Rights-Based Approaches to Fishing: Theory and Experiences by Ragnar Arnason ...FAO
This document discusses rights-based approaches to fishing management and summarizes the presenter's key points on the topic. It describes how common property management can lead to overexploitation of fisheries, while individual property rights promote efficiency but may undermine equity and traditions. Experience shows that individual transferable quotas have successfully reduced effort and increased prices and quota values economically, while their social and biological outcomes are more mixed. Community fishing rights also show potential if designed properly with inclusive membership and efficient decision-making structures. The presentation concludes by summarizing case studies of different rights-based approaches and their outcomes.
Socioeconomic considerations in marine resource management Ecotrust
This document discusses the importance of considering socioeconomic factors in marine resource management. It provides an overview of tools from social sciences that can be used, such as interviews, surveys and participatory research. Examples are given of projects that incorporated local ecological knowledge from fishermen into marine protected area planning in California. Additional examples describe community-based management approaches in Port Orford, Oregon and among First Nations groups in western Vancouver Island, Canada that engaged local stakeholders in fisheries management. The conclusion emphasizes that laws like the Magnuson-Stevens Act require socioeconomic impacts to communities be addressed alongside environmental concerns in management.
1) The document discusses trophy hunting and its impacts on species conservation, local livelihoods, and alternatives to hunting such as photo-tourism. Trophy hunting generates habitat protection and funding that benefits wider conservation efforts.
2) While poorly regulated trophy hunting can negatively impact some populations, available evidence shows it has not been a primary driver of species decline. Countries that use trophy hunting have seen increasing wildlife populations.
3) Removing trophy hunting without viable alternatives risks greater habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict that threaten species more severely. Replacement with photo-tourism alone will not generate sufficient funding for conservation.
Community based fisheries management in Cambodia. Tauk Chanraksmey
The community-based fisheries management (CBFM) in Cambodia aims to promote the sustainable fisheries resource management by the empowerment of fisher’s communities to manage their own aquatic resource. This paper describes the challenging of fisheries communities’ implementation: case study in Cambodia and the most important insight in the advocated practical issues that impact on their social livelihood. In addition, this lesson is aimed to gain a better understanding of function in CBFM in Cambodia in general, with particular emphasis the way forward successful of CBFM. The absence of sustainable management and ineffective enforcement of regulation lead to overfishing. The illegal fishing and encroachment of flood plain forest as private possession, other developments still exist including possible accessing of outsider fisher. Mostly CBFM still depends on external support combine with the short budget and no regular incentive resource. The understanding of fishermen and good leadership as well as capacity building initiative which focus on leadership development which is personnel investment and including effort of women involvement. The collaboration between government agencies and community committee are weak including the right of individual participation as co-management actor in community fisheries decision making processes. In addition, CBFM lacks in action plan, and cooperation of competent authority which is essential for the progress of implementation of fisheries management. We need to promote regional, national and sub-nation networking on implement community fisheries (Cfi) activities by their own initiative and self-financial creation. Law on fisheries and sub-degree on Cfi management should amendment for empowerment and promote the right based approached.
Communicating marine issues to the wider public-Karen Mitchellrebeccalynam
Aligning messages with values. Karen Mitchell will look at public research carried out by Natural England on the difficulties of communicating with different cohorts of the general public on marine matters.
Crisis du Jour: Where is Sea Grant Going Over the Next 20 YearsOregon Sea Grant
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Sea Grant program over the past 50 years. It begins with how Sea Grant was conceived in 1963 by Athelstan Spilhaus as a program modeled after land grant colleges. The document then summarizes how Sea Grant grew and changed focus through the decades, from areas like fisheries, aquaculture, and coastal development. It notes the current challenges facing coastal communities like population growth, climate change impacts, and need to balance development and environmental protection. The document proposes ways for Sea Grant to remain nimble and adaptive to changing needs through strategic planning, focus teams addressing key issues, and allowing new ideas to emerge from a team exploring future opportunities.
