The document discusses the early expansion and formation of the universe according to the Big Bang theory and cosmic inflation theory. It describes how, nearly 14 billion years ago, the universe began as an infinitely small, dense, and hot ball that rapidly expanded and cooled over time, giving rise to space, matter, and energy. It also explains how cosmic inflation theory proposes that the early universe expanded exponentially faster than the speed of light for a fraction of a second, growing trillions of times larger and helping to explain the large-scale structure of the present-day universe.
Afm Deep Sky Divas- Galileo Nights 10-24-09Astronomy.FM
The document summarizes the Galileo spacecraft mission and its discoveries. It discusses (1) Galileo's launch and trajectory to Jupiter, (2) its exploration of asteroids, comet impacts and Jupiter's moons, and (3) the images it captured of Jupiter's atmosphere, lightning, auroras and rings. The mission helped validate Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system and greatly expanded human knowledge of the Jovian system.
The document summarizes several major developments in space exploration from the past year, including Ireland's first space mission called Cumar, Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko's year-long mission aboard the International Space Station, Hubble Telescope turning 25 years old, MESSENGER spacecraft's final images of Mercury before crashing into it, discoveries of potential planets beyond Pluto and water on Mars and Saturn's moon Enceladus, Earth-like exoplanet Kepler-452b found, New Horizons spacecraft's flyby of Pluto and observations of its moons, and Philae lander's touchdown on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko as part of the Rosetta mission.
This document provides an overview of exoplanets and their discovery. It discusses how the first exoplanet was discovered in 1995 using the radial velocity method by detecting wobbles in a star's movement. The Kepler Space Telescope, launched in 2009, significantly advanced exoplanet discovery through the transit method of detecting dips in starlight as planets pass in front. To date over 3,000 exoplanets have been confirmed across the galaxy, with an estimated trillion planets in the Milky Way alone, showing that small, Earth-sized planets are very common. Current telescopes continue working to find and characterize more exoplanets and their atmospheres.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory - 2012 Annual reportJon Nelson
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center located in Pasadena, California, United States.
JPL is managed by the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of robotic planetary spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's Deep Space Network.
Among the laboratory's current major active projects are the Mars Science Laboratory mission (which includes the Curiosity rover), the Cassini–Huygens mission orbiting Saturn, the Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Dawn mission to the dwarf planet Ceres and asteroid Vesta, the Juno spacecraft en route to Jupiter, the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission to the Moon, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) X-ray telescope, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.
In 1995, two Swiss astronomers became the first to detect a planet in orbit around a far off star similar to our Sun. Since then, more than 400 of these worlds, called exoplanets, have been found. With the discoveries come hopes for finding life outside our solar system.
Stephane Udry, an astrophysicist from the University of Geneva, is part of a team leading the search for exoplanets. In 2007, he was among scientists to discover a celestial body within the “habitable zone” of its solar system in orbit around a red dwarf star called Gliese 581, some 20 light-years away near the constellation Libra. Being in the habitable zone means that any water on its surface could exist in liquid form as it does here on Earth. Could life flourish there, too?
On Sunday, February 28, 2010, Professor Udry invites the swissnex San Francisco audience to join him for an enlightening journey into the questions and methodology behind his work. He’ll explain how astronomers go about searching for exoplanets, how they now view planet formation, and what new findings mean for the future and for the search for life beyond Earth.
NASA has a long legacy of space exploration including landing rovers on Mars, exploring planets like Jupiter and Saturn, and landing humans on the Moon. Some of NASA's most notable missions include Pioneer 10/11 which were the first to visit Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1/2 which made flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, and WMAP which provided a more precise estimate of the age and composition of the universe. Other landmark missions include Spirit and Opportunity on Mars, Cassini-Huygens at Saturn, Chandra observing the universe in X-rays, Viking as the first successful Mars lander, and Hubble which has changed our understanding of the cosmos through its iconic images.
1) NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter captured a unique view of Earth from its position orbiting the moon in December 2015.
2) The best space photos of 2015 included images of the Milky Way galaxy, nebulae, galaxies, planets, and astronomical phenomena taken by NASA, ESA, and amateur astronomers.
3) Many of the photos showed new details of astronomical objects observed by probes like New Horizons, Hubble Space Telescope, and Mars rovers.
New Horizons is a NASA spacecraft that was launched in 2006 as part of the New Frontiers program. It performed a flyby of Pluto in 2015, capturing the first close-up images of the dwarf planet. After completing its Pluto flyby, New Horizons maneuvered for a 2019 flyby of Kuiper belt object 2014 MU69, becoming the first mission to explore the Kuiper belt. The spacecraft continues to send back new data about its encounters, helping scientists learn more about the formation and geology of planetary bodies in the outer solar system.
Afm Deep Sky Divas- Galileo Nights 10-24-09Astronomy.FM
The document summarizes the Galileo spacecraft mission and its discoveries. It discusses (1) Galileo's launch and trajectory to Jupiter, (2) its exploration of asteroids, comet impacts and Jupiter's moons, and (3) the images it captured of Jupiter's atmosphere, lightning, auroras and rings. The mission helped validate Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system and greatly expanded human knowledge of the Jovian system.
The document summarizes several major developments in space exploration from the past year, including Ireland's first space mission called Cumar, Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko's year-long mission aboard the International Space Station, Hubble Telescope turning 25 years old, MESSENGER spacecraft's final images of Mercury before crashing into it, discoveries of potential planets beyond Pluto and water on Mars and Saturn's moon Enceladus, Earth-like exoplanet Kepler-452b found, New Horizons spacecraft's flyby of Pluto and observations of its moons, and Philae lander's touchdown on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko as part of the Rosetta mission.
