TBC 1’s images on crime stories
According to Table 4.2.6figure 4.7, 28% of respondents argued that the images of crime
stories are not relevant to all social groups giving out some reasons to defend their claim
as outlined below:-
• The mode of presentation was characterized by unethical practices such as
presenting images showing grief or bloodsheds for example killings of suspects,
accidents,
• Suspects are presented by the station as if they are innocent and not attached to
any crime scandals. For example the framed events of fundraising and social
18

28. responsibility are covering some corrupt leaders as if they are good figures and
hence making us forget about their corrupt nature.
• Most of events are narrated out of the reality, journalists of TBC 1 are regularly
producing delayed crime events and sometimes without pictures. They are usually
on their interpretations rather than freshness of the facts.
19

29. CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents discussions and analysis of the findings which were presented in
the previous chapter based on research specific objectives. Further in this chapter
summary and recommendations will be discussed accordingly.
5.2 Objective one
The first specific objective to be discussed in this study was to find out the framing
progressions of crime stories reported by TBC 1 whereby the findings shows that there
are outstanding news framing in TBC 1 where by 76by 76% affirmed that there are some
20

30. notifications which shows framing practices, while 24% among them 16% were TBC 1's
media men disagreed with the existence of framing in TBC 1. While identifying the
major areas where crime issues are framed 60% cited news programs, 16% mentioned
documentaries 4% interviews and 20% cited nothing among mentioned.
On the influence of crime news framing, 40% of respondents cited authoritarian
influence, 32% self censorship, 20% ethical implications and 8% said all the mentioned
tenets influences crime news framing. Beyond such description the issue of crime news
framing has mentioned for a long time as undisclosed and operated in a highly
confidential manner, but according to responses it seems that some of crime issues are
intentionally framed or misrepresented in order to serve personal interests. Some
researches done in Tanzania indicates that public responses over media messages
concerning corruption is less, and therefore the findings of this study shows that
individuals are aware of framing and priming and therefore such understanding might be
among the factors for less response in crime reports especially corruption scandals.
5.3 Objective two
The second and last specific objective of this study was to ascertain how TBC 1’s images
can directly affect the public perception about crime. The findings presented in previous
chapter indicates that 44% respondents label TBC 1's images as framed, 36% perceived
them as unframed and 20% perceive them as neutral. In other research question the
findings shows that 52% of respondents perceive TBC 1's images as appealing to their
21

31. personal experience while 48% asserted that crime images presented by TBC 1 are not
appealing to their personal experience of crimes. 72% of respondents said TBC 1's
images are relevant to all social groups while 28% said images are not relevant.
Respondents who said that the images are relevant did not give out more attributes of
how relevant are the images but in contrast respondents who rejected that the images are
relevant pointed out that presentations are sometimes characterized by unethical practices
such as presenting images showing grief or bloodsheds likefor example killings of
suspects
, Also they added that suspects are presented by TBC 1 as if they are innocent and not
attached to any crime scandals. For example events of fundraising and social
responsibility are covering some corrupt leaders as if they are good figures and hence
making us forget about their corrupt nature.
In addition to above descriptions the issue of crime news framing has less impact in
changing the way individuals view crimes since individuals are aware of news framing
and the influence behind the framing.
5.4 Summary
The research came out with observations which responded to research questions where as
the responses indicated that crime news faming is progressively conducted in TBC 1's
programs whereby news category was cited as most framed genre than others. All these
wasthese were done with a relatively sensitive awareness of audience.
22

32. However, the influence from authoritative technocrats of TBC 1 has been cited as the
major reason for crime news framing whereas major crime issues which are restructured
before presented were explicitly mentioned as corruption and violence committed by
individuals who are possessing high reputation in the state.
In other dimension, respondents created the paradox on their identification concerning
crime news framing and relevance of respective images. theyThey have asserted that they
know that images are framed but at the same time responded that such images are
relevant to all groups of people. Such assertion reveals the kind of audience who tends to
agree with media messages despites that they have noted some manipulative elements
behind such messages.
Recommendations
Following the findings and analysis of this research, the researcher would like to make
the following recommendations:-
First, because news framing is a core aspect in media operation, crime news framing in
TBC 1 has to observe ethical implication than any influence whether backed by
institutions or individuals. If the goings-on will be tolerated more people will lose trust in
images and reports produced by not only TBC 1 but also entire media in Tanzania.
Second, eExpanding the scope of crime news reporting, Tanzanian media has to expand
the conception of crime news so that to indicate more hidden incidences which are likely
to occur regularly without public awareness.
For example TBC 1 has to report public embezzlement issue as among the hilting crimes
and not like scandalized materials. Bbroadening the scope went hand in hand with
23

33. increasing investigative techniques which might reveal undisclosed crimes information
happening among individuals as well as within private and public institutions.
Third, regulative organs have to become sensitive over extreme framing and priming of
crime images which in greater context they tend to mislead the audience from the truth
and cause chaos, hatred and grief.
Fourth, since TBC is operating in a society which has less response to sensitive issues it
has to frame issues in a way that could stimulate the public-debate on how to combat
crimes at every societal level.
24

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the loss of Critical perspectives’’.Hamdenperspectives’’. Hamden,CT:Shoe, CT: Shoe
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Kothari,R.C, R.C.(. (2004) Research Methodology.MethodsMethodology. Methods and
Technique,India.New, India. New Age International(International (p) Ltd
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36. Appendix One
Questionnaire for TV audience
PLEASE TICK THE ANSWERS OF YOUR CHOICE ([S) AND MENTION OR GIVE SUGGESTION WHERE
APPROPRIATE
1.Sex1. Sex
a)MaleA) Male ( ) b)Female) (Female ( )
2.Education2. Education level
a)PrimaryA) Primary level ( ) b)Secondary) Secondary level ( ) c) c)University) University
level(level ( )
3.Do3. Do you watch news that being reported by TBC1?
a)YA) Y es ( ) b) No ( )
4.Do you understand the concept of crime reported by media?
a)YesA) Yes ( ) b)No) No ( )
5.To5. To what extent does television shows high rated crime stories to the viewrsviewers?
a) Low(Low ( ) b) Average(Average ( ) c)High) (High ( ) d)Highest) Highest ( )
6.Does6. Does crime reported by media affect you in one way or another?
a) Yes ( ) b)No) No ( )
7.Have7. Have you ever been a victim of crime reported by media?
a)YesA) (Yes ( ) b)No) (No ( )
8.Do8. Do you approve of the way TBC1 report crime news?
a)YesA) (Yes ( ) b) b)No) (No ( )
9.By9. By your understanding,whichunderstanding, which group in the society is mostly
victimized with crime reporingreporting by televiosiontelevision?
a) Women ( ) b)Children) (Children ( ) c)Men) (Men ( ) d)Old) Old people(people ( )
Gives reasons to the account;…………………………………………………………………………account …
10.Do. Do you think television’s owners are aware of the kind of crime stories which are being
reported by their stations lead to victimization and effect to the audienceaudience?
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37. a)YesA) (Yes ( ) b) No) (No ( )
Gives reasons to the account;……………………………………………………………………………..account…
28