Rights-Based Approaches to Fishing: Theory and Experiences by Ragnar Arnason ...FAO
This document discusses rights-based approaches to fishing management and summarizes the presenter's key points on the topic. It describes how common property management can lead to overexploitation of fisheries, while individual property rights promote efficiency but may undermine equity and traditions. Experience shows that individual transferable quotas have successfully reduced effort and increased prices and quota values economically, while their social and biological outcomes are more mixed. Community fishing rights also show potential if designed properly with inclusive membership and efficient decision-making structures. The presentation concludes by summarizing case studies of different rights-based approaches and their outcomes.
Socioeconomic considerations in marine resource management Ecotrust
This document discusses the importance of considering socioeconomic factors in marine resource management. It provides an overview of tools from social sciences that can be used, such as interviews, surveys and participatory research. Examples are given of projects that incorporated local ecological knowledge from fishermen into marine protected area planning in California. Additional examples describe community-based management approaches in Port Orford, Oregon and among First Nations groups in western Vancouver Island, Canada that engaged local stakeholders in fisheries management. The conclusion emphasizes that laws like the Magnuson-Stevens Act require socioeconomic impacts to communities be addressed alongside environmental concerns in management.
1) The document discusses trophy hunting and its impacts on species conservation, local livelihoods, and alternatives to hunting such as photo-tourism. Trophy hunting generates habitat protection and funding that benefits wider conservation efforts.
2) While poorly regulated trophy hunting can negatively impact some populations, available evidence shows it has not been a primary driver of species decline. Countries that use trophy hunting have seen increasing wildlife populations.
3) Removing trophy hunting without viable alternatives risks greater habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict that threaten species more severely. Replacement with photo-tourism alone will not generate sufficient funding for conservation.
Community based fisheries management in Cambodia. Tauk Chanraksmey
The community-based fisheries management (CBFM) in Cambodia aims to promote the sustainable fisheries resource management by the empowerment of fisher’s communities to manage their own aquatic resource. This paper describes the challenging of fisheries communities’ implementation: case study in Cambodia and the most important insight in the advocated practical issues that impact on their social livelihood. In addition, this lesson is aimed to gain a better understanding of function in CBFM in Cambodia in general, with particular emphasis the way forward successful of CBFM. The absence of sustainable management and ineffective enforcement of regulation lead to overfishing. The illegal fishing and encroachment of flood plain forest as private possession, other developments still exist including possible accessing of outsider fisher. Mostly CBFM still depends on external support combine with the short budget and no regular incentive resource. The understanding of fishermen and good leadership as well as capacity building initiative which focus on leadership development which is personnel investment and including effort of women involvement. The collaboration between government agencies and community committee are weak including the right of individual participation as co-management actor in community fisheries decision making processes. In addition, CBFM lacks in action plan, and cooperation of competent authority which is essential for the progress of implementation of fisheries management. We need to promote regional, national and sub-nation networking on implement community fisheries (Cfi) activities by their own initiative and self-financial creation. Law on fisheries and sub-degree on Cfi management should amendment for empowerment and promote the right based approached.
Communicating marine issues to the wider public-Karen Mitchellrebeccalynam
Aligning messages with values. Karen Mitchell will look at public research carried out by Natural England on the difficulties of communicating with different cohorts of the general public on marine matters.
Crisis du Jour: Where is Sea Grant Going Over the Next 20 YearsOregon Sea Grant
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Sea Grant program over the past 50 years. It begins with how Sea Grant was conceived in 1963 by Athelstan Spilhaus as a program modeled after land grant colleges. The document then summarizes how Sea Grant grew and changed focus through the decades, from areas like fisheries, aquaculture, and coastal development. It notes the current challenges facing coastal communities like population growth, climate change impacts, and need to balance development and environmental protection. The document proposes ways for Sea Grant to remain nimble and adaptive to changing needs through strategic planning, focus teams addressing key issues, and allowing new ideas to emerge from a team exploring future opportunities.
People, planning and the opportunities to make a difference- Bob Earllrebeccalynam
Dr. Bob Earll, founder of Communications and Management for Sustainability, will share information on marine planning in and around the Irish Sea as well as fisheries, biodiversity and ‘society’ with a focus on the difference individuals
and organisations can make.
This document provides an overview of the State of the World's Waterbirds report from 2010. It discusses the following key points:
1. The Waterbird Index shows that the status of waterbird populations remains poor globally, with 44% decreasing and only 17% increasing.