This document provides an overview of exoplanets and their discovery. It discusses how the first exoplanet was discovered in 1995 using the radial velocity method by detecting wobbles in a star's movement. The Kepler Space Telescope, launched in 2009, significantly advanced exoplanet discovery through the transit method of detecting dips in starlight as planets pass in front. To date over 3,000 exoplanets have been confirmed across the galaxy, with an estimated trillion planets in the Milky Way alone, showing that small, Earth-sized planets are very common. Current telescopes continue working to find and characterize more exoplanets and their atmospheres.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory - 2012 Annual reportJon Nelson
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center located in Pasadena, California, United States.
JPL is managed by the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of robotic planetary spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's Deep Space Network.
Among the laboratory's current major active projects are the Mars Science Laboratory mission (which includes the Curiosity rover), the Cassini–Huygens mission orbiting Saturn, the Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Dawn mission to the dwarf planet Ceres and asteroid Vesta, the Juno spacecraft en route to Jupiter, the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission to the Moon, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) X-ray telescope, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.
In 1995, two Swiss astronomers became the first to detect a planet in orbit around a far off star similar to our Sun. Since then, more than 400 of these worlds, called exoplanets, have been found. With the discoveries come hopes for finding life outside our solar system.
Stephane Udry, an astrophysicist from the University of Geneva, is part of a team leading the search for exoplanets. In 2007, he was among scientists to discover a celestial body within the “habitable zone” of its solar system in orbit around a red dwarf star called Gliese 581, some 20 light-years away near the constellation Libra. Being in the habitable zone means that any water on its surface could exist in liquid form as it does here on Earth. Could life flourish there, too?
On Sunday, February 28, 2010, Professor Udry invites the swissnex San Francisco audience to join him for an enlightening journey into the questions and methodology behind his work. He’ll explain how astronomers go about searching for exoplanets, how they now view planet formation, and what new findings mean for the future and for the search for life beyond Earth.
NASA has a long legacy of space exploration including landing rovers on Mars, exploring planets like Jupiter and Saturn, and landing humans on the Moon. Some of NASA's most notable missions include Pioneer 10/11 which were the first to visit Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1/2 which made flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, and WMAP which provided a more precise estimate of the age and composition of the universe. Other landmark missions include Spirit and Opportunity on Mars, Cassini-Huygens at Saturn, Chandra observing the universe in X-rays, Viking as the first successful Mars lander, and Hubble which has changed our understanding of the cosmos through its iconic images.
1) NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter captured a unique view of Earth from its position orbiting the moon in December 2015.
2) The best space photos of 2015 included images of the Milky Way galaxy, nebulae, galaxies, planets, and astronomical phenomena taken by NASA, ESA, and amateur astronomers.
3) Many of the photos showed new details of astronomical objects observed by probes like New Horizons, Hubble Space Telescope, and Mars rovers.
New Horizons is a NASA spacecraft that was launched in 2006 as part of the New Frontiers program. It performed a flyby of Pluto in 2015, capturing the first close-up images of the dwarf planet. After completing its Pluto flyby, New Horizons maneuvered for a 2019 flyby of Kuiper belt object 2014 MU69, becoming the first mission to explore the Kuiper belt. The spacecraft continues to send back new data about its encounters, helping scientists learn more about the formation and geology of planetary bodies in the outer solar system.
The document provides an overview of various night sky wonders including stars, planets, meteors, comets, auroras, airglow, the Milky Way galaxy, and light pollution. Key points include that stars twinkle due to atmospheric distortion, meteor showers occur when Earth passes through debris trails left by comets, and the aurora borealis results from interactions between the solar wind and Earth's atmosphere. Major celestial objects visible to the naked eye like the Beehive Cluster, Pleiades, Double Cluster, Andromeda Galaxy, and Orion Nebula are also highlighted.
Robots, Astronauts, and You: Exploring SpaceFlyingSinger
This document provides an overview of robots and astronauts in space exploration and how individuals can get involved through simulations and organizations. It discusses how robots help with long-term space exploration by not needing things like oxygen or food. Astronauts have proven humans can live and work in space, conducting repairs and scientific experiments. Free software like Stellarium and Orbiter allow users to explore space from their computers. People are encouraged to join space societies to support continued human and robotic exploration.
Pluto has captured people’s imagination for nearly a century.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The document outlines NASA's exploration mission which includes safely flying the Space Shuttle until 2010, completing the International Space Station, developing and flying the Crew Exploration Vehicle no later than 2012, returning to the moon no later than 2020, conducting human expeditions to Mars, and implementing a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to extend human presence across the solar system and beyond.
Article by Ken Kremer
he Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is NASA’s next mission to Mars as well as
being the most complex and scientifically advanced robotic mission sent to
the Red Planet.
The $2.4 Billion Mars Perseverance rover is a flagship mission dedicated to the
search for signs of life beyond Earth, as part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program,
a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet.
The Perseverance Mars 2020 mission will search for signs of ancient microbial life,
characterize Mars’ climate and geology, collect carefully selected samples for
future return to Earth, and pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet
as soon as the 2030s.
Perseverance will also ferry a separate technology experiment to the surface of
Mars — a helicopter named Ingenuity, the first aircraft to fly in a controlled way
on another planet.
Launch is now targeted for a launch opportunity in the July/August timeframe
when Earth and Mars are aligned in good positions relative to each other for
landing on Mars.
The car-sized Perseverance Mars 2020 rover is targeted for liftoff on NET 30 July
2020 aboard a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V 541 rocket from Space
Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.
