David McCandless created infographic books to satisfy his thirst for knowledge and share interesting information visualizations with others. The book sampler contains various data visualizations and information designs across many topics created using McCandless's process of gathering data, examining it, and connecting ideas. McCandless hopes readers find some of the graphics in the book rich enough to satisfy their curiosity.
This document provides information about star formation and the life cycles of stars. It explains that stars form from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, and describes the protostar and T Tauri stages before stars reach the main sequence. It outlines the stages stars pass through as they age, such as becoming red giants or white dwarfs, and how some massive stars end as supernovae or neutron stars. Color and temperature correlations for different types of stars are also presented.
Typical stellar evolution proceeds through several stages:
1. Red Giant Branch: Stars expand and cool as hydrogen fuses to helium in a shell around the core.
2. Horizontal Giant Branch: A helium flash occurs, followed by helium fusing to carbon in the core while hydrogen fuses in a shell.
3. Asymptotic Giant Branch: Helium and hydrogen shells alternately fuse heavier elements, causing the star to further expand and cool before ejecting its outer layers as a planetary nebula.
The document discusses different definitions and criteria for classifying objects as planets. Originally, planets referred to objects that appeared to move among the fixed stars. Modern definitions consider physical characteristics like mass, pressure and luminosity sources, as well as orbital attributes. There is no consensus on where to draw the line between planets, brown dwarfs and stars. The International Astronomical Union provisionally defined planets as objects below 13 Jupiter masses that orbit stars, while free-floating objects are sub-brown dwarfs. However, the definition is meant to be gradual and evolve as knowledge improves.
The document discusses astronomy and the scientific study of celestial objects. It provides information on stars, galaxies, and the formation and components of the solar system. Specifically, it notes that astronomy is the study of matter in outer space, including the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies. It also summarizes that the universe started as a single point which exploded outward in the big bang and has been expanding ever since. Finally, it outlines the key parts of the solar system, including the sun, planets, asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.
Low-mass stars spend millions of years as protostars collapsing under gravity before arriving on the main sequence. Massive stars collapse more rapidly, in as little as 10,000 years. Once on the main sequence, a star's lifetime depends on its mass - low-mass stars can spend billions of years fusing hydrogen, while high-mass stars may last only a few million years. Eventually a star exhausts its hydrogen fuel and expands as a red giant, then moves to the horizontal branch fusing helium before becoming an asymptotic giant branch star and ending its life as a planetary nebula or white dwarf.
The universe began approximately 15 billion years ago with the Big Bang, where all matter, energy, and space was concentrated in a single point that suddenly expanded. Over time, hydrogen and helium from this expansion condensed under gravity to form the first stars and galaxies. The universe has continued expanding and cooling ever since. Modern cosmological theories including the Big Bang and Steady State theories attempt to explain the origin and evolution of the known universe.
This document summarizes stellar evolution and the life cycles of stars. It describes how stars are born from nebulae and discusses the stages stars pass through, including their time as main sequence stars fueled by hydrogen fusion. As stars age and exhaust their hydrogen, they evolve into red giants and later planetary nebulae, leaving behind white dwarf cores. More massive stars explode as supernovae, forming neutron stars or black holes. Key concepts covered include nucleosynthesis, variable stars, and the end states of small and massive stars.
This document provides information about star formation and the life cycles of stars. It explains that stars form from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, and describes the protostar and T Tauri stages before stars reach the main sequence. It outlines the stages stars pass through as they age, such as becoming red giants or white dwarfs, and how some massive stars end as supernovae or neutron stars. Color and temperature correlations for different types of stars are also presented.
Typical stellar evolution proceeds through several stages:
1. Red Giant Branch: Stars expand and cool as hydrogen fuses to helium in a shell around the core.
2. Horizontal Giant Branch: A helium flash occurs, followed by helium fusing to carbon in the core while hydrogen fuses in a shell.
3. Asymptotic Giant Branch: Helium and hydrogen shells alternately fuse heavier elements, causing the star to further expand and cool before ejecting its outer layers as a planetary nebula.
The document discusses different definitions and criteria for classifying objects as planets. Originally, planets referred to objects that appeared to move among the fixed stars. Modern definitions consider physical characteristics like mass, pressure and luminosity sources, as well as orbital attributes. There is no consensus on where to draw the line between planets, brown dwarfs and stars. The International Astronomical Union provisionally defined planets as objects below 13 Jupiter masses that orbit stars, while free-floating objects are sub-brown dwarfs. However, the definition is meant to be gradual and evolve as knowledge improves.
The document discusses astronomy and the scientific study of celestial objects. It provides information on stars, galaxies, and the formation and components of the solar system. Specifically, it notes that astronomy is the study of matter in outer space, including the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies. It also summarizes that the universe started as a single point which exploded outward in the big bang and has been expanding ever since. Finally, it outlines the key parts of the solar system, including the sun, planets, asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.
Low-mass stars spend millions of years as protostars collapsing under gravity before arriving on the main sequence. Massive stars collapse more rapidly, in as little as 10,000 years. Once on the main sequence, a star's lifetime depends on its mass - low-mass stars can spend billions of years fusing hydrogen, while high-mass stars may last only a few million years. Eventually a star exhausts its hydrogen fuel and expands as a red giant, then moves to the horizontal branch fusing helium before becoming an asymptotic giant branch star and ending its life as a planetary nebula or white dwarf.
The universe began approximately 15 billion years ago with the Big Bang, where all matter, energy, and space was concentrated in a single point that suddenly expanded. Over time, hydrogen and helium from this expansion condensed under gravity to form the first stars and galaxies. The universe has continued expanding and cooling ever since. Modern cosmological theories including the Big Bang and Steady State theories attempt to explain the origin and evolution of the known universe.
This document summarizes stellar evolution and the life cycles of stars. It describes how stars are born from nebulae and discusses the stages stars pass through, including their time as main sequence stars fueled by hydrogen fusion. As stars age and exhaust their hydrogen, they evolve into red giants and later planetary nebulae, leaving behind white dwarf cores. More massive stars explode as supernovae, forming neutron stars or black holes. Key concepts covered include nucleosynthesis, variable stars, and the end states of small and massive stars.
1. Stellar evolution begins with the fragmentation of massive molecular clouds into smaller masses, each initiating their own star formation process.
2. As clouds collapse under gravity, the gravitational energy is transformed to radiation through molecular hydrogen and dust grains, causing an isothermal collapse. Further collapse becomes adiabatic as stars become opaque.
3. Stars sustain themselves through nuclear fusion, with more massive stars having shorter lifespans than less massive stars due to the greater energy requirements.
4. Stellar remnants include white dwarfs, neutron stars, pulsars, and black holes, depending on the star's original mass.
This document provides an overview of stars and galaxies for middle school students. It begins by discussing our place in the universe and then covers the electromagnetic spectrum, classifying stars, classifying galaxies, and the history of the universe. Key topics include the components of the universe (stars, gas, dust, clusters, nebulae, galaxies), different types of stars and galaxies (spiral, elliptical, irregular), and how stars are born, evolve over time, and die.