2. There has been a marginal 5% decrease in the proportion of declining populations between 1975-2005, representing some progress towards biodiversity targets.
3. Waterbird populations have the most favorable conservation status in North America, Europe, and Oceania, where legislative frameworks are strongest, driving the global trend. Status is least favorable in Africa, South America, and Asia.
4. Habitat loss from development, agriculture, and
The document discusses the trade in coral reef animals and products, which is driving overexploitation and destructive fishing practices in Southeast Asia. International trade has caused the removal of rare species, use of poisons and destructive gear that destroy reef habitats. While some species are protected under CITES, illegal and unreported trade and collection continues to threaten coral reef ecosystems. Sustainable management approaches are needed to set limits on trade and fishing and establish marine protected areas to reverse degradation.
The FAO Blue Growth Initiative aims to help countries transition to sustainable blue growth through improving governance, empowering stakeholders, and conserving biodiversity. A key part is the Blue Communities Platform, which seeks to empower small-scale fishing communities, who make up over 90% of fishers. The Platform uses existing instruments like the SSF Guidelines, Code of Conduct, and Tenure Guidelines to support communities' rights and contributions to food security. The overall goals of the FAO Blue Growth Initiative are to maximize economic and social benefits through environmentally sustainable practices and resilient communities with improved livelihoods.
The document discusses opportunities for private sector engagement in natural disaster risk management beyond traditional emergency response and relief efforts. It argues that private companies have greater scope, ability to leverage core competencies, and potential for sustainable involvement in disaster risk reduction activities like hazard monitoring, risk mitigation, and building community resilience. Engaging businesses in these proactive risk-reducing areas through public-private partnerships could significantly reduce human and economic costs of future natural catastrophes.
Fish Night 5 on 17 October 2018 looked at how we can make sure that subsidies designed to benefit marine and coastal ecosystems don’t have a detrimental effect on smaller fisheries.
The presentation was made by Rashid Sumaila, Fisheries Economics Research Unit, Global Fisheries Cluster, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
The event was organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
More details: https://www.iied.org/fish-night-5-can-subsidies-work-for-fish-for-people
+The state of the ocean’s ecosystems
+The design space – Fishery? Sustainable?
+Fisheries and their stakeholders – and supply chains
+The battle over sustainability – strategy and tactics
+How to design sustainable fisheries
This document discusses sustainable sourcing of seafood and provides guidance on certification programs and labels. It notes that some major fish markets like Japan are declining while others like the US and EU are growing. Ensuring sustainable fisheries requires responsible management that balances economic and environmental concerns. Ecolabels aim to allow consumers to identify sustainably sourced seafood but their criteria must be transparent and science-based. The document recommends seafood suppliers develop sustainability plans, source from reputable partners, and promote underutilized species and health benefits of seafood.
This document discusses broadcasting eco-fishing in Ethiopia. It provides background on key concepts like the environment, aquatic ecosystems, fisheries, and fish. It then examines Ethiopia's fish resources, production trends, main fish species, fishing gears, and the contribution of fisheries to development objectives like income, food security, poverty alleviation, and public health. Finally, it outlines challenges facing fisheries management in Ethiopia like lack of awareness, data, and trained personnel, as well as recommendations to address these issues through education, research, sustainable practices, and cooperation.
This document provides an overview of conservation of biodiversity and efforts to preserve species and habitats. It discusses the arguments for conservation, including ethical, aesthetic, commercial, and life support reasons. It compares the species-based and ecosystem-based approaches to conservation and outlines some of the strengths and weaknesses of each. It also describes some of the major governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in conservation efforts, such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Greenpeace, and their roles and activities.
Aquatic food production systems provide many food sources for human consumption including algae, fish, shellfish, and other organisms. These systems face sustainability challenges due to overexploitation from fishing and environmental impacts from aquaculture. Effective management strategies like catch limits, marine protected areas, and regulating farm practices are needed to support long-term viability of aquatic food resources.
