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1. CANOEING AND KAYAKING
A great way to explore the rivers, lakes, canals, and other
bodies of water is through the use of a boat.
Canoeing and Kayaking are two float crafts that may take
anyone to places in the water that are even difficult to access
by any other means.

2. What is the difference between kayaks and canoes?
• Canoes and Kayaks may be confusing to some but it is
really easy to distinguish one from the other.
• Canoeing and Kayaking both require a
paddle for propulsion and steering

3. KAYAK
 Has a covered deck
 Kayakers extend legs and
are seated low or sometimes
on the deck
 It uses a double-bladed
paddle
 Canoe is a wide open
 A canoer, on one hand, sits or
kneels on the bottom of the
boat and uses a single-bladed
paddle.
CANOE

4.  Historically, there are some similarities and
differences in terms of the kayak and canoes
function and in how they are built. In the
early days, both boats were constructed and
used for the day-to-day economic needs, the
canoe for transporting goods and people and
the kayak for hunting marine life.

5. • The word “canoe” originated from the Carib word
“kenu” which mean dugout.
• Canoes were originally made from large tree
trunks.
• The trunks were dried for months, and then the
middle part was burned.
• The whole process took “one moon” or 28 days.
• The oldest known canoe, Pesse Canoe, believed to
be constructed between 8200 and 7600 B.C was
found in the Netherlands.

6. • Kayaks or “qajak”meaning “man’s boat” or
“hunters’ boat” originated from the Inuit and
Aleut tribes or Arctic North America.
• Building kayak was also joint effort of the man
and his wife.
• The oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in
North America Department of the State
Museum of Ethnology in Munich.

7. Basic Parts of a
Canoe
YOKE
- A beam in the
center of a canoe
that allows the
canoe to rest on a
person’s shoulder
when portaging.
STERN
- Rear end.
THWART
- Crossbars
reinforcing the
canoe and prevents
side from pulling
apart under load.

8. SEAT
- For paddler at the
bow part (if in
tandem)
GUNWALE
- Act as
structural
support and it
defines shape
of boat.
BOW
- Front part.

9. DECK
-top half of the
kayak.
Basic Parts of a Kayak:
FOOTBRACE
-found inside
where feet rest.
HULL
-bottom half of
the kayak
HATCH
-covering on the
deck where food
and gears can be
stored
COCKPIT
-opening in the kayaks’ deck where the
paddler sits. It can be covered with a spray kit
or waterproof kill that is placed around the
waist then slip over the cockpit’s rim or
coaming

10. CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTIONS
Length
The distance from the tip of the stern to
the tip of the bow.
Longer boats are faster and move on a straight
lines They also can carry more people.
However these are not easy to maneuver.
Shorter boats are easier to maneuver and
comparatively lighter and easier to handle.
Longer boats are best when touring and
cruising the open water. A shorter kayak
would be a better choice for smaller lakes and
rivers.
Beam
The width of the boat and is measured at
the widest part of the canoe or kayak.
Generally, the wider the boat, the more stable
it is. However, a narrower kayak or canoe nay
be faster but less stable.
A narrower kayak or canoe is more suitable for
those who wants to travel a greater distance
since it has speed.

11. Bottom Shape The shape of the bottom has a lot to do
with the stability of the boat.
There are three basic bottom shapes: flat,
round, and vee.
1. Flat- this design has good stability in
calm, waters. However, the
characteristics of this boat provide the
easy turning (boast spin) in rougher
water such as white waters.
2. Round- this is designed for speed and
efficiency.
3. Vee- this boat is in between the flat and
round bottom design boats, thus with
practice it comes with a good all-around
performance.

12. Profile or sides of a
boat
1. Tumblehome design- the sides of
the boat curve inward as they come
up, which makes the beam
narrower on the deck.
2. Flared sides- the sides curve
outward (flares out) making the
beam wider. Thus, as it goes deeper
in the water, the beam becomes
wider therefore giving a more
stable feeling.
3. Straight sides- is a little bit of
the two.

13. How should one choose a paddle?
 Wider and Taller kayaks need longer paddles
 If a person has a small build, then a shorter, lighter paddle
is best so as not overexert oneself. A general rule, the
shortest paddle that allows you to properly reach the water
is the best.
 Another way of measuring canoe paddle is while in
standing position.
 Wider blades gives you more acceleration but must also
deal with more resistance..
 Narrower blades uses less effort per stroke but require
more strokes.
 Curved blades increase power of each stroke.

14. How does one start the canoeing and kayaking
adventure?
For first timers, getting on a canoe or a
kayak on the water can be quite
challenging. The boat may rock and cause
some tilting when entering the boat.
Therefore, balance is important when
entering the boat.

15. Getting in a Kayak:
a. Entering from the dock
Make sure that paddle is within reach. Keep in mind
that weight should be at the centerline, otherwise the
kayak will tip. First hold the back of the cockpit
coaming and feet should be planted near the
centerline.

16. b. Getting from the shore
Put the paddle right behind the
cockpit coaming and the other end
against a rock

17. Getting in a Canoe:
a. Entering from the shore (Tandem Canoe)
Put a paddle in the end of the boat. Slide
part of the boat in the water, and then hold
the boat so it will not float away.

18. b. Entering from the dock
When entering from the dock, the same is
basically done. However, it will be best to keep
the boat parallel or horizontal to the dock. Get
in the boat one at a time, taking turns in
holding the boat steadily.