Form 3 PMR Science Chapter 9 Stars and GalaxiesSook Yen Wong
Stars are giant balls of hot gases that produce heat and light through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Stars are classified according to attributes like temperature, brightness, chemical composition, size, and density. When stars die, they may leave behind white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. Galaxies contain millions of stars and come in different shapes like spiral and elliptical.
The document discusses the early expansion and formation of the universe according to the Big Bang theory and cosmic inflation theory. It describes how, nearly 14 billion years ago, the universe began as an infinitely small, dense, and hot ball that rapidly expanded and cooled over time, giving rise to space, matter, and energy. It also explains how cosmic inflation theory proposes that the early universe expanded exponentially faster than the speed of light for a fraction of a second, growing trillions of times larger and helping to explain the large-scale structure of the present-day universe.
Stars are giant balls of gas that produce light and heat through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Astronomers can determine properties of stars like temperature, luminosity, and composition by analyzing their spectra. Stars evolve over their lifetimes, with more massive stars having shorter lives and ending as supernovae. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in spiral, elliptical, and irregular shapes. The universe originated in a massive expansion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
Galaxy Forum USA - Galactic matter cyclesILOAHawaii
The document discusses the galactic matter cycle and star formation. It describes how dying stars replenish the interstellar medium with gas and dust, and how massive stars enrich it with heavy elements. Gas and dust in the interstellar medium concentrate under gravity to form dense clouds where stars form. The life cycles of both low-mass and high-mass stars are presented.
A star is a hot ball of mostly hydrogen gas held together by gravity. In the core, nuclear fusion reactions generate energy by converting hydrogen to helium. This process is called stellar evolution. As the star's fuel is depleted, its structure changes. Stars evolve through different stages over their lifetimes, from main sequence stars to red giants or supergiants and eventually ending as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes depending on their original mass.
The document discusses the big bang theory and recent efforts to recreate what it may have sounded like. According to physicist John Cramer, the big bang would have produced a deep hum rather than a bang. He analyzed cosmic microwave background radiation data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe satellite to calculate the frequencies of sound waves in the early universe. Cramer then scaled these frequencies up enormously to make them audible. His recording suggests the sound became more of a bass tone as the universe expanded after the big bang.
The document summarizes the life cycles of stars of different masses, including our Sun. It describes that:
1) The Sun will spend most of its life fusing hydrogen into helium, then expand into a red giant in 5 billion years and shed its outer layers as a planetary nebula.
2) More massive stars live fast and die young, becoming red supergiants or exploding as supernovae after only a few million years.
3) The most massive stars may collapse into neutron stars or black holes.
The document summarizes different types of stars and galaxies. It describes the life cycle of stars from their birth as protostars to their death as white dwarfs or black holes. It also discusses specific types of stars like red dwarfs, yellow stars, blue giants, giant stars, and super giant stars. Finally, it provides descriptions of different categories of galaxies like spiral, lenticular, elliptical, and irregular galaxies.
1. Stars are formed from the collapse of dense pockets of gas and dust within nebulae. As the protostar contracts under gravity, nuclear fusion begins in the core, marking the start of the main sequence phase.
2. During the main sequence, stars fuse hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion, emitting energy. After hydrogen is exhausted, stars evolve into red giants as the core contracts and outer layers expand.
3. The eventual fate of a star depends on its mass. Lower mass stars become white dwarfs, while very massive stars end as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes. Supernovae help astronomers measure distances in the universe.
The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
The document discusses stellar evolution and the life cycles of stars. It explains that:
- The evolution of stars depends on their masses, with smaller stars like our Sun ending as white dwarfs and bigger stars ending as neutron stars or black holes after supernova explosions.
- Material from older stars is recycled through planetary nebulae and supernova remnants to form new stars, making stars the ultimate recyclers in the universe.
Synestia Model explains the origin of the earth and moon as well as planets and other objects
Ribbon in Space around our Solar Syxstem discovered by IBEX – NASA
Will it have an impact on the current solar system and planet formation theory ?
IBEX Ribbon in space is the first indication of boundary layers in space. Boundary layers in space very likely played a major role in planet formations.
Further:
Researchers from the University of Michigan announced today the discovery of tiny amounts of water in the moon rocks brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions were native water, and not water brought by meteors or other objects from space crashing into it. This discovery could in turn invalidate the current theory of how our Moon was formed
Youxue Zhang -
The document discusses the life cycle of stars from their formation to their death. It begins by explaining how stars formed shortly after the Big Bang from clouds of gas and dust called nebulae. Young stars still forming are called protostars. When hydrogen fusion begins, protostars become main sequence stars, which fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores to produce energy. Eventually a star runs out of hydrogen fuel and expands into a red giant. The most massive stars die in supernova explosions, while smaller stars end their lives as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.
A supernova is a massive stellar explosion that could potentially threaten human life on Earth. Our solar system's position in the Milky Way galaxy means that we occasionally pass close to stars that later explode as supernovae, exposing us to lethal cosmic rays. When supernovae occur, they emit huge amounts of very high-energy particles that can cause mutations leading to mass extinctions. Two ways that supernovae can be triggered are: 1) in binary star systems where a white dwarf star accrues matter from a companion star, or 2) at the end of a single large star's lifetime when it runs out of nuclear fuel and collapses. The closer one is to a supernova, the more damage will result from
1) The document provides an introduction to astronomy through a beginners course offered by the Huddersfield Astronomical Society. It discusses basic facts about stars and galaxies, including that our sun is an average star located in one of hundreds of billions of galaxies.
2) Additional information is given about observing astronomical objects in the night sky using the naked eye or binoculars. Common sights include constellations, planets, shooting stars, and man-made satellites. Binoculars allow viewing of nebulae, star clusters, and other galaxies like Andromeda.
3) Frequently asked questions are then answered about stars, galaxies, meteors, comets, and the moon. Key details covered include
The document provides information about the life cycle and evolution of stars from their formation in nebulae to their death. It discusses the various stages stars pass through such as the protostar stage where nuclear fusion begins, the main sequence stage where stars spend most of their lives fusing hydrogen, and later stages where they expand into red giants or explode as supernovae, leaving behind remnants like neutron stars or black holes. The stages discussed include nebula, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, supernova, neutron star, and black hole. Examples and diagrams are provided to illustrate each stage of a star's life.
The document provides an overview of the size and contents of the universe. It begins by explaining that the universe includes all physical matter and energy, from atoms to galaxies. It then notes that the tour will focus on the part of the universe outside Earth. The document goes on to summarize how human understanding of the universe's size has expanded over time, from only a few thousand light years across to immensely larger. It lists some of the key components that make up the universe, such as matter, energy, planets, stars, and more.
1. Stellar evolution begins with the fragmentation of massive molecular clouds into smaller masses, each initiating their own star formation process.