This document provides an introduction to basic bioeconomic analysis and game theoretic applications for studying shared fish stocks. It summarizes a basic bioeconomic model of fishing that involves both the natural and human components of a fishery. Overfishing, overcapacity, and low or negative profits are classical management problems that can be predicted using bioeconomic models that consider both catch per unit effort and fishing mortality over time. The document outlines a Gordon-Schaefer bioeconomic model and describes how open access can lead to overfishing and zero economic rents. It also discusses potential solutions to these issues such as total allowable catches, limited entry, and individualized quotas.
This document summarizes the trends in global fisheries and efforts to promote sustainable seafood through certification and consumer awareness campaigns. It discusses how rising demand for seafood led to overexploitation of fish stocks, with 30% of stocks now fully exploited and 40% overexploited. In response, certification programs like MSC and campaigns by NGOs aim to educate consumers and incentivize sustainable fishing. While these efforts face challenges, signs of success include more fisheries seeking certification and reduced environmental impacts from certified fisheries. Increased demand for sustainable seafood also indicates consumer awareness campaigns have achieved some objectives.
Presentation delivered on the occasion International Conference Growth in Blue Bio-economy, held in
NORDIC HOUSE • TÓRSHAVN FAROE ISL ANDS • 2-3 JUNE 2015
This webinar discusses the status of global fish stocks and fisheries. The key points are:
1) While global fish catches have remained stable, fish stocks are declining as fishing effort continues to increase. This means stocks are shrinking.
2) Most studies estimate that over 50% of global fish stocks are overexploited, depleted, or collapsed. The FAO underestimates overfishing by only considering well-researched stocks.
3) European fish stocks are also in poor shape, with over 50% considered overexploited or collapsed. However, adopting generic harvest control rules based on maintaining biomass levels could increase catches by 63% while rebuilding stocks.
4) International agreements like
Economics of sustainable catch issues, various regulatory measures to enhance fishery productivity.
John A. Dixon
from materials prepared by
J. Vincent, T. Sterner, J.E. Padilla, and
Marian delos Angeles
johnkailua@aol.com
World Bank Institute
This document analyzes the impact of subsidies on fisheries in the North Sea. It reviews current subsidies, incorporates subsidies into an existing North Sea ecosystem model, and runs hindcast and optimization analyses both with and without subsidies. The hindcast shows subsidies reduced fishery profitability even as gross revenue remained high. Optimizations find maximum profit with reduced demersal trawling and increased Nephrops trawling, while stability results from reducing all fleets' effort. With subsidies, effort stays higher for all fleets since subsidies lower fishing costs. Removing subsidies may lower catch and revenue but increases total profit and biomass of key commercial species.
New Case - Lisa Mead - Depletion of marine lifeNatureRights
This document discusses the depletion of marine life due to a lack of integrated ocean governance and overfishing. It presents a new case proposing that extensive overfishing and inadequate marine conservation efforts are violating the rights of the ocean. Specifically, it notes that the majority of fish stocks managed by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations are overfished. Additionally, the EU regularly sets total allowable catches higher than recommended scientific limits, threatening fish populations. The document argues this violates the ocean's right to life and natural processes as laid out in the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth.
New Cases - Depletion of marine life - Lisa MeadNaturerights Tag
This document discusses the depletion of marine life due to a lack of integrated ocean governance and overfishing. It presents a new case proposing that these issues violate the rights of the ocean as outlined in the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth. Specifically, it notes that regional fisheries organizations set catch limits higher than scientific advice for many fish stocks, threatening their ability to survive. It also discusses inadequate conservation efforts and the impacts of pollution, deep sea mining, and other threats. The document argues for improved ocean governance and adherence to catch limits that allow fish populations to maintain their vital cycles.
Mey Akashah "Sustainable Seas and Seafood," Harvard Mey Akashah
Mey Akashah, "Sustainable Seas and Sustainable Seafood," Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Extension School, May 1 2012.
Course: Human Health and Global Environmental Change
People, planning and the opportunities to make a difference- Bob Earllrebeccalynam
Dr. Bob Earll, founder of Communications and Management for Sustainability, will share information on marine planning in and around the Irish Sea as well as fisheries, biodiversity and ‘society’ with a focus on the difference individuals
and organisations can make.