The approximately month-long launch window for the Mars 2020 Perseverance
rover mission currently extends until August 15.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. It provides examples of some of the most stunning images captured by Hubble, including galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects, then reflects on how viewing images of Earth from space can underscore our planet's fragility and importance.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant human concerns are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of the key images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and from a distance, images of Earth that illustrate our planet's fragility. The overall message is that contemplating these types of astronomical images can be a humbling and insightful experience that reminds us to appreciate what truly matters.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant human concerns are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of Hubble's most iconic images are presented, as well as pictures of other planets, galaxies, and nebulae. The document suggests that contemplating images of Earth from space can remind us of our planet's fragility and the importance of protecting it.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of the key images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and images of Earth from space that illustrate our planet's fragility. The overall message is that contemplating images of the immense cosmos can provide a sense of humility about human problems and importance of protecting our small home of Earth.
The document discusses putting one's problems in perspective by viewing images taken by the Hubble telescope and other space instruments. It shares 10 of Hubble's best images, including galaxies, nebulae, and other astronomical objects from thousands to millions of light years away. It aims to enlighten the reader by comparing the size of one's problems to the vastness of the universe.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and fragile the Earth is compared to the vastness of the universe. Some of the images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and photos of Earth from space that illustrate our planet's small size. The purpose is to encourage appreciating what really matters in life by considering our place in the grand scheme of things.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. It provides examples of some of the most stunning images captured by Hubble, including galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects, then reflects on how viewing images of Earth from space can underscore our planet's fragility and importance.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant human concerns are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of Hubble's most iconic images are described, as well as images of other planets, galaxies, and nebulae. The document suggests that contemplating photos of Earth from space can remind people of our planet's fragility and the importance of protecting it.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of the key images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and images of Earth from space that illustrate our planet's fragility. The overall message is that contemplating images of the immense cosmos can provide a sense of humility about human problems and importance of protecting our small planet.
This document provides perspective on human problems and challenges by comparing the size of the Earth to astronomical objects like stars and galaxies. It shares images from Hubble telescope and other space observations to illustrate how small the Earth is in the vast universe. The goal is to help readers realize that while life's problems may feel large, they are small when viewed from a cosmic scale, and that we all share this tiny planet as our common home.
This document provides perspective on human problems and challenges by comparing the size of the Earth to astronomical objects like stars and galaxies. It shares images from Hubble telescope and other space observations to illustrate how small the Earth is in the vast universe. The purpose is to help readers realize that while life's problems may feel large, they are small when viewed from a cosmic scale, and to appreciate the fragility of the Earth.
This document provides perspective on human problems and challenges by comparing the size of the Earth to astronomical objects like stars and galaxies. It shares images from the Hubble telescope of nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical phenomena to illustrate their vast scale. The purpose is to help readers realize that while human problems may feel overwhelming, we are small in the grand scheme of the universe and should appreciate what really matters like our planet and each other.
Since the late 1970’s, NASA’s space probes have reached all planets in the Solar System - and Pluto is no longer classed as a planet.
Mainstream Astronomy has a view of the Solar System which considers it to be “dead” and “never alive”.
Since the late 1990’s, our access to Image Data from Space Missions has grown considerably. Exploring some of this image data reveals a fair number of things which NASA and ESA seem reluctant to talk about. Some people say there is life on Mars - some of them are scientists who have worked for NASA.
This presentation looks at some of the NASA photos and data which suggest there may be life on Mars. In most cases, NASA will not discuss what is shown on some of these photos - discussion and analysis is left to independent researchers. Why would it be left to Ron Bennett to spot small “bug like objects” moving in the soil on Mars? Why do the BBC lie about the way the colour of the Martian sky has been determined? Why is the evidence of liquid water muddled up and covered up? Is there anything to the idea about the Ringmakers of Saturn?
In this presentation, we will explore some of the compelling evidence and try to uncover some of the secrets in the Solar System.
This document provides an introduction to astronomy, including its history and key tools and skills. It discusses how astronomy began over 5,000 years ago as people made observations of celestial objects and patterns. Early astronomy was intertwined with astrology and the study of celestial objects was used to make predictions. The development of writing, mapping, mathematics and the scientific method advanced astronomy into a more empirical discipline. Modern astronomy relies heavily on technology and computer modeling to make discoveries, such as finding hundreds of exoplanets orbiting other stars. The key skills of astronomy include careful observation, recording data, mapping the sky, using mathematics, and applying the scientific method of hypothesis testing to better understand the universe.
Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that cannot be seen but accounts for most of the mass in the universe. It was first hypothesized to explain discrepancies between the observed motions of galaxies and clusters and what was predicted based on the amount of visible matter. Dark matter is thought to make up around 23% of the universe, binding galaxies together through gravity. While dark matter cannot be directly observed, its effects on visible matter provide evidence of its existence. Scientists continue searching for dark matter particles and investigating its nature to better understand how it shapes the universe.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
This document provides an overview of astronomy and the scientific method. It discusses:
1) Astronomy as the study of objects beyond Earth and how they interact, with the goal of organizing our understanding of the universe's history.
2) The scientific method as a process of making observations, developing hypotheses, and testing them through experiments or further observations. Hypotheses must be falsifiable to be scientific.
3) Scientific laws as consistent rules that describe natural phenomena, allowing our understanding to be applied universally throughout the universe. Laws are subject to revision with new evidence.
The document provides an overview of various night sky wonders including stars, planets, meteors, comets, auroras, airglow, the Milky Way galaxy, and light pollution. Key points include that stars twinkle due to atmospheric distortion, meteor showers occur when Earth passes through debris trails left by comets, and the aurora borealis results from interactions between the solar wind and Earth's atmosphere. Major celestial objects visible to the naked eye like the Beehive Cluster, Pleiades, Double Cluster, Andromeda Galaxy, and Orion Nebula are also highlighted.