2. As clouds collapse under gravity, the gravitational energy is transformed to radiation through molecular hydrogen and dust grains, causing an isothermal collapse. Further collapse becomes adiabatic as stars become opaque.
3. Stars sustain themselves through nuclear fusion, with more massive stars having shorter lifespans than less massive stars due to the greater energy requirements.
4. Stellar remnants include white dwarfs, neutron stars, pulsars, and black holes, depending on the star's original mass.
This document provides an overview of stars and galaxies for middle school students. It begins by discussing our place in the universe and then covers the electromagnetic spectrum, classifying stars, classifying galaxies, and the history of the universe. Key topics include the components of the universe (stars, gas, dust, clusters, nebulae, galaxies), different types of stars and galaxies (spiral, elliptical, irregular), and how stars are born, evolve over time, and die.
Form 3 PMR Science Chapter 9 Stars and GalaxiesSook Yen Wong
Stars are giant balls of hot gases that produce heat and light through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Stars are classified according to attributes like temperature, brightness, chemical composition, size, and density. When stars die, they may leave behind white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. Galaxies contain millions of stars and come in different shapes like spiral and elliptical.
The document discusses the early expansion and formation of the universe according to the Big Bang theory and cosmic inflation theory. It describes how, nearly 14 billion years ago, the universe began as an infinitely small, dense, and hot ball that rapidly expanded and cooled over time, giving rise to space, matter, and energy. It also explains how cosmic inflation theory proposes that the early universe expanded exponentially faster than the speed of light for a fraction of a second, growing trillions of times larger and helping to explain the large-scale structure of the present-day universe.
Stars are giant balls of gas that produce light and heat through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Astronomers can determine properties of stars like temperature, luminosity, and composition by analyzing their spectra. Stars evolve over their lifetimes, with more massive stars having shorter lives and ending as supernovae. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in spiral, elliptical, and irregular shapes. The universe originated in a massive expansion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
Galaxy Forum USA - Galactic matter cyclesILOAHawaii
The document discusses the galactic matter cycle and star formation. It describes how dying stars replenish the interstellar medium with gas and dust, and how massive stars enrich it with heavy elements. Gas and dust in the interstellar medium concentrate under gravity to form dense clouds where stars form. The life cycles of both low-mass and high-mass stars are presented.
A star is a hot ball of mostly hydrogen gas held together by gravity. In the core, nuclear fusion reactions generate energy by converting hydrogen to helium. This process is called stellar evolution. As the star's fuel is depleted, its structure changes. Stars evolve through different stages over their lifetimes, from main sequence stars to red giants or supergiants and eventually ending as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes depending on their original mass.
The document discusses the big bang theory and recent efforts to recreate what it may have sounded like. According to physicist John Cramer, the big bang would have produced a deep hum rather than a bang. He analyzed cosmic microwave background radiation data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe satellite to calculate the frequencies of sound waves in the early universe. Cramer then scaled these frequencies up enormously to make them audible. His recording suggests the sound became more of a bass tone as the universe expanded after the big bang.
The document summarizes the life cycles of stars of different masses, including our Sun. It describes that:
1) The Sun will spend most of its life fusing hydrogen into helium, then expand into a red giant in 5 billion years and shed its outer layers as a planetary nebula.
2) More massive stars live fast and die young, becoming red supergiants or exploding as supernovae after only a few million years.
3) The most massive stars may collapse into neutron stars or black holes.
The document summarizes different types of stars and galaxies. It describes the life cycle of stars from their birth as protostars to their death as white dwarfs or black holes. It also discusses specific types of stars like red dwarfs, yellow stars, blue giants, giant stars, and super giant stars. Finally, it provides descriptions of different categories of galaxies like spiral, lenticular, elliptical, and irregular galaxies.
1. Stars are formed from the collapse of dense pockets of gas and dust within nebulae. As the protostar contracts under gravity, nuclear fusion begins in the core, marking the start of the main sequence phase.
2. During the main sequence, stars fuse hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion, emitting energy. After hydrogen is exhausted, stars evolve into red giants as the core contracts and outer layers expand.
3. The eventual fate of a star depends on its mass. Lower mass stars become white dwarfs, while very massive stars end as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes. Supernovae help astronomers measure distances in the universe.
The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
The document discusses stellar evolution and the life cycles of stars. It explains that:
- The evolution of stars depends on their masses, with smaller stars like our Sun ending as white dwarfs and bigger stars ending as neutron stars or black holes after supernova explosions.
- Material from older stars is recycled through planetary nebulae and supernova remnants to form new stars, making stars the ultimate recyclers in the universe.
Synestia Model explains the origin of the earth and moon as well as planets and other objects
Ribbon in Space around our Solar Syxstem discovered by IBEX – NASA
Will it have an impact on the current solar system and planet formation theory ?
IBEX Ribbon in space is the first indication of boundary layers in space. Boundary layers in space very likely played a major role in planet formations.
Further:
Researchers from the University of Michigan announced today the discovery of tiny amounts of water in the moon rocks brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions were native water, and not water brought by meteors or other objects from space crashing into it. This discovery could in turn invalidate the current theory of how our Moon was formed
Youxue Zhang -
The document discusses the life cycle of stars from their formation to their death. It begins by explaining how stars formed shortly after the Big Bang from clouds of gas and dust called nebulae. Young stars still forming are called protostars. When hydrogen fusion begins, protostars become main sequence stars, which fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores to produce energy. Eventually a star runs out of hydrogen fuel and expands into a red giant. The most massive stars die in supernova explosions, while smaller stars end their lives as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.
A supernova is a massive stellar explosion that could potentially threaten human life on Earth. Our solar system's position in the Milky Way galaxy means that we occasionally pass close to stars that later explode as supernovae, exposing us to lethal cosmic rays. When supernovae occur, they emit huge amounts of very high-energy particles that can cause mutations leading to mass extinctions. Two ways that supernovae can be triggered are: 1) in binary star systems where a white dwarf star accrues matter from a companion star, or 2) at the end of a single large star's lifetime when it runs out of nuclear fuel and collapses. The closer one is to a supernova, the more damage will result from
1) The document provides an introduction to astronomy through a beginners course offered by the Huddersfield Astronomical Society. It discusses basic facts about stars and galaxies, including that our sun is an average star located in one of hundreds of billions of galaxies.
2) Additional information is given about observing astronomical objects in the night sky using the naked eye or binoculars. Common sights include constellations, planets, shooting stars, and man-made satellites. Binoculars allow viewing of nebulae, star clusters, and other galaxies like Andromeda.
3) Frequently asked questions are then answered about stars, galaxies, meteors, comets, and the moon. Key details covered include
The document provides information about the life cycle and evolution of stars from their formation in nebulae to their death. It discusses the various stages stars pass through such as the protostar stage where nuclear fusion begins, the main sequence stage where stars spend most of their lives fusing hydrogen, and later stages where they expand into red giants or explode as supernovae, leaving behind remnants like neutron stars or black holes. The stages discussed include nebula, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, supernova, neutron star, and black hole. Examples and diagrams are provided to illustrate each stage of a star's life.