19. Second, Learn the Correct Posture
IN CANOEING
- The first thing to do is to relax, this way the muscles will not
be too tight. While seated, lean just slightly forward ( around
5-8 degrees only ) from the pelvis.
IN KAYAKING
- Good posture is key if one wants to use the body efficiently.
Do not lean on the backrest but just sit straight and relax rhe
shoulder, opening the chest for ease in breathing.

20. Third, Learn the Proper Way of Holding the Paddle
IN CANOEING
-holding the paddle incorrectly causes loss of power during
forward stroke and puts the paddler’s body in an awkward
position. Canoe paddle has only one blade.
IN KAYAKING
-the recommended grip is usually the distance between the
two elbows. Hold the paddle above and center over the head.
Adjust your hand so that your elbows are at right angle.

21. Fourth, Let us learn the Basics of Making the Boat move forward
IN CANOEING
- Paddling forward is the most basic and important
stroke as this will bring you to places.
1.Catch
-This is the start of the stroke where the blade enters the
water. It is important to know that the shoulder is used, not
the elbow, as the axis of movement.

22. 2. Power Phase
- A strong stroke is what will actually move the
boat forward. In this phase, the bottom hand should
be pulling while the top arm is pressing down
slightly forward.

23. 3. Exit and Recovery
- The stroke is finished when body rotation is
complete. At exit, the blade moves out of the
water to the side
IN KAYAKING
-In kayaking, the torso and legs will do most of the
work. The shoulder and arms will be used to
transfer power. Just like in canoeing, one paddles by
rotating the torso while keeping the arms straight.

24. What are the health-related benefits of
paddling?
Canoeing and Kayaking are activities that
can range from low to high intensity levels of
acitivity. Paddling will work out the heart
and thus will improve one’s aerobic fitness,
strength, and flexibility.

25. What are the important things that we
should always remember to be safe in
kayaking or canoeing?
Know first your skills in swimming and
canoeing or kayaking
Avoid paddling alone, paddling far from
coastline, or paddling in routes of ship.

26. Yield to safety and know where to go in case of
emergency.
Always wear personal floatation device and other
safety equipment
Keep hydrated as you will be under the sun

27. Check weather conditions.
Always plan ahead. This includes studying the
river maps ahead of time.
Never forget to put your things in waterproof bags.
Orientations given by facilitators or leaders are important.
They tell you the rules and regulations and safety
procedures. Listen and follow them well.
Equipment should be tried and always checked. Try
on new or unfamiliar things and ask questions on the
proper way of using them.

28. SCUBA DIVING
Scuba is an acronym for self-contained underwater
breathing Apparatus or SCUBA. Scuba diving is a
diving method where a diver uses a regulator as the
breathing apparatus and a tank with compressed air
which enables the diver to breathe normally
underwater.

29. 1300s
- A simple cauldron in the shape of a bell was used where the idea
was to trap the air inside the container where the diver swims out
until he or she runs out of breath then turns to the bell to replenish
air.
1690
- Edmund Halley developed an improved diving bell. The diving bell
with trapped air was brought down with two people inside.
1715
- Englishman John Lethbridge built the “diving engine” which was
an underwater oak cylinder supplied with compressed air from the
surface.

30. 1823
- Charles Anthony Deane invented the “ smoke helmet” originally
for firefighters. The helmet fits over a man’s head with an attached
hose for supply of air which comes form the surface.
1825
-William James invented the first workable, full-time SCUBA. It
had a cylindrical belt around the diver’s trunk that served as an air
reservoir at 450 psi.
1837
-German-born inventor Augustus Siebe innovated a closed diving
suit to complete the diving helmet of Deane. The suit was
connected to an air pump on the surface and became the first
standard diving dress.

31. 1866
- Frenchmen Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze
patented the “Aerophore”, where the diver carries a steel tank
of compressed air and is connected through a valve which goes
to the mouthpiece.
1843
-the first diving school was established by Royal Navy.
1876
-Henry A. Fleuss, an English merchant seamn, developed the
first self-contained diving gear that used compressed oxygen
and not compressed air.

32. 1943
-Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan redesigned a car
regulator which provided compressed air to divers in the
slightest breath and later on called as the aqualung.
Who can scuba dive?
Age
- A child as young as 8 years old can start learning in shallow
waters. A ten-year-old child can be qualified to train and be
certified as a Junior Open Water Diver, while a fifteen-year-old
or older can apply for an open water diver’s certificate (About
Sports,2016).

33. Health
- is important for a diver to be physically fit to be able to cope with
strenuous physical task which may happen at an unexpected times such as
maneuvering through strong current to reach a dive site.
Disabilities
-Disabilities do not hinder anyone from scuba diving. Many of
the instructors can provide training which is design for
physically challenged divers.
Swimming Skill
-For enrolling in a one-day experience course, the basic
requirement is being comfortable in the water event to the deep
end of the swimming pool.

34. What are the skills needed in scuba diving?
Pre-Dive
-diving is really a new adventure as one seem to enter an entirely new
world, with spaces that can only be find n water.
Pre-Dive Safety Check
- A pre-dive safety check must be done before going to the
water. This is performed once a diver is wearing his/her gear
and is done with a dive body.

35. The Five Steps of the Pre-Dive Safety Check (Gibb,n.d.) are as
follows:
1.Check the buoyancy compensator making sure
that the inflator and deflator bottoms work and
that the pull strings are unencumbered.
2.Check the Weights
3.Check the Releases
4.Check the Air Regulator
5.Final Okay