The document discusses various advanced construction techniques including 3D printing, photo catalytic concrete, self-healing concrete, zero cement concrete, hemp lime, wood-glass epoxy composites, and bamboo. 3D printing allows for complex components and entire buildings to be printed in concrete in a time and cost efficient manner. Photo catalytic concrete uses titanium dioxide to break down pollutants. Self-healing concrete can automatically repair cracks without human intervention. Zero cement concrete is an environmentally friendly alternative that uses waste materials like fly ash as binders instead of cement.

1. UNIT 5
Advance Techniques in
Construction
3D Printing, photo catalytic admixture, self-healing
concrete, zero cement concrete, hemp lime, wood-
glass epoxy composites, bamboo.

2. 3D Printing
•3D printing is defined as the process of making an
object from a three-dimensional model by generating
successive stacked thin layers of material
•3D printing is the computer-controlled sequential
layering of materials to create three-dimensional
shapes.
•It is particularly useful for prototyping and for
the manufacture of geometrically complex
components.

3. •In the construction industry, 3D printing can be used
to create construction components or to ‘print’ entire
buildings.
•Concrete 3D printing in the construction industry
helps save time, effort and material compared to
traditional construction methods.

5. •Advantages of 3d printing
1. With the help of 3d printing technology we can
construct house within 24 hours.
2. Less labour required.
3. Waste material used for construction.
4. 3D printing technology can save between 30 to 60
percent building material and shortens production
time by 50 to even 70 percent.
5. 3D printing technology , the dry construction
method used by WinSun is clean, compact, and
much more time efficient without compromising
quality.
6. Economical and cheap construction.

6. •Disadvantages of 3d printing
1. Technical person required for construction.
2. More machineries is required.
3. Reduce employees in the industry, since 3D printer
does most of the work.
4. A limited number of materials can be used, since
the same printer may not be able to print the
required multiple materials.
5. Conventional product manufacturing &renting
companies could suffer as their products are no
longer required.
6. Can not print all materials.
7. Require area for movable retractable rails.

7. Photo catalyst Admixture
A titanium dioxide (TiO2)is used as an admixture or
superficial layer.
•Titanium dioxide is a heterogeneous photo catalyst
that uses sunlight and moisture to absorb and render
oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) into nitrate ions
(NO3
−), which are then either washed away by rain or
soaked into the concrete to form stable compounds.
•In the presence of light and water, Photo catalyst
creates strong oxidation agent and electronic holes to
breakdown the organic matter to carbon dioxide and
water.

8. Basic Functions of Photo catalyst
1. Sterilizing Effect- Photo catalyst does not only kill
bacteria cells, but also decompose the cell itself.
The titanium dioxide photo catalyst has been found
to be more effective than any other antibacterial
agent.
2. Deodorizing effect - This will help combine the
organic gases to form a single molecule that is not
harmful to humans thus enhance the air cleaning
efficiency.

9. 3. Anti fogging, Self-Cleaning - When the original
building materials are coated with a photo catalyst,
a protective film of titanium provides the self-
cleaning building by becoming antistatic, super
oxidative, and hydrophilic.
4. Water Purification – Photo catalyst coupled with
UV lights can oxidize organic pollutants into
nontoxic materials, such as CO2 and water and can
disinfect certain bacteria.
This technology is very effective at removing
further hazardous organic compounds (TOCs) and
at killing a variety of bacteria and some viruses in
the secondary wastewater treatment.

10. Self- healing concrete
• Self-healing concrete is an artificial or synthetically
created substance that has the built-in ability to
automatically repair the damage to itself without any
external diagnosis or human intervention.
•The invention comes in three forms:
1. a spray that can be applied to existing construction
for small cracks that need repairing,
2. a repair mortar for structural repair of large
damage and
3. self-healing concrete itself, which can be mixed in
quantities as needed.

11. ADVANTAGES :
1. Incorporation of the agent in the concrete will be
relatively cheap as well as easy when the aggregate
is immobilized in porous light weight aggregate
prior to addition to the concrete mixture.
2. The self healing bacterial concrete helps in reduced
maintenance and repair costs of steel reinforced
concrete structures.
3. Oxygen is an agent that can induce corrosion, as
bacteria feeds on oxygen tendency for the
corrosion of reinforcement can be reduced.

12. 4. Self healing bacteria can be used in places where
humans find it difficult to reach for the
maintenance of the structures. Hence it reduces
risking of human life in dangerous areas and also
increases the durability of the structure.
5. Formation of crack will be healed in the initial stage
itself thereby increasing the service life of the
structure than expected life.

13. DISADVANTAGES :
1. If the volume of self healing agents (bacteria and
calcium lactate) mixed becomes greater than 20%,
the strength of the concrete is reduced.
2. Preparation of self healing concrete needs the
requirement of bacteria and calcium lactate.
Preparation of calcium lactate from milk is costlier.
Hence preparation of self healing concrete costs
double than conventional concrete.

14. Zero cement concrete
•Zero Cement Concrete is an improved version of Geo-
polymer Concrete.
•It is used as alternative material for cement concrete.
•It is not used as a binding material.
•In spite of cement we use fly ash, GGBS as a binders.
•Additionally, Steel Slag was partially replaced with
Blue Metal in order to make it both durable and
economical.

15. •Process:
•Aggregates and fly ash are mixed with proper
intimation.
•And then alkaline activator solution is added to
dissolve Si and Al atoms in source materials.
•By this process aggregates and fly ash get bonded.
•And then finally we get concrete.