The document provides an overview of the size and contents of the universe. It begins by explaining that the universe includes all physical matter and energy, from atoms to galaxies. It then notes that the tour will focus on the part of the universe outside Earth. The document goes on to summarize how human understanding of the universe's size has expanded over time, from only a few thousand light years across to immensely larger. It lists some of the key components that make up the universe, such as matter, energy, planets, stars, and more.
Stars are formed from the collapse of giant clouds of dust and gas in space. As the cloud collapses due to gravity, it heats up and eventually nuclear fusion begins in its core, forming a new star. Stars exist in different colors and sizes depending on their mass, with more massive stars being hotter, brighter, and having shorter lifespans than less massive stars. Eventually a star runs out of hydrogen fuel for fusion in its core, causing it to expand into a red giant and later die, leaving behind a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole depending on its original mass.
Our universe contains many structures, including satellites, planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets, stars, constellations, supernovae, nebulae, dark nebulae, black holes, blazars, quasars, and dark matter. It is largely unknown to us, and we only understand some basic components like satellites that orbit planets, planets that orbit stars, asteroids and meteoroids that orbit within solar systems, and comets that follow elliptical paths. Stars produce their own light, while constellations are groupings of stars, and supernovae are massive exploding stars. Nebulae are clouds of dust and gas where new stars are formed.
The document discusses the major components of the universe including galaxies, stars, planets, comets and asteroids. It describes the formation of the universe through the Big Bang theory and provides details on key astronomical objects like nebulae, supernovae and constellations. Furthermore, it outlines our solar system and important facts about bodies like the sun, Earth and dwarf planets. The document also covers China's plans to develop an artificial moon and sun through nuclear fusion experiments.
The document provides an overview of the universe and some of its key components:
1. The universe originated from the Big Bang around 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since.
2. Galaxies form the basic building blocks of the universe and come in three main types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Our galaxy is the Milky Way galaxy.
3. Stars are born in nebulae and come in different colors, temperatures, and magnitudes depending on their stage of life. When stars die, they may become black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs.
This document discusses different types of galaxies and black holes. It describes how galaxies are made up of stars, gas, and dust that orbit around a common center. Galaxies are classified as elliptical, spiral, or irregular based on their shape and structure. The document also describes three types of black holes: low-mass stellar black holes formed from collapsed stars; supermassive black holes located at the center of galaxies containing millions to billions of solar masses; and intermediate-mass black holes recently discovered. While black holes themselves are invisible, astronomers can detect them by observing their effects on nearby stars and gas through techniques like observing orbital motions and detecting X-ray emissions.
Boosting a Facebook page or post can increase its reach to a business's current audience when adequate fans exist but posts do not normally reach them. To boost a post, select it and click the boost post button to choose target options and payment method before finalizing to help gain more comments, likes and overall engagement from fans.
This document provides instructions for promoting a Facebook page. It notes that promotions allow for better targeting options and more pricing options. It then lists the 5 step process for promoting a page on Facebook: 1) scroll down the left tabs of your page, 2) click the blue "PROMOTE" button, 3) select how you want to promote from the pop-up, 4) click "Promote page", and 5) select your preferences and click "Promote".
This document provides instructions for promoting a Facebook page. It notes that promotions allow for better targeting and more pricing options. It then lists the 5 step process for promoting a page on Facebook: 1) scroll down the left tabs of your page, 2) click the blue "PROMOTE" button, 3) select how you want to promote from the pop-up, 4) click "Promote page", and 5) select your preferences and click "Promote".
Facebook offers several paid advertising options for businesses, including Boosting existing posts to reach more people, Promoting ads created from scratch to target specific audiences in users' news feeds through bidding, and other formats like carousel ads, video ads, and domain ads. The document provides an overview of Boosting and Promoting as the most common advertising methods and points to further reading on the differences between the two.
This document provides 3 alternatives for creating an account on Adverts. The first is to open the Ads Manager from the home screen and click on "Ad" under the "Create" heading. The second is to open the Ads Manager from a page by clicking "Advertising" and then "Create an ad". The third is to go directly to www.facebook.com/ads/manager to access the Ads Manager.
Paid reach methods refer to using paid advertising to attract more people to a business's social media page. It allows businesses to reach a large audience, target specific demographics, and guarantee visibility at a lower cost than other advertising methods. However, paid reach also has drawbacks as people may ignore ads, it requires a sophisticated strategy to be effective, and conversion rates may be low even if done correctly. Overall, paid reach is a useful tool but has pros and cons that require careful usage and consideration.
Organic reach methods aim to improve how content spreads without paid promotion. The document outlines techniques for better organic reach like creating different types of engaging content, targeting specific audiences, posting when users are most active, including links, images, videos, hashtags and tags, and promoting conversations between followers. It also emphasizes that content must be great and promote sharing to improve organic reach through social media marketing.
Organic reach refers to people exposed to social media content through sharing, while paid reach uses ads. The document discusses the difference between organic and paid reach on Facebook and why you should use each. Organic reach builds credibility through great user-generated content and engagement, while paid reach allows targeting ads in a fast, measurable way. Both types of reach are important to increase exposure to more potential customers on social media.
Organic reach on Facebook refers to the number of people who have viewed a page, post, or ad without paid promotion. Reach in general is the total number of people who have seen a page, post, or ad, and can come from both organic and paid sources. Organic reach excludes people reached through paid advertisements and instead focuses only on organic views from people's newsfeeds, shares, and mentions by friends. It provides insight into a page's natural audience reach without spending on promotions.
33 useof hashtags tags check in stoenhancereachMubariz Mahmood
Hashtags, tags, and check-ins are tools on social media that can enhance the reach of posts. Hashtags use the # symbol to create labels and topics that allow posts to be more easily searched. Tags are used to mention specific people or pages in posts so viewers can click to visit their profiles. Check-ins allow users to digitally tag their location so others know where they are. These social media features help more people discover and engage with posts.
This document provides instructions for using pre-designed templates on a Facebook page. It outlines the steps to access the page settings, select a new template, view the details of that template, and apply it to customize the buttons and tabs displayed on the Facebook page. The process involves navigating to the page settings, choosing a new template, previewing its features, and confirming the template change.
31 creating a robust and professional messaging systemMubariz Mahmood
To create a robust messaging system for a Facebook page, go to the page settings, select the messaging option, and configure general and response assistant settings. General settings include options for using return/enter to send messages and prompting visitors to message. Response assistant settings allow configuring automatic replies and greetings to keep conversations ongoing even when away from computer or phone.
To assign or edit roles on a Facebook page, go to the page settings and select "page roles" from the menu. To add a new role, enter the person's name and select their profile before choosing their role type and clicking "add". Existing roles can be edited by clicking "edit" next to the person, selecting the new role type, and clicking "save" to finalize the changes.
This document discusses reviewing advanced settings for a page including page visibility, visitor posting abilities, tagging options, country restrictions, and other page restrictions. Settings cover who can see and interact with the page through posting, tagging, or access based on location.
