Khosla modified Bligh's theory for designing irrigation structures on permeable foundations. Khosla accounted for actual flow patterns below impermeable bases, unlike Bligh. Khosla derived equations to calculate uplift pressures and exit gradients at key points for structures with single or multiple piles. He also defined safe exit gradients and developed a method of independent variables to solve complex profiles by breaking them into simple components and applying corrections. Khosla's theory is now used for designing hydraulic structures on permeable foundations.
Bligh’S CREEP THEORY
LIMITATIONS OF BLIGH’S THEORY
LANE’S WEIGHTED CREEP THEORY
KHOSLA’S THEORY AND CONCEPT OF FLOW NETS
COMPARISON OF BLIGH’S THEORY AND KHOSLA’S THEORY
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Bligh’S CREEP THEORY
LIMITATIONS OF BLIGH’S THEORY
LANE’S WEIGHTED CREEP THEORY
KHOSLA’S THEORY AND CONCEPT OF FLOW NETS
COMPARISON OF BLIGH’S THEORY AND KHOSLA’S THEORY
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Topics:
1. Causes of Failures of Weirs on Permeable Foundations
2. Bligh’s Creep Theory
3. Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory
4. Khosla’s Theory
5. Application of Correction Factors
6. Launching Apron
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
coulomb's theory of earth pressure
coulomb's wedge theory of earth pressure
coulomb's expression for active pressure
coulomb's active earth pressure coefficient =Ka
vedio link
https://youtu.be/PSDwMjlTTGs
for numerical problem
https://youtu.be/ZPf3qAAtcpE
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Topics:
1. Causes of Failures of Weirs on Permeable Foundations
2. Bligh’s Creep Theory
3. Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory
4. Khosla’s Theory
5. Application of Correction Factors
6. Launching Apron
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
coulomb's theory of earth pressure
coulomb's wedge theory of earth pressure
coulomb's expression for active pressure
coulomb's active earth pressure coefficient =Ka
vedio link
https://youtu.be/PSDwMjlTTGs
for numerical problem
https://youtu.be/ZPf3qAAtcpE
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Dams , piping, uplift Pressure, Khosla’s Theory, causes of Failure of Hydraulic structure by piping and uplift pressure
what is the importance of reservoir planning and dams? Discuss multipurpose reservoir in detailed, Give Economic height of dam.
The understanding of two-phase flow and heat transfer
with phase change in minichannels is needed for the design and
optimization of heat exchangers and other industrial
applications. In this study a three-dimensional numerical model
has been developed to predict filmwise condensation heat
transfer inside a rectangular minichannel. The Volume of Fluid
(VOF) method is used to track the vapor-liquid interface. The
modified High Resolution Interface Capture (HRIC) scheme is
employed to keep the interface sharp. The governing equations
and the VOF equation with relevant source terms for
condensation are solved. The surface tension is taken into
account in the modeling and it is evaluated by the Continuum
Surface Force (CSF) approach. The simulation is performed
using the CFD software package, ANSYS FLUENT, and an inhouse
developed code. This in-house code is specifically
developed to calculate the source terms associated with phase
change. These terms are deduced from Hertz-Knudsen equation
based on the kinetic gas theory. The numerical results are
validated with data obtained from the open literature. The
standard k-ω model is applied to model the turbulence through
both the liquid and vapor phase. The numerical results show
that surface tension plays an important role in the condensation
heat transfer process. Heat transfer enhancement is obtained
due to the presence of the corners. The surface tension pulls the
liquid towards the corners and reduces the average thermal
resistance in the cross section.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
Khosla theory
1. KHOSLA THEORY
LAXMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SARIGAM – 396155
Presentation by,
Under the Guidance of
RITU SINGH
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
NAME
Aparna Rath
Komal Singh
Enrollment No.
160860106001
180863106010
Under subject of
Irrigation
Engineering
2.
3. 1. Khosla theory
2. Conclusion over Bligh's theory
3. Modification by Khosla
4. Khosla specific theory
i) Pile at some intermediate point
ii) Pile at downstream point
iii) Pile at the upstream end
5. Exit gradient
6. Safe exit gradient
7. Methods of independent variables
i) Correction for the thickness of floor
ii) Correction for the mutual interference of
piles
iii) Correction for slope
4. From 1910, Bligh's theory is used for the design of
irrigation structures on permeable foundation.
Number of structure were design by this Bligh's
theory, some remain stable while others gave
trouble or failed.
In 1926-1927 , some siphons constructed on the
upper Chenab canal on the basis of bligh’s creep
theory, had piping problems.
During investigation by Dr. A.N Khosla, Dr. N.K. Bose
and Dr. E.M. Taylor indicated that actual uplift
pressures were quite different from those
computed on the basis of Bligh's theory.
5. The outer faces of end sheet piles were much
more effective than the inner ones and the
horizontal length of the floor.