This document provides an overview of the State of the World's Waterbirds report from 2010. It discusses the following key points:
1. The Waterbird Index shows that the status of waterbird populations remains poor globally, with 44% decreasing and only 17% increasing.
2. There has been a marginal 5% decrease in the proportion of declining populations between 1975-2005, representing some progress towards biodiversity targets.
3. Waterbird populations have the most favorable conservation status in North America, Europe, and Oceania, where legislative frameworks are strongest, driving the global trend. Status is least favorable in Africa, South America, and Asia.
4. Habitat loss from development, agriculture, and
The document discusses the trade in coral reef animals and products, which is driving overexploitation and destructive fishing practices in Southeast Asia. International trade has caused the removal of rare species, use of poisons and destructive gear that destroy reef habitats. While some species are protected under CITES, illegal and unreported trade and collection continues to threaten coral reef ecosystems. Sustainable management approaches are needed to set limits on trade and fishing and establish marine protected areas to reverse degradation.
The FAO Blue Growth Initiative aims to help countries transition to sustainable blue growth through improving governance, empowering stakeholders, and conserving biodiversity. A key part is the Blue Communities Platform, which seeks to empower small-scale fishing communities, who make up over 90% of fishers. The Platform uses existing instruments like the SSF Guidelines, Code of Conduct, and Tenure Guidelines to support communities' rights and contributions to food security. The overall goals of the FAO Blue Growth Initiative are to maximize economic and social benefits through environmentally sustainable practices and resilient communities with improved livelihoods.
The document discusses opportunities for private sector engagement in natural disaster risk management beyond traditional emergency response and relief efforts. It argues that private companies have greater scope, ability to leverage core competencies, and potential for sustainable involvement in disaster risk reduction activities like hazard monitoring, risk mitigation, and building community resilience. Engaging businesses in these proactive risk-reducing areas through public-private partnerships could significantly reduce human and economic costs of future natural catastrophes.
Fish Night 5 on 17 October 2018 looked at how we can make sure that subsidies designed to benefit marine and coastal ecosystems don’t have a detrimental effect on smaller fisheries.
The presentation was made by Rashid Sumaila, Fisheries Economics Research Unit, Global Fisheries Cluster, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
The event was organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
More details: https://www.iied.org/fish-night-5-can-subsidies-work-for-fish-for-people
+The state of the ocean’s ecosystems
+The design space – Fishery? Sustainable?
+Fisheries and their stakeholders – and supply chains
+The battle over sustainability – strategy and tactics
+How to design sustainable fisheries
This document discusses sustainable sourcing of seafood and provides guidance on certification programs and labels. It notes that some major fish markets like Japan are declining while others like the US and EU are growing. Ensuring sustainable fisheries requires responsible management that balances economic and environmental concerns. Ecolabels aim to allow consumers to identify sustainably sourced seafood but their criteria must be transparent and science-based. The document recommends seafood suppliers develop sustainability plans, source from reputable partners, and promote underutilized species and health benefits of seafood.
This document discusses broadcasting eco-fishing in Ethiopia. It provides background on key concepts like the environment, aquatic ecosystems, fisheries, and fish. It then examines Ethiopia's fish resources, production trends, main fish species, fishing gears, and the contribution of fisheries to development objectives like income, food security, poverty alleviation, and public health. Finally, it outlines challenges facing fisheries management in Ethiopia like lack of awareness, data, and trained personnel, as well as recommendations to address these issues through education, research, sustainable practices, and cooperation.
This document provides an overview of conservation of biodiversity and efforts to preserve species and habitats. It discusses the arguments for conservation, including ethical, aesthetic, commercial, and life support reasons. It compares the species-based and ecosystem-based approaches to conservation and outlines some of the strengths and weaknesses of each. It also describes some of the major governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in conservation efforts, such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Greenpeace, and their roles and activities.
Aquatic food production systems provide many food sources for human consumption including algae, fish, shellfish, and other organisms. These systems face sustainability challenges due to overexploitation from fishing and environmental impacts from aquaculture. Effective management strategies like catch limits, marine protected areas, and regulating farm practices are needed to support long-term viability of aquatic food resources.