This document provides instructions for setting up general information, business information, contact details, and story on a Facebook page. It also describes how to access and edit settings for the page by clicking on settings in the page toolbar and selecting options for general settings like page visibility and visitor posts. Saving changes is important after editing any details or settings.
27 creating page on facebook- e.g. clothing businessMubariz Mahmood
To create a Facebook page for a clothing business: click the down arrow button and select "Create Page"; choose local business as the page type; enter the page name, category, contact details and address; then click "Get Started" to finish page creation.
To post on Facebook, type a message into the "what's on your mind?" text box on your homepage and click "Post". You can attach a photo or video by clicking "Photo/Video" and selecting an image, or tag friends by clicking "Tag Friends" and searching for their profile from the dropdown menu.
25 reviewing privacy and other advanced settingsMubariz Mahmood
The document provides instructions for reviewing privacy and other advanced settings on a social media platform. It outlines steps to access the privacy checkup tool, check who can view posts and shared information, and update the privacy of posts, email, date of birth, and about page information to select between friends, public, friends of friends, or only me access levels. It also mentions reviewing any connected apps and completing the privacy checkup.
To create a personal Facebook account, go to facebook.com and click "Create an Account" under the heading, input your name, contact info, birthday, gender and a new password then press "Create Account". Verify the account through email or contact info and the new Facebook account will be successfully created.
Facebook is a social media platform with over 1.4 billion daily active users that allows people to connect with others worldwide and share photos, text, videos and their locations. On Facebook, a user first creates a profile to represent themselves, then builds a friends list of other profiles they can contact and interact with by sharing content or chatting. In addition, users can follow groups and pages about their interests.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
3. PROCESS
VISUALISATION DESIGN MAPPINGART
TYPE
data data
structured
information
linked
knowledge
inter-connected
information knowledge
METAPHOR atoms molecules DNA chromosomes cells organisms
PROCESS mine
gather
measure
examine
recognise
classify
filter
interpret
arrange
connect
sequence
condense
integrate
extrapolate
generate
evaluate
understand
explain
4. 75%10% 1% 10–20%
source: ‘Executing the Will of the Voters’, Alarcón & Mitchell (2010)source: NASA, Google Maps
source: UK Office of National Statistics, 2011–12. Warning: small sample sizesources: The Lancet, Sheridan et al (2013), Yang et al (2007)
source: private study by Caddington School of 232 children, 5-8 years old
source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Data (2010)
sources: World Health Organisation, Institute of Food Research, Campbell et al (2012)
Birth-defect chances
Risky business
Child Killers
Main causes of death
Child Murderers
Who does it?
Times Tables Times
Error rate
DeathRowsTotal cost of death penalty for California 1978–2010Big Country
PasstheSaltSalt
Sodium
Cost per
executionExecutions
bodyneeds gramsperday
grams
1teaspoon worldwideaverageintake
Disease
Suicide
Homicide
Accidents
Parent/step-parent
Unknown
Stranger
Friend/other
relative
Processed foodUnprocessed food Tap water Added at the table
$1,020m
Incarceration costs
$1,940m
Death-penalty trials
$925m
State appeals
$156mFederal appeals
Antarctica theMoon
World Health Organisation
intake target for 2025
Most governments’
current daily guideline
Avg bag
of crisps
2
0.8
5
2
6
2.4
10
4
13 $310m
82
12 1
3
1
60%10%
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
9
11
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1110 12
15
23
260
Simple
Firstcousins
Distantblood
relatives
Motherover34
Unrelated
Fatherover50
Fatherover40
PARENTS RISK ODDS
1 IN XX
CUMULATIVERISK
Olderfirstcousins
(he51,she38)
16
19
27
412.4%
382.8%
362.6%
3.7%
5.3%
6.1%
11.4% 9
data:bit.ly/KIB_Simple1
5. Over 1–10,000
million times
bigger than a
normal black hole.
Even bigger – a
mere 10–40,000
million times bigger
than your average
black hole.
Microscopic star
residing at the
centre of a black
hole.
A gravitational
vacuum star –
a theoretical
alternative to
black holes.
Ultra-dense object
formed when a
massive star
gravitationally
collapses on itself.
I can’t explain
this one. It’s far too
complicated for
this little box.
Young star
inside a gas-
dust envelope.
Complex quantum
effects turn light
into iron inside this
object, creating
a metal star.
Small, ultra-dense
star with gigantic
magnetic field
spinning 100’s of
times per second.
A massive stellar
explosion that
has not destroyed
its parent sun.
Highly magnetic
neutron star
emitting pulsed
beams of light like
a lighthouse.
Small, compact
star made of
theoretical
particles.
Giant star with a
second object, a
neutron star, at its
core.
Massive, very
bright old stars
shedding massive
layers of their
mass.
Brightness
appears to flicker
& fluctuate as
seen from Earth.
Type of flickering
star with very
unpredictable &
dramatic increases
in brightness.
Unknown object
emitting large,
irregular bursts of
gamma radiation
& X-rays.
Stars unusually
high in metals
such as mercury &
manganese.
Bright & on its way
to becoming a
supergiant. Rich in
metals & often
with planets.
Very rare stellar
entity, with almost
no hydrogen, the
most common
element.
Large hydrogen-
fusing star a few
hundred times the
radius of the Sun.
Theoretical object
that may have
existed in the early
universe before
normal stars formed.
An alternative
& more stable
object than a
traditional
black hole.
Very compact
quasar shooting
two massive jets
of energy from
its poles.
A very small
quasar only a few
times bigger than
the Sun.
Very energetic
& active nucleus
of a galaxy – the
brightest objects
in the universe.
Slightly mysterious
stars that don’t
follow the usual
curve of star
evolution.
Somewhere in
between giants &
supergiants, very
bright but not
overly massive.
Two stars, a white
dwarf & a very
close ‘donor’ star
that feeds the
host dwarf star.
Rapidly spinning
collapsed core of
a massive star,
dense & made
mostly of neutrons.
Black-hole
replacement
made from vacuum
or maybe dark
energy.
Massive neutron
star so dense that
the neutrons break
down into ‘strange
matter’.
Biggest & brightest
of stars. Massive,
hot & destined to
explode into
supernovae.
Group of a few
thousand stars
of the same age,
formed from the
same cloud.
Spherical group
of stars orbiting
in the outer halo
of a galaxy.
Common version,
featuring a central
bar-shaped
structure made
of stars.
Stars in the
hydrogen-burning
main phase of their
life. Often called
dwarves.
When a white
dwarf sufficiently
cools & no longer
emits heat or light.
A star in
mid-explosion,
forming a
bubble-like
shockwave.
A small dwarf star
sucking material
from a giant star,
causing flares &
belches.
Massively
high-energy stellar
explosion. May
create deadly
gamma-ray bursts.
Exploding star,
often briefly
outshining the
brightness of a
entire galaxy.