Robots, Astronauts, and You: Exploring SpaceFlyingSinger
This document provides an overview of robots and astronauts in space exploration and how individuals can get involved through simulations and organizations. It discusses how robots help with long-term space exploration by not needing things like oxygen or food. Astronauts have proven humans can live and work in space, conducting repairs and scientific experiments. Free software like Stellarium and Orbiter allow users to explore space from their computers. People are encouraged to join space societies to support continued human and robotic exploration.
Pluto has captured people’s imagination for nearly a century.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The document outlines NASA's exploration mission which includes safely flying the Space Shuttle until 2010, completing the International Space Station, developing and flying the Crew Exploration Vehicle no later than 2012, returning to the moon no later than 2020, conducting human expeditions to Mars, and implementing a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to extend human presence across the solar system and beyond.
Article by Ken Kremer
he Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is NASA’s next mission to Mars as well as
being the most complex and scientifically advanced robotic mission sent to
the Red Planet.
The $2.4 Billion Mars Perseverance rover is a flagship mission dedicated to the
search for signs of life beyond Earth, as part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program,
a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet.
The Perseverance Mars 2020 mission will search for signs of ancient microbial life,
characterize Mars’ climate and geology, collect carefully selected samples for
future return to Earth, and pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet
as soon as the 2030s.
Perseverance will also ferry a separate technology experiment to the surface of
Mars — a helicopter named Ingenuity, the first aircraft to fly in a controlled way
on another planet.
Launch is now targeted for a launch opportunity in the July/August timeframe
when Earth and Mars are aligned in good positions relative to each other for
landing on Mars.
The car-sized Perseverance Mars 2020 rover is targeted for liftoff on NET 30 July
2020 aboard a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V 541 rocket from Space
Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.
The approximately month-long launch window for the Mars 2020 Perseverance
rover mission currently extends until August 15.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. It provides examples of some of the most stunning images captured by Hubble, including galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects, then reflects on how viewing images of Earth from space can underscore our planet's fragility and importance.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant human concerns are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of the key images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and from a distance, images of Earth that illustrate our planet's fragility. The overall message is that contemplating these types of astronomical images can be a humbling and insightful experience that reminds us to appreciate what truly matters.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant human concerns are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of Hubble's most iconic images are presented, as well as pictures of other planets, galaxies, and nebulae. The document suggests that contemplating images of Earth from space can remind us of our planet's fragility and the importance of protecting it.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of the key images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and images of Earth from space that illustrate our planet's fragility. The overall message is that contemplating images of the immense cosmos can provide a sense of humility about human problems and importance of protecting our small home of Earth.
The document discusses putting one's problems in perspective by viewing images taken by the Hubble telescope and other space instruments. It shares 10 of Hubble's best images, including galaxies, nebulae, and other astronomical objects from thousands to millions of light years away. It aims to enlighten the reader by comparing the size of one's problems to the vastness of the universe.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and fragile the Earth is compared to the vastness of the universe. Some of the images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and photos of Earth from space that illustrate our planet's small size. The purpose is to encourage appreciating what really matters in life by considering our place in the grand scheme of things.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. It provides examples of some of the most stunning images captured by Hubble, including galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects, then reflects on how viewing images of Earth from space can underscore our planet's fragility and importance.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant human concerns are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of Hubble's most iconic images are described, as well as images of other planets, galaxies, and nebulae. The document suggests that contemplating photos of Earth from space can remind people of our planet's fragility and the importance of protecting it.
The document discusses how viewing images from space, such as those taken by the Hubble telescope, can help put life's problems into perspective by showing how small and insignificant individual problems are in the grand scheme of the vast universe. Some of the key images highlighted include galaxies, nebulae, planets in our solar system, and images of Earth from space that illustrate our planet's fragility. The overall message is that contemplating images of the immense cosmos can provide a sense of humility about human problems and importance of protecting our small planet.
This document provides perspective on human problems and challenges by comparing the size of the Earth to astronomical objects like stars and galaxies. It shares images from Hubble telescope and other space observations to illustrate how small the Earth is in the vast universe. The goal is to help readers realize that while life's problems may feel large, they are small when viewed from a cosmic scale, and that we all share this tiny planet as our common home.
This document provides perspective on human problems and challenges by comparing the size of the Earth to astronomical objects like stars and galaxies. It shares images from Hubble telescope and other space observations to illustrate how small the Earth is in the vast universe. The purpose is to help readers realize that while life's problems may feel large, they are small when viewed from a cosmic scale, and to appreciate the fragility of the Earth.
This document provides perspective on human problems and challenges by comparing the size of the Earth to astronomical objects like stars and galaxies. It shares images from the Hubble telescope of nebulae, galaxies, and other astronomical phenomena to illustrate their vast scale. The purpose is to help readers realize that while human problems may feel overwhelming, we are small in the grand scheme of the universe and should appreciate what really matters like our planet and each other.
Since the late 1970’s, NASA’s space probes have reached all planets in the Solar System - and Pluto is no longer classed as a planet.
Mainstream Astronomy has a view of the Solar System which considers it to be “dead” and “never alive”.
Since the late 1990’s, our access to Image Data from Space Missions has grown considerably. Exploring some of this image data reveals a fair number of things which NASA and ESA seem reluctant to talk about. Some people say there is life on Mars - some of them are scientists who have worked for NASA.