This document provides an introduction to basic bioeconomic analysis and game theoretic applications for studying shared fish stocks. It summarizes a basic bioeconomic model of fishing that involves both the natural and human components of a fishery. Overfishing, overcapacity, and low or negative profits are classical management problems that can be predicted using bioeconomic models that consider both catch per unit effort and fishing mortality over time. The document outlines a Gordon-Schaefer bioeconomic model and describes how open access can lead to overfishing and zero economic rents. It also discusses potential solutions to these issues such as total allowable catches, limited entry, and individualized quotas.
This document summarizes the trends in global fisheries and efforts to promote sustainable seafood through certification and consumer awareness campaigns. It discusses how rising demand for seafood led to overexploitation of fish stocks, with 30% of stocks now fully exploited and 40% overexploited. In response, certification programs like MSC and campaigns by NGOs aim to educate consumers and incentivize sustainable fishing. While these efforts face challenges, signs of success include more fisheries seeking certification and reduced environmental impacts from certified fisheries. Increased demand for sustainable seafood also indicates consumer awareness campaigns have achieved some objectives.
Presentation delivered on the occasion International Conference Growth in Blue Bio-economy, held in
NORDIC HOUSE • TÓRSHAVN FAROE ISL ANDS • 2-3 JUNE 2015
This webinar discusses the status of global fish stocks and fisheries. The key points are:
1) While global fish catches have remained stable, fish stocks are declining as fishing effort continues to increase. This means stocks are shrinking.
2) Most studies estimate that over 50% of global fish stocks are overexploited, depleted, or collapsed. The FAO underestimates overfishing by only considering well-researched stocks.
3) European fish stocks are also in poor shape, with over 50% considered overexploited or collapsed. However, adopting generic harvest control rules based on maintaining biomass levels could increase catches by 63% while rebuilding stocks.
4) International agreements like
Economics of sustainable catch issues, various regulatory measures to enhance fishery productivity.
John A. Dixon
from materials prepared by
J. Vincent, T. Sterner, J.E. Padilla, and
Marian delos Angeles
johnkailua@aol.com
World Bank Institute
This document analyzes the impact of subsidies on fisheries in the North Sea. It reviews current subsidies, incorporates subsidies into an existing North Sea ecosystem model, and runs hindcast and optimization analyses both with and without subsidies. The hindcast shows subsidies reduced fishery profitability even as gross revenue remained high. Optimizations find maximum profit with reduced demersal trawling and increased Nephrops trawling, while stability results from reducing all fleets' effort. With subsidies, effort stays higher for all fleets since subsidies lower fishing costs. Removing subsidies may lower catch and revenue but increases total profit and biomass of key commercial species.
New Case - Lisa Mead - Depletion of marine lifeNatureRights
This document discusses the depletion of marine life due to a lack of integrated ocean governance and overfishing. It presents a new case proposing that extensive overfishing and inadequate marine conservation efforts are violating the rights of the ocean. Specifically, it notes that the majority of fish stocks managed by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations are overfished. Additionally, the EU regularly sets total allowable catches higher than recommended scientific limits, threatening fish populations. The document argues this violates the ocean's right to life and natural processes as laid out in the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth.
New Cases - Depletion of marine life - Lisa MeadNaturerights Tag
This document discusses the depletion of marine life due to a lack of integrated ocean governance and overfishing. It presents a new case proposing that these issues violate the rights of the ocean as outlined in the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth. Specifically, it notes that regional fisheries organizations set catch limits higher than scientific advice for many fish stocks, threatening their ability to survive. It also discusses inadequate conservation efforts and the impacts of pollution, deep sea mining, and other threats. The document argues for improved ocean governance and adherence to catch limits that allow fish populations to maintain their vital cycles.
Mey Akashah "Sustainable Seas and Seafood," Harvard Mey Akashah
Mey Akashah, "Sustainable Seas and Sustainable Seafood," Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Extension School, May 1 2012.
Course: Human Health and Global Environmental Change
This document discusses environmental demands of human populations through the concept of ecological footprints. It defines ecological footprint as the area of land and water required to sustain an individual or population. Countries with the highest per capita footprints in 2003 included the USA, Australia, and Canada. A large footprint can be caused by reliance on fossil fuels, meat-rich diets, and importation among other factors. Footprints can be reduced through decreased consumption, recycling, efficiency, and other measures. The document also discusses calculations of ecological footprints and issues with the calculations.