Explosion caused
by the collossal
merging of two
stars.
Old, thin galaxies
with both a bulge
& a disk, but only
very vague spiral
arms.
Oval masses of
old stars without
discs & with
little new star
formation.
Unimaginably huge
collections
of thousands of
galaxies bound
together.
Short-lived but
incredibly bright
& massive stars,
shedding huge
amounts of mass.
A proto-star about
100 million years
into its growth,
before it becomes
a full star.
Dense dark cloud
of cosmic dust &
gas-like cocoons
where stars can
be born.
Large interstellar
cloud & often
stellar nurseries
where stars are
birthed.
Very large &
unstable star
prone to dramatic
energetic outbursts.
Billions of stars
collected in a flat,
rotating disc with
a distinctive central
‘bulge’.
A glowing shell
of electrified gas
expanding from
a dying star.
A contraction in
a molecular cloud
that precedes the
birth of a star.
A glowing shell of
electrified gas
generated as a
star runs out of
nuclear fuel.
Very massive
unknown type
of star at the
end of its life.
Lacks the bulk to
trigger reactions
necessary to shine.
Often a companion
to a larger star.
A star in an early
stage of evolution.
The burnt-out
remains of a star
once it’s used up
all its hydrogen.
Gravastar
Supermassive
Black Hole
Ultramassive
Black Hole
Planck Star
Stellar
Black Hole
Electroweak star
Herbig
Ae/Be Star
Iron Star
Magnetar Supernova
Imposter
Thorne–Żytkow
Object
Preon Star
Pulsar
Wolf–Rayet
Star
Pulsating /
Variable Star
Flare Star
Soft Gamma
Repeater
Peculiar Star
Sub Giant
Extreme
Helium Star
Giant Dark Star
(Newtonian)
Dark Star
(Dark Matter)
Blazar
Micro Quasar
Quasar
Blue StragglerBright Giants Cataclysmic
Variable Star
Quark Star
Neutron Star
Dark
Energy Star
Supergiant
Open Star
Cluster
Globular
Cluster
Barred
Spiral Galaxy
Main
Sequence Star
Black Dwarf
Supernova
Remnant
Dwarf Nova
HypernovaSupernova
Luminous
Red/Blue Nova
Lenticular
Galaxy
Elliptical
Galaxy
Galactic
Cluster
Hyper Giant
T. Tauri Bok Globule
Molecular Cloud
or H2 Region
Luminous
Blue Variable
Spiral Galaxy
Planetary
Nebula
ProtostarProtoplanetary
Nebula
Compact Star
Brown DwarfYoung
Stellar Object
White
Dwarf
‘Exotic’Star
Explodingobject(nova)
BlackHole-typeobject
CloudGalaxyobject
Star
THEORETICALCOMMON RARE
SMALL
MASSIVE
TheStellarNursery
sources:NASA,Space.com,Wikipedia
data:bit.ly/KIB_Stellar
7. tongue on
roof of mouth
no ‘no thoughts’
the goal of meditation is
not to empty the mind, but
to observe the present
moment non-judgementally.
chill man
meditating is acknowledging
and observing whatever
happens – pleasant or
unpleasant – in a relaxed way.
open
this gives insight into how
the mind really works,
reducing attachment,
letting us relax more deeply…
microscope
…transforming the mind
and using it as a device
to explore itself and the
nature of reality.
TheGist
breathe naturally
through the nose
straight
spine
SIT
relaxed but erect comfortable
eyes closed / 10% open
imagine a string lightly
pulling up your head
tuck chin
chest up and out
shoulders relaxed,
dropped and back
GoodPosture
belly out,
pelvis forward
mentally alert,
still
knees lower
than hips
hands resting
on knees
AlsoGood
CommonHindrances
restless flightiness of
mind, creating excitement
or anxiety
drifting
random mental phenomena
like radio interference
stray thoughts
over-focussing or trying to
control restricts & tightens
the mind
trying too hardsinking
fading of concentration,
dullness, sleepiness
laziness
putting meditation
off until later
QualitiesofMindDevelopedinelementalEasternterms
agile
light,quick-witted
tranquil
calm,still
clear
sharp,perceptive
pliant
receptive,flexible
open
spacious,empty
steady
concentrated,centred
warm
tolerant,positive
confident
self-assured,proficient
upright
straightforward,direct
malleable
strong,workable
space air fire water earth
Meditation
sources:BuddhisteLibrary,‘Meditation’(WindHorse,1999)
8. BODY BREATH MINDMANTRAHEART
objectof
concentration
15
30
45
60
1
2
--- ---
---
------
------ ------ ---
---
zen
Countingyourbreaths(1forinhalation,
2forexhalation)upto10.Ifyourmind
wanders,gentlygobackto1.
Justsitlikethis.
Zen Buddhism
zazen, ‘just sitting’
alternatebreath
Block rightnostril withknuckle.Take4
slow,evenbreathsthroughleftnostril.
Repeatonotherside.
Kundalini Yoga
microcosmicorbit
Usethebreathtocirculateenergy
throughanoval‘microcosmic’orbit.
Startatthethroat,endattheforehead.
Taoism
transcendental
Silently,repeatagiven,single,
rhythmicalsound-phrase(mantra)
overandoveragain.
Many
TM
eating
Taketwentyminutes toeat 3
raisins.Savour everydetail: thelook,
theanticipation,thechew,thetaste,
theswallow.
analytical
Sit with a deep question in your mind.
‘Whoam I?’is a good one.Explorewhois
thinking,hearing,seeing,wondering.
What happens in theimmediatemoment
as you ask this question?
Dzogchen (Tibtean Buddhism)
rushen, self-inquiry
mantra
Chant a single,rhythmical sound-phrase
(mantra) over and over again.
Examples: ‘Haum Mani-Padme-Om’,
‘Sa-Ta-Na-Ma’,‘SabbeSatta SukhiHontu’,
‘SoHum’(I am),‘Sat Chit Ananda’.
Many
sensingloop
Feel intothesensations in your right foot
and then work up around each segment
of your body– lower leg,knee,thigh,hip,
hand,arm,shoulder – in a loop.
Sufism
body scan, body contemplation
three-partbreath
Firstfilltheabdomen with air,then
expandthechest,then liftribsandcollar
bone.Exhalein reverse.
Yoga
long deep
belly
Justfocusonthesensationofthe
breathinthebellyasitrisesandfalls.
Many
kath, hara, tan t'ien
breathoffire
Rapidrhythmicbreathsthroughthenose.
Exhaleexplosivelybycontractinganus,
inhalebyrelaxingabdominalmuscles.
Kundalini Yoga Yoga
agni pran
circularbreathing
Inhalefromthebaseofyourspineup
tothebaseofyourneck.Exhaledown
thebackofyourspine.
segmentedbreathing2
Focus on your browpoint.
Make4 inhalesniffs,hold for a few
seconds,exhalein 4 sniffs.Repeat.
