Karol Sikora_New developments for sustainable construction materials
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Dr. Karol Sikora presented at the Global Bamboo and Rattan Congress on developing more sustainable construction materials. Rapid urbanization is increasing the demand for construction materials like concrete, which has a large carbon footprint. New technologies allow for "greener" concrete by using materials like superabsorbent polymers or natural fibers to cure concrete and reduce cracking. Engineered wood products and cross-laminated timber allow for mass timber construction of tall buildings. Bamboo also has potential as a construction material due to its mechanical properties and sustainability, but challenges include a lack of standards and high costs.
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Karol Sikora_New developments for sustainable construction materials
- 1. New developments for sustainable construction materials Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 25-27 June, Beijing Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 2. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Outline of presentation 01 Trends • Population • Sustainability 02 Making concrete greener 03 Engineering natural products
- 3. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 4. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Population of urban areas in 1950
- 5. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Population of urban areas in 2000
- 6. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Population of urban areas in 2050
- 7. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Urbanization trend https://data.worldbank.org/
- 8. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 http://lostininternet.com/
- 9. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Concrete production ~1.6 m3 / person / year of concrete ~3 Gt Portland cement, consuming ~3 % of primary energy and causing ~5% of man- made CO2 emissions
- 10. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Sustainable construction materials: ü Low embodied energy within life cycle ü Cost competitive ü Available locally Ø more durable Ø long life cycle Ø less labour Ø less service intensive Ø better mechanical performance Ø better energy conservation
- 11. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 4R: Rethink – Reduce – Recycle - Reuse
- 12. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Cracking mechanism in concrete Self desiccation Autogenous shrinkage Cracking
- 13. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Self desiccation Autogenous shrinkage Cracking
- 14. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Curing • Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range resulting in: • increased strength • decreased permeability. • Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks in the concrete, which severely impacts durability.
- 15. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 External curing • water curing • water pounding • water spraying • fog misting • saturated coverings • sealed curing • water-proof paper • plastic sheeting • curing membranes • Labour intensive, limited penetration in tight microstructure of High Performance Concrete [quick-mix.co.za] [larsenbuildingproducts.com][larsenbuildingproducts.com]
- 16. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 External curing • “supplying water throughout a freshly placed cementitious mixture using reservoirs, via pre-wetted lightweight aggregates, that readily release water as needed for hydration or to replace moisture lost through evaporation or self-desiccation.”[American Concrete Institute] • Light-weight aggregates (LWA) • Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) • Water-saturated normal-weight Aggregates (NWA) • Wood-derived products • Recycled aggregate
- 17. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Internal curing
- 18. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) Mechanism of swelling + water - water
- 19. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Concrete modifications by SAP
- 20. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Do we really need to modify?
- 21. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Mother Nature ‘product’ [tokyotimes.com]
- 22. Historical timber structures Baling Bridge in Gansu Province, China Completed in 1398, rebuilt in 1919 and 1923. Total length 40.2m Five-storied pagoda at Horyu-ji Temple, Japan Built about 1,300 years ago Historical timber roof Glastonbury, UK 14th century medieval barn [mcgurdyco.com] Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 23. Timber structures today Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018 Tianning Pagoda in Changzhou, China Stadhaus, London, UK 9-storey apartment building Leonardo da Vinci bridge across E18 near Oslo, Norway
- 24. Timber engineering • Traditional timber structures – solid wood sections • Section and length limited by size of tree • Requirement for large span, high structural capacity members • Advances in timber engineering has led to the development of Engineered Wood Products (EWPs) • use of timber in more demanding applications • small size timber bonded together with adhesive to form composite Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 25. Engineered wood products • Oriented strand board (OSB) [siempelkamp.com, wikipedia.com] Structural insulated panels (SIPs) [insulspan.com] Timber frame [urbanrealm.com] Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 26. Engineered wood products • Glued laminated timber (Glulam) • Duo, Trio, Quattro Beams [ajsmith.co.uk] [gb-legname.com] Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 27. Engineered wood products – the next generation Cross laminated timber (CLT) • High performance material • Massive timber construction • Utilises small timber sizes • Panels made of at least 3 orthogonally bonded layers of timber • Successive layers of boards placed cross-wise Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 28. CLT Production • Individual design • Max. panel size: 4m x 18m • Precision manufacturing • CNC machining for • Window & door openings • Chases for services Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 29. CLT – life cycle Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 30. 10-storey CLT building in Melbourne 7-storey CLT building in Austria 8-storey CLT building in Germany 14-storey CLT and glulam building in Norway 10-storey CLT apartment in London 18-storey CLT dormitory in Vancouver Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 31. Timber structures of the future Stockholm: Proposed 34-storey Vancouver: Proposed 30-storey Paris: Proposed 35-storey London: Proposed 80-storey Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 32. Next step: another combination? Timber-concrete composite • connecting an upper concrete slab to timber: • increase in the stiffness • improvement of the vibration & acoustic separation • increase the thermal mass • replacing the lower part of a reinforced concrete section (ineffective) with timber: • rapid erection of the timber part, with a function of permanent formwork for the concrete topping • reduced load imposed on the foundation • increased seismic resistance • the possibility of using the timber as a decorative ceiling lining • low embodied energy Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 33. Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 34. China • Bamboo without processing in construction industry • New bamboo-based products such as bamboo ply and laminated bamboo used for non-construction elements World • R&D has been carried out on technology of bamboo construction to follow the trend of sustainable development in few European countries Current utilization of bamboo Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 35. Bamboo’s mechanical properties • Bamboo has low density but high stiffness, and elasticity and toughness are high enough • Due to the unique shape of bamboo, bending resistances are same for each internode • Hollow characteristic, high silica contents only of outer skin results in low natural durability Data source：The Institute for Manufacturing of Cambridge University Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 36. Research study Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 37. Challenges and potentials for bamboo utilization in construction China Challenges • No national standard in China • Perception • High cost of bamboo construction • Lack of technology Potentials • Energy consumption and environmental impact • An increasing demand for various types of structure houses in cities • The development of engineered bamboo products • Light weight and mechanical properties Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018
- 38. Bamboo structures of the future Dr. Karol Sikora GLOBAL BAMBOO AND RATTAN CONGRESS 2018