This document discusses various approaches to managing fisheries, including total allowable catch (TAC) and regulating mesh size. It provides definitions and examples of overfishing, as well as its potential consequences like reductions in species populations and changes to ecosystem structure. Statistics are presented on the percentage of fish species currently threatened with collapse. The document also examines unregulated open access fisheries and compares them to regulated open access, limited entry, and individual catch share systems in terms of who can fish, catch limits, and how the total catch is limited. Management tools like input controls and seasonal closures are outlined.
Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture IndiaSachin Sahu
very lack of data of Marine ornamental fish sector. it will help for fisheries student to know about Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture India.
An investigation into the use of seafood processing by-products in Nova Scotia Alison Chappell
This document summarizes a study on the use of seafood processing byproducts in Nova Scotia. The study found that around 38% of seafood processors profit from byproducts by selling them to mink farms and fishermen. However, a third of processors solely dispose of byproducts as waste. There is room for improvement in optimizing byproducts, such as through education on uses like compost or bait production. Shellfish processing generates the most waste, while groundfish waste is generally utilized. Over half of originally identified processors were no longer active in the industry.
Similar to Kalanduse probleemid ja reformid. Ragnar Arnason (20)
Eesti Konjunktuuriinstituudi direktori Marje Josingu ettekanne uuringust "Muutuv konkurentsiolukord toidukaupade tarneahelas ja ebaausad kauplemistavad"
Ühise põllumajanduspoliitika mõju Eesti põllumajandussektorileMaaeluministeerium
Illar Lemetti: Ühise põllumajanduspoliitika mõju Eesti põllumajandussektorile
ettekanne 27.01.2015 konverentsil "Ühise põllumajanduspoliitika rakendamine Eestis – tulemused ja tulevikuväljavaated"
Põllumajandusministeeriumi asekantsler Illar Lemetti ettekanne "Väärtuslik põllumaa peab andma toitu" Eesti Põllumeeste Keskliidu konverentsil Järvakandis (17. oktoober 2014)
Eesti toidukauba eksport Venemaa sanktsioonide kontekstisMaaeluministeerium
Eesti toidukauba eksport Venemaa sanktsioonide kontekstis - statistiline ülevaade.
Kõige tugevam mõju Eesti toidusektorile ja majandusele laiemalt tuleb sellest, et Venemaa on väga oluline eksporditurg kogu EL-le.
2013.a eksportis EL-28 VF-i piimatooteid ligi 1,5 mld eur; lihatooteid enam kui 1,6 mld; kala 153 mln; juurvilju 770 mln eur ja puuvilju 1,26 mld euro väärtuses. Lisaks töödeldud tooted, mis läksid piirangu alla osaliselt. Kõik need tooted peavad tänasel päeval leidma uue turu kas EL-i sees või kolmandates riikides, mis paratamatult hakkab mõjutama Eesti turgu. Seega kokkuvõttes on mõju Eesti põllumajandusele kahtlemata väga oluline, küsimus on vaid selles, millal sellised kaudsed mõjud ilmnevad.
Põllumajandusministeeriumis tutvustati 29. juulil toidumärgiste teemalist uuringut, mille viis ministeeriumi tellimusel läbi TNS EMOR. Tulemusi esitles Aivar Voog.
Eesti toidu uue arengukava koostamist veab kaubanduse ja põllumajandussaadusi töötleva tööstuse osakonna juhataja Taavi Kand. 9. jaanuaril kogunes esimest korda arengukava koostamise töögrupp, kellele Taavi tutvustas ees seisvat tööd. Huviliste ettepanekud on oodatud aadressile eestitoit@agri.ee.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
The Biggest Threat to Western Civilization _ Andy Blumenthal _ The Blogs.pdfAndy (Avraham) Blumenthal
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: China and Russia are commonly considered the biggest military threats to Western civilization, but I believe that is incorrect. The biggest strategic threat is a terrorist Jihadi Caliphate.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Your Go-To Press Release Newswire for Maximum Visibility and Impact.pdfPressReleasePower4
This downloadable guide explains why press releases are still important for businesses today and the challenges you might face with traditional distribution methods. Learn how [Your Website Name] offers a comprehensive solution for crafting compelling press releases, targeting the right media outlets, and maximizing visibility.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
1. Ragnar Arnason*
Fisheries Problems and Reforms
A presentation at
The Fisheries Conference
Tallin, Estonia
November 27, 2013
* Professor
University of Iceland
3. The Fisheries Problem
Found in ocean fisheries all around the world!