Kundalini Yoga
segmentedbreathing1
Mouth in an ‘o’shape.Make8 small
inhalations (sniffs) through thenoseto
form onebreath.Exhalepowerfullyand
deeplyin onego.Repeat.
Kundalini Yoga
balancing
Inhaledeeplythrough thenose.
Hold breath for 15 seconds.
Exhalecompletelythrough thenose.
Hold breath for 15 seconds.Repeat.
Kundalini Yoga
meditationname
Simple,condensedinstructions
onhowtopractisethetechnique
tradition of origin
alternative name
lovingkindnessforself
Acknowledgewhatever you'refeeling.
Playfullyextend loving kindness to
yourself bysilentlyexpressing feelings
like: ‘MayI behappy/ healthy/ loved’
etc.Maintain this flowof intention.
Buddhism
metta bhavana, cultivation of love
concentration
Holdattention on aprimaryobject,
usuallyyourbreath.Mentallynotethe
upwardmovementofyourabdomenas
‘rising’,downwardas‘falling’.That’sit!
Many
focussed attention
silentgratitude
Imaginethefaceof someoneyou feel
grateful toin great detail and silently
thank them.Repeat for 4–5 people.
Buddhism
visualisation
lovingkindnessforothers
Picturesomeoneyou respect and love.
Send a stream of metta (loving kindness)
towards them using silent,suitablewords.
If a feeling of happiness arises,absorb
yourself intoit.
Buddhism
metta bhavana
attending
Concentratewhilecarefullynaming
thoughts,sensationsandothermental
processesanddistractions.
BuddhismBuddhism
open monitoring
walking
Feel everysensation in your feet whileslow
walking – contact,rolling,lifting etc.
Add attending and nameeverydistraction.
Add ‘loving kindness’and extend mettato
everyonewhoappears in your view.
Buddhism
mindfulness
Watchyourthoughts,letthemcome
andgo,withoutreacting,judging
orholdingon.
open monitoring
recommended
practice time
TypesofMeditation
sources:BuddhisteLibrary.org,BerzinArchives.com
9. heka6w2
jordan23
password
letmein
enter
testing
tester
test
pass
access
gateway welcome
helpme
passw0rd
fishing
dallas
yankees
golfer
nascar
steelers
tennis
lakers
yamaha
rangers
raiders
redsox
arsenal
golf
redskins
gunner
braves
yankee
runner
bronco
broncos
cricket
racing
redwings
celtic
soccerhockey
baseball football
cowboys
eagles
giants
packers
united
birdie
boston
hotdog
cheese
cookie peanut
butter muffin
apples cocacola
fire
beer
apple
pumpkincherry
pepper
coffee
banana
biteme
freedom
whatever
badboy sexsex
butthead
booger
horny
sucker
stupid
trustno1
test123
abc123
hello
asdfghaaaaaa
asdf
zxcvbnmqazwsx
qwertyui
zzzzzz
asdfasdf
little
qwert
xxxx
qwerty
zxcvbn
xxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
123abc
red123
123123666666
1111
121212
131313
11111111
7777777
987654
2112
1212
7777
232323
555555
2222
4444
69696969
11111
123321
999999
1313
87654321
333333
888888
12345
696969
2000
1234567
6969
123456789
654321
123456
12345678
1234
111111
112233
8675309
5150222222
777777
88888888
thx1138
bond007
rush2112
ou812
ncc1701
starwars
computer
merlin
matrix
snoopyboomer
internetdiablo
gandalf
startrek
voyager
topgun
saturn
onlinedexter
trinity
digitalbeatles
fantasy
genesis
college
compaq wizard
rosebud
dragon
jasmine
joshua maggie
william
thomas
ashley
amanda nicoleheather taylor
austin
matthew
martin
chelsea
patrick
richardanthony
bailey
jackson
morgan
mickey
justin
samantha
joseph
scooby
charles
junior mikebrandy
miller
brandon stevenjohn
chris
chicago
barney edwardbigdaddy johnson
chester
londonhannah
rachel
oliver
mother victoriajasperdavid
crystal
jack
shannonmurphy
prince
cameron madison wilson
carlos willieangela lauren
tiffany
dennis
liverpoo
jackie sophie
danielle
peaches
buddy freddy
alexis xaviercalvin
samson
alex walterbeavis
peter
bonnie
jonathan
skippy
sydneyscottgordon
travis
steve
rebecca
bill parkerarthur
donald williams
dave
august sammybrian paul
mark
frank
billy
garfield willow
carter
albert
america
jessiehouse
nissan
marvin
kevin walkerchristin
decemberbenjamin
therockbrooklyn
teresagregory
teens
michigan
stellacartman einstein kelly
nelson
nirvanalouise
mexico
ford
gibson
marcuscassie natashaalexande jester
michaeljennifer
jordan
superman
tigger
robert
batman george
charlie
andrew
michellejessicadaniel
smokey
dakotaandrea
melissa
johnny
james
toyotajason
sierra winstondebbie
newyorkjeremy
casperbubba
sandra
cooper driver tucker
maxwell
monicafredcanada
nathan
victor
florida nicholas
doctor
jake
shelby
sharon
godzilla
falcon
tigers
spiderrabbit tiger
panther
turtle
fishdolphins
dolphin
beaver
scorpionanimal
elephant wolf
donkey
buffalo
eagle
monkey
chickenbulldog
gators
jaguar tomcat
sexy
thunder
hammercorvette
sparkycowboycamaro
guitar
scooter
porsche
maverick
moneyiceman
monster
mercedes
fender marine
wintermidnightmarlboro
winner
captain maddog
rocket
warriormember
voodoo
apollo powerjackass
flyers legendblazer viper
bigboy
privatelifehack
phantom rock
cool
platinum
copper
freechevy surfer
airborne
action
adidas
explorer
police
magnum nothing
speedy vampire
playboy
snowball
sniperhotrod
reddog
mustang shadow
master
harley
hunter
ranger
buster
killer
black knighthardcore player
mountainbear
metallic
troublesuccess
guinness
bigdog phoenix
ferrari
theman
slayer
eagle1
viking
king
silver
orange
ginger summer
princess
diamond
yellow
secretiloveyou purple
panties
blue
angel golden iwantu
angels girls
flower
forever
green
magic
rainbow
scorpio
star
doggie heaven
baby
kitten
super white
sweet
dreams
kitty
girl
chance
love
sunshine
please
booboo
lovers
lucky
happy
gemini lover
pookie
THEMES
FREQUENCY
RANK
A Z 90
10
1ST
50
100
250
500
6%
PASSWORD/ACCESS SIMPLE ALPHANUMERICANIMAL SPORTNERDY/POPFOODCOOL/MACHO NAME REBELLIOUS/RUDEFLUFFY TRULY RANDOM
textsize= password strength
Top 500 Passwords Is yours here?