The intermediated piles of smaller length were
ineffective except for local redistribution of
pressure.
Undermining of the floor started from the tail
end.
It was absolutely essential to have a reasonably
deep vertical cut off at the downstream end to
prevent undermining.
6. Khosla and his associates carried out further research
work to find the ultimate and complete solution of
the problem. The solution given by them is now
known's as Khosla’s Theory.
They took into account the flow pattern below the
impermeable base of hydraulic structure to calculate
uplift pressure and exit gradient.
7. He thus made it clear that the loss of head does not
take place uniformly in proportion to the length of
creep.
It actually depends in the profile of the base of the
weir.
Secondly, he also established that the safety against
piping is not obtained by flat hydraulic gradient but
the exit gradient should be kept below critical value.
8. Straight horizontal
floor of negligible
thickness with pile
either at u/s end or
at d/s end.
Straight horizontal
floor of negligible
thickness with pile at
intermediate point.
Straight horizontal
floor depressed
below the bed,
but no cut off.
Khosla’s specific theory:
9. The uplift pressure PE, Pd and Pc at the three key points
E, D and C are given by the following equations.
PE = H/π cos-1
PD = H/π cos-1
PC = H/π cos-1
where,
𝛌=
𝛌1=
10. The uplift pressure at the key points E, D and C are
given by the following equations.
PE = H/π cos-1
PD = H/π cos-1
PC = H/π cos-1
where,
𝛌=
11. The pressure at the key points E1 , D1 and C1 are given
by the following equations.
PE1 = H
PD1 = H/π cos-1
PC1 = H/π cos-1
where,
𝛌=
12. The hydraulic gradient or pressure gradient of subsoil
flow at the downstream or the exit end of the floor is
defined as exit gradient.
For a standard form consisting of a floor of length b,
with a vertical cut off of depth d at its downstream
end, khosla derived an expression for the exit
gradient (GE) as follows:
GE = H/d . 1/
where, H = total seepage head
λ =
13. If there is no cut off at the downstream end of the
floor, a higher exit gradient will exist which may lead
to the failure of the floor due to piping.
It is therefore essential that a vertical cutoff should
be provided at the downstream end of the floor to
reduce the exit gradient.
14. The exit gradient should always be less than the
critical hydraulic gradient which is define as the
hydraulic gradient at which the soil particles will be
lifted up and which lead to undermining.
Safe exit gradient = critical hydraulic gradient
factor of safety
15. For alluvial soil, the critical hydraulic gradient is
found to be approximately equal to 1.
Permissible Exit Gradient
Type of soil Exit Gradient
Fine Sand 1/6 to 1/7
Course Sand 1/5 to 1/6
Shingle 1/4 to 1/5
16. In actual cases we may have a number of piles at
upstream level, downstream level and intermediate
points and the floor also has some thickness.
Khosla solved the actual problem by an empirical
method known as method of independent variables.
This method consists of breaking up a complex
profile into a number of simple profiles, each of
which is independently amenable to mathematical
treatment. Then apply corrections due to the mutual
interference of pile and due to thickness and slope
of floor.
17. As an example the complex profile shown in fig is
broken up to the following simple profile and the
pressure at Key Points obtained.
Correction for slope
of the floor
Correction for mutual
interference of piles
Correction for the
thickness of floor
18. Pressure were calculated at key points considering
floor of negligible thickness i.e. at the top level of the
floor, but, points E1 and C1 are at the bottom of the
floor. Thus, pressures at actual points E1 and C1 are
computed by considering linear variation of pressure
between D and hypothetical point E and C.
19. When pile is at u/s end
Correction for C1 =
Pressure at C1 = =
When pile is at intermediate point
Correction for E1 =
Correction for C1 =
Pressure at E1 = =
20. When pile is at d/s end
Correction for C =
Pressure at E1 = =
22. where,
C = percentage correction to be applied to the
pressure head.
b’ = distance between the piles
b = total length of impervious floor
d = length on pile on which the effect on another pile
of length D is required to determine
D = depth of pile whose effect is required to be
determine on neighboring pile of depth d.
The correction is positive for points in the rear or
back water and subtractive for points in the direction
of flow.
23. The pressures calculated at various key points E, D and
C are considering floor as horizontal. But, the pressure
below sloping floor maybe greater or less than that
under a horizontal floor.
Hence the correction is plus for down slopes and minus
for the up slopes, following the direction of flow.
These corrections are to be multiplied by factor bs/b1’
where, bs = horizontally length of slope
b’ = distance between two piles in between
which the sloping floor is located .
24. The corrections for various slopes are given in
table below:
Slope
(vertical/horizontal)
Correction
(% of pressure)
1 in 1 11.2
1 in 2 6.5
1 in 3 4.5
1 in 4 3.3
1 in 5 2.8
1 in 6 2.5
1 in 7 2.3
1in 8 2.0