This presentation looks at some of the NASA photos and data which suggest there may be life on Mars. In most cases, NASA will not discuss what is shown on some of these photos - discussion and analysis is left to independent researchers. Why would it be left to Ron Bennett to spot small “bug like objects” moving in the soil on Mars? Why do the BBC lie about the way the colour of the Martian sky has been determined? Why is the evidence of liquid water muddled up and covered up? Is there anything to the idea about the Ringmakers of Saturn?
In this presentation, we will explore some of the compelling evidence and try to uncover some of the secrets in the Solar System.
This document provides an introduction to astronomy, including its history and key tools and skills. It discusses how astronomy began over 5,000 years ago as people made observations of celestial objects and patterns. Early astronomy was intertwined with astrology and the study of celestial objects was used to make predictions. The development of writing, mapping, mathematics and the scientific method advanced astronomy into a more empirical discipline. Modern astronomy relies heavily on technology and computer modeling to make discoveries, such as finding hundreds of exoplanets orbiting other stars. The key skills of astronomy include careful observation, recording data, mapping the sky, using mathematics, and applying the scientific method of hypothesis testing to better understand the universe.
Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that cannot be seen but accounts for most of the mass in the universe. It was first hypothesized to explain discrepancies between the observed motions of galaxies and clusters and what was predicted based on the amount of visible matter. Dark matter is thought to make up around 23% of the universe, binding galaxies together through gravity. While dark matter cannot be directly observed, its effects on visible matter provide evidence of its existence. Scientists continue searching for dark matter particles and investigating its nature to better understand how it shapes the universe.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
This document provides an overview of astronomy and the scientific method. It discusses:
1) Astronomy as the study of objects beyond Earth and how they interact, with the goal of organizing our understanding of the universe's history.
2) The scientific method as a process of making observations, developing hypotheses, and testing them through experiments or further observations. Hypotheses must be falsifiable to be scientific.
3) Scientific laws as consistent rules that describe natural phenomena, allowing our understanding to be applied universally throughout the universe. Laws are subject to revision with new evidence.
This document discusses the fine-tuned universe theory, which argues that the universe appears carefully designed to support life. It outlines several factors that must be precisely tuned for life, such as the organization of matter into atoms and precise mass relationships between subatomic particles. The document also reviews ideas about the origin of the universe, such as the Big Bang theory and biblical creation account. It provides illustrations of astronomical objects and facts about the immense scale of the universe.
The document provides an overview of the universe and some of its key components:
1. The universe originated from the Big Bang around 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since.
2. Galaxies form the basic building blocks of the universe and come in three main types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Our galaxy is the Milky Way galaxy.
3. Stars are born in nebulae and come in different colors, temperatures, and magnitudes depending on their stage of life. When stars die, they may become black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs.
Astronomy is the science that deals with celestial objects and the universe. It began when early humans observed the sky out of curiosity and tried to make sense of it. Over time, civilizations built observatories and astronomy grew into a formalized science. Major developments included Ptolemy's geocentric model, improvements to telescopes, and the theories of relativity and the Big Bang. Modern astronomy involves studying phenomena like black holes, the formation of galaxies and stars, and searching for a theory of everything.
The document summarizes key developments in understanding planetary motion from Ptolemy to Kepler. It describes how Ptolemy created the geocentric model with epicycles to account for retrograde motion, how Galileo's telescope discoveries like Jupiter's moons supported Copernicus' heliocentric model, and how Kepler analyzed Tycho Brahe's precise observations to determine that planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
The student reflects on taking an astronomy course, finding the material beyond the first exam more challenging and conceptually difficult, but also more rewarding. They enjoyed learning about telescopes, the Earth and moon, solar system formation, and the seasons. The student looks forward to continuing their study of increasingly complex astronomical concepts.
The document discusses three recent discoveries in space exploration. It describes how astronomers have found evidence of "dark matter" making up half of the universe's missing mass by detecting the brightening of stars caused by dead stars passing in front of them. The document also discusses how Hubble photos revealed the universe may contain many more galaxies than previously estimated, around 50 million galaxies. Finally, it discusses a computer simulation suggesting the early solar system may have originally had five giant planets, with one planet getting ejected during a gravitational disturbance caused by Jupiter's shifting orbit.
Education Material about Astronomy Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Education Material about Astronomy Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Dark side ofthe_universe_public_29_september_2017_nazarbayev_shrtZhaksylyk Kazykenov
1) The document discusses the history of discoveries about the universe, from ancient cosmologies to modern precision cosmology. Key developments include realizing the sun is at the center of the solar system, discovering other galaxies and the expansion of the universe, and detecting the cosmic microwave background and dark matter.
2) Current open questions about the universe include the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Observations show dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the universe, but its underlying cause remains unknown. Precise measurements aim to distinguish between models of dark energy.
3) The standard cosmological model has been very successful in explaining observations but has fine-tuning problems regarding why the present epoch is dominated by both matter and dark energy.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable making claims about the compatibility or incompatibility of religion and science. These are complex topics with reasonable perspectives on both sides.
The document summarizes what is known about black holes, including:
- Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted black holes could exist, though they were not believed to be real until convincing evidence in the 1970s.
- Black holes are extremely dense regions with gravity so strong that not even light can escape, where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light.
- Observational evidence like hot material falling into black holes and jets of glowing gas have shown that while invisible, black holes' effects can be observed and they are widespread throughout the universe.
Here is a listing of some of my popular presentations. They are all highly visual and do not assume any prior knowledge of the subject.
"The most inspiring lecture we have ever ha
Similar to Universe. The.Britannica.Illustrated.Science.Library (17)
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
2. About the pagination of this eBook
Due to the unique page numbering scheme of this book, the
electronic pagination of the eBook does not match the pagination
of the printed version. To navigate the text, please use the
electronic Table of Contents that appears alongside the eBook or
the Search function.