sources:variousdatabreaches,Xato.net,TroyHunt.com
data:bit.ly/KIB_Passwords
10. rulebyasmallgroup
ofelites
APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA,
USA (arguably)
rulebyasmallminority
ofrichcitizens
CITY OF LONDON
corruptruleby‘thieves’for
personalpower&wealth
RUSSIA (arguably)
USA (arguably)
rulebypowerful
druglords
GUINEA-BISSAU,
MEXICO (arguably)
rulebycorporations
orcorporateinterests
EAST INDIA COMPANY,
USA (arguably)
unquestionedrulebyunelected,
power,unboundbyconstitution
SAUDI ARABIA
rulebyEmir
(adynasticMuslimleader)
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
nopubliclyenforcedpower
TWITTER,
FRENCH REVOLUTION
rulebywomen
ELEPHANTS, BEES, ALIENS
rulebygroupreasoning
QUAKERS
rulebydisorganised
individuals
THE INTERNET
powerheldaccordingto
meritorability
CONFUCIANISM
OLIGARCHY CORPORATOCRACY
ANARCHY MATRIARCHY
MONARCHY EMIRATE
rulebySultan
(anArabianking)
BRUNEI
SULTANATE
rulebyCaliph(supremeIslamic
political&spiritualleader)
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
CALIPHATE
rulerboundbyconstitution,
oftenjustafigurehead
UNITED KINGDOM
CONSTITUTIONAL
SOCIOCRACY ADHOCRACY MERITOCRACY
DIRECT
peoplevote&decide
oneverything
SWITZERLAND
peopleelectrepresentatives
whovote&decideoneverything
MOST DEMOCRACIES
nocentralplanning,
usuallyviatechnology
THE INTERNET
broaderparticipation,suchas
consensusdecision-making
OCCUPY MOVEMENT
REPRESENTATIVE EMERGENT PARTICIPATORYDEMOCRACY
rulebythepeople
KLEPTOCRACY NARCOCRACYPLUTOCRACY
$
high-levelbureaucracy
mediatedbysoftware
WIKIPEDIA
WIKICRACY
rulerboundbyconstitution,
oftenjustafigurehead
UNITED KINGDOM
PARLIAMENTARY
rulebyelectedpresident
viaanelectedexecutive
USA (arguably)
REPUBLIC
importantdecisionsmade
by(non-elected)technicalofficials
most technical government
institutions
BUREAUCRACY
de-factorulebytechnical
experts(usuallyscientists)
THE EU, GOOGLE
TECHNOCRACY
rulebyasmall,unelected,
privilegedrulingclass
PRE-REVOLUTION FRANCE
absolute(usuallyabusive)rule
byasinglepersonorparty
LATIN AMERICAN
DICATORSHIPS
ARISTOCRACYAUTOCRACY
rulebyspiritualleaderor
God-givenspiritualsystem
VATICAN CITY, IRAN
TIBET (PRE-CHINESE RULE)
THEOCRACY
powerbetweenwarringelites
(halfwayautocracy&democracy)
ZIMBABWE, KENYA
ANOCRACY
constitutionalrule
bymilitarypower
MYANMAR
STRATOCRACY
PoliticalPowerSources
sources:Wikipedia,BBCHistory
data:bit.ly/KIB_RulingCasts
11. married happy-go-lucky outdoors-loving sex-mad hippy party-girl in senior management with a catRECIPE
YEARS-10 -5 +10+5 +15 +20
Strength of science
Suggestive
Good
Strong
7 hours ideal, but no
more than 8 hours a
night. Less sleep is
better than 8 hours+
Women with highest levels
of cynical hostility are 16%
more likely to die earlierManagers & those
with more professional
responsibility live longer
than those with more
‘routine’ work
Seen 10–20% lifespan boost
in rats & monkeys…not yet
proved in humans
Men who spend a lot
of time with women in
their formative years Those drinking a little a day
(less than 2 units) do better
than complete abstainers
Shoot for 350 a year!
Loneliness equivalent
to smoking 15 cigarettes
a day
Cat owners are 30%
less likely to have a
heart attack, especially
in the elderly
Obviously, combine
diet & exercise
Mediterranean- &
Japanese-style diets
150+ mins brisk walking
per week
When aged 30–49 years
No matter how much
you exercise, sitting
too much raises your
risk of death
25 years shorter
life expectancy
Men with more
than one wife live
12% longer
Poorer people die 5–10
years earlier than their
privileged peers
10 years gained if you quit
age 25; 5 years gained if
you quit between 45–59
If your siblings are
long-lived, you
probably will be too
Includes reliability,
non-impulsivity &
being neat & orderly
Live in a city
Sleep too much
Be optimistic
Get promoted
Eat less food
Have a long-lived maternal grandfather
Hang out with women – a lot!
Drink a little alcohol
Live at a high altitude
Exercise more
More pets
Have a long-lived sibling
QuitKeep smoking
Be alcoholic
Suffer severe mental illness
Be conscientious
Avoid cancer
Have more orgasms
And a little red wine
With close friends
Live in the country
Be polygamous, maybe
Sit down
Eat red meat
Get health checks
Get married!
Live healthily
Be rich
Be a woman
Become obese
male / female
specific
Avoid heart disease
Go to church regularly
Eat healthy
LiveLong…
What will really extend your life?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
-5%
RISK
Lowest Low Medium High Highest Crazy
Inflation (USA)
Average return
(most investors)
0
Cash
Actual loss
due to inflation-2.3
TIME SPAN
US gov bonds
(2013)1.7
Australian
gov bonds 3.2
Brazilian
gov bonds 9.5
Greek gov bonds
(2013)16.5
3.6 Fixed income
Chinese
gov bonds4.5
Corporate
bonds7.7
Investment
grade bonds4.6
7.2 US gov bonds
(average)
‘High-yield’
bonds9.8
Short-term treasury (1 yr)0.2
Bank savings
account2.8
Actual loss
in real terms
(due to inflation)
-2.2
Liquid capital-2.8
25
Actual loss
in real terms-3.7
1.8
Bank current
account
(on paper)
UK shares-0.7
US shares 8.5
Hedge
funds
Becoming a
shareholder
of a bank
9.4
Apple stock
1984–2013
20
US stock
market 7.8
US property0.0
New York
State property 1.6
US house
market 2.7
London property
(2013)6.1
UK property
(2000s)8.2
Shanghai
property12.4
US house prices (1990s)3.5
China property 3.9
US house prices (2000s)4.1
California house
prices 2013 19
UK property (1990s)3.0
Private equity15
International
equity5.0
Global
private equity 11.0
Gold8.4
Venture capital20
High yield
equity portfolio6.3
Emerging
markets
9.2
Domestic equity
11.3
Small caps11.6
Flexible
capital12.7
Large-cap
growth21short
(~1 year)
long
(~10)
medium
(~5)
longer
(10+)
Bonds Stocks OthersProperty
…andProsper
Average annualised % return
sources:Forbes,TradingEconomics.com,TheEconomist.Yahoo!Finance,USAToday
data:bit.ly/KIB_Gambling
sources:BritishMedicalJournal,PLOSMedicine,NewScientist
data:bit.ly/KIB_LiveLong