16. •Properties:
•Non toxic.
•Sets at room temperature.
•High compressive strength.
•High bonding strength.
•Chemical resistance.
•Highly resistance to heat

17. •Advantages:
•Reduces CO2 emission.
•Usage of waste products.
•Durability is good.
•Fire proof.
•Corrosion resistance.
•Economically sustainable.

18. •Disadvantages:
•It requires special handling.
•Process is faster.
•It is sensitive.
How over come the disadvantages
• Reduce the carelessness.
•Give extra effect.
•Proper intimation

19. HEMP LIME
•Hemp Lime products are a super food for the building
industry.
•Products made from Hemp and Lime offer healthier
alternatives in the categories of insulation, wall
systems, textiles, and more in large part because they
do not contain harmful petrochemicals.
•They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
•Hemp Lime products are naturally fire-resistant.
•Hemp and lime products can be fully recycled and
reused to support a zero-waste economy.

20. •Hemp lime is a natural product, performance can vary
slightly, but commercial hemp lime wall systems tend
to achieve:
dry density: 270–330 kg/m3
thermal conductivity: 0.07–0.09 W/mK
(typical U-value at 300 mm = 0.21 W/m2 K)
compressive strength: 0.1–0.2 N/mm2
• compressive strength: 0.1–0.2 N/mm2

21. production process of hemp lime:
•At the manufacturing location, hemp is stored in a
storage room, and the lime is stored in silos.
•The hemp and lime are added to water and thus
mixed.
•The mixture then travels through a conveyor belt
where a machine shapes it into blocks.
•The blocks are then taken to an area to cure. Once
cured, the blocks are separated into 2 m3 batches and
loaded on pallets.
•They are wrapped up with polyethylene packaging
film and polypropylene straps to be transported to a
construction site.

22. Advantages:
•Hemp lime are eco-friendly and energy-
efficient construction material.
•Hemp lime help in the thermal regulation which
regulates the temperature of the building.
•Hemp lime blocks are very light in weight and can
transport easily from one place to another place.
•It is a disaster-resistant, which helps to ensure the
safety of the buildings.
•It is a strong and durable eco-friendly construction
material.
•Construction with the help of Hemp lime blocks is
easy and fast.

23. •It provides a healthy indoor environment for the
occupants.
•Hemp lime can be the best option for which is used in
the Renovation of the buildings.
•It has high moisture handling capacity.
•It is also used for decorative work.

24. Disadvantages:
•Hemp lime walls are thicker in size as compared to
other walls which reduce the carpet area.
•Hemp lime has low compressive strength
•It cannot be used for heavy loads, it requires frames
to carry loads.
•Hemp lime cannot be used in the foundation of the
buildings.
•Hemp lime is not readily available as compared to
the concrete, because it is difficult to find hemp.
•Builders have a lack of knowledge about Hemp lime
Construction.

25. Application:
•It is widely used in the Extension or Renovation of the
buildings.
•It is used for insulation for the old buildings.
•It is also used for plastering work.
•It is used for floor as well as roof insulation.
•It is also used in the external and internal insulation of
the buildings.
•It is used for creating an air-tight seal around the
home

26. Wood-Glass epoxy composite
• A material which is composed of two or more
materials at a microscopic scale and have chemically
distinct phases.

27. Bamboo
• Bamboo is a wood-like material that is naturally
available in hollow cylindrical forms that include
regular growth nodes every few inches.
•Generally speaking, bamboo has higher compressive
strength, tensile strength and flexural strength than
any wood.
•As such, it is popular as an engineered product
produced with strips of bamboo fiber and glue to form
boards.
•Depending on the manufacturer, this can be stronger
than a hardwood such as oak.

28. •Bamboo is a woody plant in the grass family that can
grow up to 36 inches in a day.
•Due to its fast growth rate, high strength to weight
ratio and bend ability it is an extremely economical
and practical material.
•Bamboo is not particularly resistant to rot but is used
outdoors none the less
a scaffolding, fencing
and decorative items
in gardens.

29. Bamboo Bridge

30. Various Structural Shapes of Bamboo:
1. Squared cross-section can be obtained by
compressing the growing stalk of bamboo within a
square section.
2. Arch shapes of bamboo can also be created by
compressing the bamboo's growth into the desired
shape. This would cost lesser than it would to get
the same form with normal timber.
3. Curved and Flat shapes of bamboo are achieved
through traditional techniques like applying heat
and pressure.

31. Methods of Working on Bamboo
•For a bamboo to be used as a building material, it
must be worked on to create desired shape, bend and
length to be used for structural or other purposes.
•Following are the different works involved with use of
bamboo:
1. Splitting
2. Shaping
3. Bending

32. Advantages of Bamboo:
1. Tensile strength: Bamboo has higher tensile
strength than steel because its fibers run axially.
2. Fire Resistance: Capability of bamboo to resist fire
is very high and it can withstand temperature up to
4000 C. This is due to the presence of high value of
silicate acid and water.
3. Elasticity: Bamboo is widely preferred in
earthquake prone regions due to its elastic
features.

33. 4. Weight of bamboo: Bamboos due to their low
weight are easily displaced or installed making it
very easier for transportation and construction.
5. Unlike other building materials like cement and
asbestos, bamboo poses no danger to health.
6. They are cost effective and easy to use.
7. They are especially in great demand in earthquake
prone areas.

34. Disadvantages of Bamboo:
1. They require preservation
2. Shrinkage: Bamboo shrinks much greater than any
other type of timber especially when it loses water.
3. Durability: Bamboo should be sufficiently treated
against insect or fungus attack before being utilized
for building purposes.
4. Jointing: Despite prevalence of various techniques
of jointing, structural reliability of bamboo is
questionable.