For citation purposes, use the page numbers that appear in the text.
6. Contents PICTURE ON PAGE 1
Image of a planetary nebula.
Planetary nebulae are among
the most photogenic objects
in astronomy.
What Is the
Universe?
Page 6
What Is in the
Universe?
Page 18
The Solar
System
Page 38
The Earth
and the Moon
Page 66
Observing
the Universe
Page 80
7. CONE NEBULA
This nebula got its name
from its cone shape, as
shown in the image.
The Secrets of compare the destiny of other worlds similar
to ours will help us understand that for the
time being there is no better place than the
the first time. Less than a decade ago,
astronomers began observing frozen worlds,
much smaller than a planet, in a region of
the Universe Earth to live. At least for now. the solar system called the Kuiper belt. We
invite you to explore all of this. The images
I
n the Milky Way—according to and illustrations that accompany the text
mathematical and physical will prove very helpful in studying and
T
here was a time when people believed calculations—there are more than 100 understanding the structure of all the visible
that the stars were bonfires lit by billion stars, and such a multitude leads to and invisible objects (such as dark matter)
other tribes in the sky, that the the question: Is it possible that our Sun is that form part of the universe. There are
universe was a flat plate resting on the shell the only star that possesses an inhabited stellar maps showing the constellations, the
of a giant turtle, and that the Earth, planet? Astronomers are more convinced groups of stars that since ancient times have
according to the Greek astronomer Ptolemy, than ever of the possibility of life in other served as a guide for navigation and for the
was at the center of the universe. From the worlds. We just need to find them. Reading development of calendars. There is also a
most remote of times, people have been this book will let you become better review through history: from Ptolemy, who
curious about what lies hidden beyond the acquainted with our neighbors in the solar thought the planets orbited around the
celestial sphere. This curiosity has led them system—the other planets—and the most Earth, and Copernicus, who put the Sun in
to build telescopes that show with clarity important characteristics that distinguish the center, and Galileo, the first to aim a
otherwise blurry and distant objects. In this them. All this information that explores the telescope skyward, up to the most recent
book you will find the history of the cosmos mysteries of space is accompanied by astronomical theories, such as those of
illustrated with spectacular images that recent images captured by the newest Stephen Hawking, the genius of space and
show in detail how the cosmos was formed, telescopes. They reveal many details about time who continues to amaze with his
the nature of the many points of light that the planets and their satellites, such as the discoveries about the greatest mysteries of
adorn the night sky, and what lies ahead. volcanoes and craters found on the surface the cosmos. You will find these and many
You will also discover how the suns that of some of them. You will also learn more more topics no matter where you look in this
inhabit space live and die, what dark matter about the asteroids and comets that orbit fantastic book that puts the universe and its
and black holes are, and what our place is in the Sun and about Pluto, a dwarf planet, secrets in your hands.
this vastness. Certainly, the opportunity to which is to be visited by a space probe for
8. DARK MATTER X-RAY OF THE COSMOS 8-9
What Is the Universe? Evidence exists that dark matter, though invisible
to telescopes, betrays itself by the gravitational
pull it exerts over other heavenly bodies.
THE INSTANT OF CREATION 10-13
EVERYTHING COMES TO AN END 14-15
THE FORCES OF THE UNIVERSE 16-17
T
he universe is everything that visible and invisible things, such as dark literally determine the density of all of are asking—the question that concerns
exists, from the smallest matter, the great, secret component of space, as well as decide the destiny of them the most—is how much longer the
particles to the largest ones, the cosmos. The search for dark matter the universe. Did you know that, second universe can continue to expand like a
together with all matter and is currently one of the most important by second, the universe grows and balloon before turning into something
energy. The universe includes tasks of cosmology. Dark matter may grows? The question that astronomers cold and dark.
9. 8 WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE? UNIVERSE 9
Corona Borealis
Supercluster
X-Ray of the Cosmos
Capricornus
Supercluster
SUPERCLUSTERS. Within a FILAMENTS. From five billion
6. distance of a billion light-years,
groups of millions of galaxies,
called superclusters, can be seen.
7. light-years away, the immensity of
the cosmos is evident in its
galactic filaments, each one home
T
he universe, marvelous in its majesty, is an ensemble of a hundred to millions and millions of galaxies.
billion galaxies. Each of these galaxies (which tend to be found in Hercules
Supercluster Boötes
Boötes
Void
large groups) has billions of stars. These galactic concentrations 180°
Supercluster
Pavo-Indus
surround empty spaces, called cosmic voids. The immensity of the Supercluster
cosmos can be better grasped by realizing that the size of our fragile
planet Earth, or even that of the Milky Way, is insignificant Shapley
compared to the size of the remainder of the cosmos. Centaurus
Supercluster
Supercluster
Sculptor Sculptor
Supercluster Void
VIRGO
Coma Ursa Major
Supercluster Supercluster
250
Pisces-Cetus
Superclusters Hydra
Leo
750
Supercluster
1. 1,000
Pisces-Perseus
Supercluster
0°
Virgo III
Group
EARTH Originated, together
with the solar system, when The Universe
the universe was already 9.1 Sextans
Originating nearly 14 billion years ago
billion years old. It is the only Supercluster
in an immense explosion, the universe
known planet that is home to life.
today is too large to be able to conceive. The
innumerable stars and galaxies that populate it 180°
promise to continue expanding for a long time. Horologium
EARTH Though it might sound strange today, for many Superclusters Columba
Supercluster
Neptune
Pluto years, astronomers thought that the Milky Way, NGC
NGC 6744 LOCAL
where the Earth is located, constituted the entire 7582 GROUP NGC
universe. Only recently—in the 20th century—was outer 5033
Uranus Jupiter NGC Virgo
space recognized as not only much vaster than previously 5128 M101
NGC
Canis Group 4697
Saturn thought but also as being in a state of ongoing expansion. Sculptor
12.5
Maffei
25 M81
37.5 Ursa Major
NGC Leo I Group
50 1023
NGC
2997
Dorado
0°
Fornax
NEAR STARS Found closer Cluster
Ross Lalande
2. than 20 light-years from the
Sun, they make up our solar
neighborhood.
