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1. Sanaag university
Facuilty:health science(nursing)
Course:sociology
Topic:khat and it’s effects of the
society
Tuesday, January 17,
2017 1

2. o Definition of khat
 Brief history
 Purposes chewers eat khat
 Production,consumption,and international
trade
 Types of khat
 Khat causes
 Short term effects
 long term effects
 Khat on dental hygiene
 Khat effects on the society.
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 2

3.  Khat (khat edulis):is flowering green plant
native to tropical East Africa and Arabian
Penusula,is small tree growing to 5-8cm tall,
and 1-4cm broad
 It is mainly grown in Kenya, Ethiopia and
Yemen. khat chewing has a history among
these communities as a social custom dating
back thousands of years.
 Khat also known as: Qat, Kat, Chat, Kus-es-
Salahin, Mirra, Tohai, Tschat, Catha, Quat,
Abyssinian Tea, African Tea, and African
Salad. NB.the khat edulis was named
swidish man who was one of the firs
writers of khat Tuesday, January 17, 2017 3

4.  • Khat's exact place of origin is uncertain.
One argument is that it was first grown in
Ethiopia, with the explorer Si Richard Burton
suggesting that the plant was later
introduced to Yemen from Ethiopia in the
15th century.
 the first time khat use in yeman was 1237
 The first time in somalia was 1442

Tuesday, January 17, 2017 4

5. Khat use has increased steadily over the
last 50 years and has become a problem
of significant social and medical
importance. Because of its social
acceptability and euphoria effects.
khat chewing often plays a dominant role
in celebrations, meetings,
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 5

6. marriages, and other gatherings. and to
enhance social interaction
Khat use even has been prevalent in the
Somali military. It has been issued to
soldiers in their daily rations with the
intention of inhibiting their need for food
and sleep, as well as increasing their
aggression.
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 6

7.  Khat is ever green plant grown by
grafting,cultivated as a bush or small tree.
 It is mainly found in
Ethopia,yemen,somalia,sudan,Madascar, and
south Africa,but it is also seen in Turkestian and
Afganistan.
 It grow at altitudes of 1500-2500m and usually
reaches 3-8 h under optimal conditions may
reach 15-20m,the tree require about 10 yrs to
attain maturity .but leaves & shoots are already
harvested after 3-4yrs. Khat is harvested
throughout the year, and gives 2 crops a year
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 7

8. Tuesday, January 17, 2017 8

9.  The effects of khat are obtained by chewing
the tender leaves and shoots.fresh leaves are
preffered as psycoactive properties decrease
after harvesting,in a particular during drying
of the plant material.this caused by
decomposition of cathinone into in
active’dimer’
 Imigrants have spread the use of khat habit
to Europeand USA.improved road transport of
air facilitated the wider distribution to other
countries
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 9

10. Tuesday, January 17, 2017 10

11.  Khat is harvested in the early morning hours
and sold at markets in late morning to
preserve its freshness,khat is wrapped in
banana leaves and sold as bundles(30-40cm)
of twigs,stems,leaves
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 11

12. There major types of khat and include:
Barihi,[Yemen]
 hawaday,[Ethiopia]
 harari,[,Ethiopia]
 mirroa,[Kenya]
Bondara, Kenya and Ethiopia]
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 12

13. Tuesday, January 17, 2017 13

14.  tuberculosis
 It reduces the appetite therefore leading to
malnutrition
 Khat users smoke too many cigarettes to
enhance the khat excitement
 Khat users chew the leaves
inclosed places /rooms with
little ventilation making
infectious/contagious
disease such as Tuberculosis
caught through breathing.
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 14

15.  increased heart rate,
 blood pressure
 euphoria
 hyperactivity
 decreased appetite
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 15

16.  • depression •
 sometimes hallucinations
 • increased risk of myocardial infarction •
 psychosis in extreme cases in the genetically
predisposed
 • oral cancer
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 16

17. .Khat chewing degrades the strength of
healthy teeth. Consecutive chewing and
failure to brush off the teeth after chewing
sessions stains the teeth , creates cavities
and gradually causes the teeth to decay and
fall. Prolonged khat chewing also causes
mouth cancer affecting the gums and the
tongue.
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 17

18. Tuesday, January 17, 2017 18

19.  Family breakdown
 Income diversion
 psycatric
 Crime
 Unemployment
 hallucination
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 19

20.  men chew khat all night and sleep all day .
They do not support family life or seek
jobs. Khat is also expensive and has
caused family breakdowns among users
dueto conflict initiated by mainly by
husbands who want to use the benefits
money for financial their khat
consumption.
 Husbands sleep all day and chew khat all
night . This leaves the wives to do all the
activities for the family including taking
and bringing children to school, shopping
for the family , cooking and cleaning .
 Women eat khat too and experienceTuesday, January 17, 2017 20

21.  Employee the chewers chew all night and all
day sleep, so can’t seek job
 khat is expensive so chewer lost his income
because is habit
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 21

22. Some researchershighlighted risk of significant liver
toxicity from excessive use, noting reports of dependent
users (though not physically addictive).It may cause
disrupted sleep and make pre-existing mental health
problems worse
 It may cause disrupted sleep and make pre-existing
mental health problems worse
 Khat use pesticides that is ban from the world but still
use in Africa that cause many like liver
toxinity,vomating blood &cancer
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 22

23.  It is illegal in many countries such as {Uk
banned in 2014}
 Legal in East Africa and Yemen
 It is illegal to use, sell and buy khat in Norway
 In England and Holland it has legal for two years
ago but not now
 On 24 June 2014 khat becomes a Class C drug
which means it is illegal to have or to supply
khat.
 Dealing or supplying could get you 14 years in
jail.
 Same in Europe and America
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 23

24. Aisha said that the Prophet Muhammad “forbade
every intoxicant and narcotic” Waste of money –
this can fall under extravagance (or prodigality)
Waste of tim
Misuse of land – 30% of Yemeni land is planted with
khat, while Yemen imports wheat & other foods.
Social, physical & psychological effects
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 24

25.  Khat leaves contain psychoactive known as
Cathinone which is structurally and chemically
similar to Amphetamine and Cathine a milder
form of Cathinone.
 Other components include: Cathidine, Celestine,
Tannin and .
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 25

26.  We recommend the
people chew qad to
stop by changing
something beneficial
 And people who seld the
 qad to change other
 jobs b/c if they continue
 they participate the people’s toxicity or
even death
 The chewers to benefit the time to learn or
to effeciency their day and after day
Tuesday, January 17, 2017 26
Stop chewing khat

27. Tuesday, January 17, 2017 27