Sextans A
Sextans B
Eridanus
Cluster
Leo III
Group
G51-15 128 21185
NEAREST GALAXIES. At a scale
5.
Struve
Wolf
2398 of one hundred million light-years,
359
12.5 the galactic clusters nearest to
Leo A
Procyon NEIGHBORS Within a space the Milky Way can be seen.
Luyten’s
Star
7.5
2.5
SUN
Alpha
Bernard’s
Star
90°
61 Cygni
3. of one million light-years,
we find the Milky Way and
its closest galaxies.
NGC
3109 Antila
Dwarf 180°
Centauri Ross
Sirius 248 Sextans
270° Groombridge Dwarf Leo I Leo II
Ross 0°
34 Ursa
154 MILKY WAY
L789-6 Minor Dwarf Draco IC 10
180° Dwarf 1.2
NGC NGC
2.5
100 billion
147
4.
Epsilon 185
Eridani 3.7 M110
Andromeda I
L726-8 Andromeda
MILKY WAY NGC
L789-6 M32
6822
L372-58 Epsilon 0.12 Canis Triangle
Indi
Lacaille
0.25 Major LOCAL GROUP. Ten 0° The total number of galaxies that exist,
Ceti 9352 Phoenix
L725-32 0.37 Sagittarius million light-years away LGS 3 indicating that the universe is both larger
Large Dwarf Dwarf
0.5 is Andromeda, the IC Aquarius and older than was previously thought
Magellanic
Cloud closest to the Earth. 1613 Dwarf Pegasus
Carina Dwarf
Cetus
Dwarf 0° Dwarf Sagittarius
Small Tucana Irregular
Magellanic Dwarf Dwarf
Cloud
WLM
10. 10 WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE? UNIVERSE 11
The Instant of Creation Cosmic Inflation Theory
Although big bang theorists understood the universe as originating
in an extremely small, hot, and condensed ball, they could not
WMAP (WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE)
NASA's WMAP project maps the background radiation of the universe. In the
image, hotter (red-yellow) regions and colder (blue-green) regions can be
observed. WMAP makes it possible to determine the amount of dark matter.
I
t is impossible to know precisely how, out of nothing, the universe began to exist. According to the big understand the reason for its staggering growth. In 1981, physicist Alan
Guth proposed a solution to the problem with his inflationary theory. In an
bang theory—the theory most widely accepted in the scientific community—in the beginning, there extremely short period of time (less than a thousandth of a second), the
appeared an infinitely small and dense burning ball that gave rise to space, matter, and energy. This universe grew more than a trillion trillion trillion times. Near the end of this
period of expansion, the temperature approached absolute zero.
happened 13.7 billion years ago. The great, unanswered question is what caused a small dot of light—filled
with concentrated energy from which matter and antimatter were created—to arise from nothingness. In
very little time, the young universe began to expand and cool. Several billion years later, it acquired the
form we know today.
Galaxy 1 Galaxy 2 Region 1 Region 3
HOW IT GREW HOW IT DID THE SEPARATION OF FORCES
Cosmic inflation was NOT GROW Before the universe expanded, during a period of Gravity
an expansion of the Had the universe not radiation, only one unified force governed all
entire universe. The Galaxy 3 undergone inflation, physical interactions. The first distinguishable
Galaxy 4 Region 2 Region 5
Earth's galactic it would be a Region 4 force was gravity, followed by electromagnetism
Strong nuclear
neighborhood appears collection of different and nuclear interactions. Upon the division of the
Energetic Radiation fairly uniform.
Galaxy 5
regions, each with its universe's forces, matter was created.
Everywhere you look, own particular types
The burning ball that gave rise to the universe remained a
the types of galaxies of galaxies and each
source of permanent radiation. Subatomic particles and
and the background clearly
antiparticles annihilated each other. The ball's high density SUPERFORCE
temperature are distinguishable from Weak nuclear
spontaneously produced matter and destroyed it. Had this state
essentially the same. the others.
of affairs continued, the universe would never have undergone the
growth that scientists believe followed cosmic inflation. EXPANSION
Electromagnetism
TIME
0 10-43 sec 10-38 sec 10-12 sec 10-4 sec 5 sec 3 min
TEMPERATURE - 1032 ° F (and C) 1029 ° F (and C) 1015 ° F (and C) 1012 ° F (and C) 9x109 ° F (5x109 ° C) 2x109 ° F (1x109 ° C)
Scientists theorize that, from At the closest moment to The universe is unstable. Only The universe experiences a Protons and neutrons The electrons and their The nuclei of the
1 nothing, something infinitely
small, dense, and hot appeared.
All that exists today was
compressed into a ball smaller than
2 zero time, which physics has
been able to reach, the
temperature is extremely
high. Before the universe's inflation,
3 10-38 seconds after the big
bang, the universe increases in
size more than a trillion trillion
trillion times. The expansion of the
4 gigantic cooldown. Gravity
has already become
distinguishable, and the
electromagnetic force and the strong
5 appear, formed by three
quarks apiece. Because
all light is trapped within
the web of particles, the universe
6 antiparticles,
positrons, annihilate
each other until the
positrons disappear. The
7 lightest elements,
hydrogen and
helium, form.
Protons and neutrons unite to
the nucleus of an atom. a superforce governed everything. universe and the division of its forces begin. and weak nuclear interactions appear. is still dark. remaining electrons form atoms. form the nuclei of atoms.
The neutrinos separate from the initial particle soup through the disintegration
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
In its beginnings, the universe was a soup of particles that interacted with each other
because of high levels of radiation. Later, as the universe expanded, quarks formed the
1 sec of neutrons. Though having extremely little mass, the neutrinos might
nevertheless form the greatest part of the universe's dark matter.
nuclei of the elements and then joined with electrons to form atoms.
Proton
FROM PARTICLES TO MATTER
The quarks, among the oldest particles, Quark
Photon Gluon interact with each other by forces
Neutron
Massless elemental Responsible for transmitted through gluons. Later protons
luminous particle the interactions and neutrons will join to form nuclei. Gluon
between quarks
Electron Graviton Quark A gluon interacts Quarks join by means Protons and
Negatively charged It is believed to Light, elemental 1 with a quark. 2 of gluons to form 3 neutrons unite to
elemental particle transmit gravitation. particle protons and neutrons. create nuclei.
11. 12 WHAT IS THE UNIVERSE? UNIVERSE 13
The Transparent Universe
Filament networks THE UNIVERSE TODAY
With the creation of atoms and overall cooling, the once opaque and 3 The universe has
dense universe became transparent. Electrons were attracted by the large-scale filaments
First filaments Star
protons of hydrogen and helium nuclei, and together they formed atoms. 2 Because of the
that contain millions
cluster
Photons (massless particles of light) could now pass freely through the and millions of galaxies.
Gaseous cloud gravitational pull of dark
universe. With the cooling, radiation remained abundant but was no longer the 1 The first gases matter, the gases joined
in the form of filaments. Star
sole governing factor of the universe. Matter, through gravitational force, could and dust resulting Nebula
now direct its own destiny. The gaseous lumps that were present in this from the Big Bang
process grew larger and larger. After 100 million years, they formed even form a cloud.
larger objects. Their shapes not yet defined, they constituted protogalaxies.
Gravitation gave shape to the first galaxies some 500 million years after the
big bang, and the first stars began to shine in the densest regions of these Irregular
galaxy
galaxies. One mystery that could not be solved was why galaxies were Quasar
distributed and shaped the way they were. The solution that astronomers have
been able to find through indirect evidence is that there exists material called Spiral
galaxy
dark matter whose presence would have played a role in galaxy formation.
Barred
spiral
galaxy
DARK MATTER Elliptical
galaxy
The visible objects in the
cosmos represent only a
small fraction of the total
matter within the universe.
Most of it is invisible even to EVOLUTION OF MATTER
the most powerful What can be observed in the universe today is a great
telescopes. Galaxies and their
stars move as they do
because of the gravitational
quantity of matter grouped into galaxies. But that was not
the original form of the universe. What the big bang initially
produced was a cloud of uniformly dispersed gas. Just three
9.1 billion Galaxy
cluster
THE EARTH IS CREATED
forces exerted by this million years later, the gas began to organize itself into Like the rest of the planets, the Earth is made of
material, which astronomers filaments. Today the universe can be seen as a network of material that remained after the formation of the solar
call dark matter. galactic filaments with enormous voids between them. system. The Earth is the only planet known to have life.
TIME
(in years) 380,000 500 million 9 billion 13.7 billion
TEMPERATURE 4,900° F (2,700° C) -405° F (-243° C) -432° F (-258° C) -454° F (-270° C)
380,000 years after the big Galaxies acquire their definitive Nine billion years after the big The universe continues to expand. Countless galaxies
8 bang, atoms form. Electrons
orbit the nuclei, attracted by
the protons. The universe
becomes transparent. Photons travel
9 shape: islands of millions and
millions of stars and masses of
gases and dust. The stars explode
as supernovas and disperse heavier
10 bang, the solar system
emerged. A mass of gas and
dust collapsed until it gave rise
to the Sun. Later the planetary system was
11 are surrounded by dark matter, which represents 22
percent of the mass and energy in the universe. The
ordinary matter, of which stars and planets are
made, represents just 4 percent of the total. The predominant
through space. elements, such as carbon. formed from the leftover material. form of energy is also of an unknown type. Called dark energy, it
constitutes 74 percent of the total mass and energy.
NUCLEUS 1 Proton
FIRST ATOMS
Hydrogen and helium were the first elements to
be formed at the atomic level. They are the main
components of stars and planets. They are by far
the most abundant elements in the universe. TIMESCALE
The vast span of time related to the history of appearance of humans on the Earth, and the 11:56 P.M. on December 31, and Columbus sets
the universe can be readily understood if it is voyage of Columbus to America. On January 1 sail on the last second of the last day of the
Electron scaled to correspond to a single year—a year of this imaginary year—at midnight—the big year. One second on this timescale is equivalent
that spans the beginning of the universe, the bang takes place. Homo sapiens appears at to 500 true years.
Neutron
BIG BANG THE SOLAR COLUMBUS'S
occurs on the SYSTEM ARRIVAL
Helium Carbon
2 3 first second of is created on takes place on
Hydrogen Since the nucleus With time, heavier and more complex elements
1 the first day of August 24 of the last second
An electron is attracted by has two protons, were formed. Carbon, the key to human life, has six
the year. this timescale. of December 31.
and orbits the nucleus, which two electrons are protons in its nucleus and six electrons orbiting it.
has a proton and a neutron. NUCLEUS 2 attracted to it.
JANUARY DECEMBER