Appears generally as:
1. Excessive fishing effort and fleets
2. Depressed fish stocks and falling yield
3. Low incomes of fishers and fishing
communities
4. High level of biological ...and social risk
4. The Fisheries Problem (…cont.)
Often accompanied by :
•
•
•
•
•
High level of fish discarding
Low quality of landings
Poor access to financial capital
Distorted and often little technical progress
Economic and social stagnation
Very important
Fisheries management (attempts at “fisheries
reforms”) frequently makes the situation worse!!
5. This state of affairs is caused by the
Common Property Problem (CPP)!
The CPP implies absence of private property rights
Markets cannot exist
No market guidance toward the common good
Overexploitation and waste !
6. Common property
• Assets, resources, property held in common by
a group of people
– Held in common
equal rights of use
– The group can be small (2 people) or large ( nation)
• Examples
– Ozone layer, atmosphere, the environment, wild
animals, fish stocks
7. Aristotle (Politics, book II. ca. 350 BC)
“the greater the number of owners, the less the respect
for common property. People are much more careful of
their personal possessions than of those owned
communally; they exercise care over common property
only in so far as they are personally affected.”
Garret Hardin (Science 1968)
“Tragedy of the Commons”
Under the CP-arrangement individual users are forced
to overexploit. Otherwise they get nothing!
8. • The common property arrangement is a social
organization
• It is a man-made institution (nothing natural
about it)
• Other terms for common property fisheries
– Common pool fisheries
– Open access fisheries
– Competitive fisheries
9. The common property problem
• An error of social organization
– Forces individual users to compete for available
resources (wrong incentives)
• The CPP does is not caused by
(1) Lack of understanding
(2) Lack of (biological) data
Even with perfect knowledge and data the problem
would persist!
The common property problem is caused by
lack of individual fishers’ rights in the fishery!
11. Nota Bene
1. It is the MEY-point (maximum economic yield )
that is socially optimal
2. MSY is not socially optimal
3. MEY
– implies greater biomass than MSY
– is sustainable
– entails little risk of stock collapse
– usually generates substantial profits (rents)
13. The Empirical Evidence:
Evolution of the global fishery
• Evidence from various FAO, World Bank,
OECD and academic publications
• Since the end of WW-II
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fishing fleets: Huge increase
Net economic returns: Decline
Fish stocks: Drastic decline
Global ocean catches: Stagnated (even declined)
15. The Economics of Global Fishing
• Not only has there been a dramatic biological
mismanagement of the global fishery, the
economic mismanagement is even worse
• The global landed value is about USD 90 b. per
year
• Profits are insignificant, perhaps USD 5 b.
• Subsidies are high, perhaps USD 10 b.
(EU, Japan, China)
16. Empirical evidence: The global fishery
(Sunken Billions; World Bank and FAO 2009; data 2004)
120.0
Revenues and costs (B.US$)
100.0
80.0
Actual
profits
Potential
profits
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
Fishing effort (index)
Optimal
Actual
17. Global Fishery: Economic waste
(Sunken Billions, 2009)
Sustainable global fishery:
Current (2004) and profit maximizing outcomes
Current
Optimal
Difference
(optimal –current)
Fishing effort
13.9 m. GRT
7.3 m. GRT
-6.6 m. GRT
Harvest
85 m. mt
81 m. mt.
-4 m. mt.
Biomass
148 m. mt
314 m. mt.
+165 m.mt.
Profits
-5 b. USD
44 b. USD
49 b. USD
50 b. USD
Global Development Assistance in 2004
19. Fisheries reforms attempt to:
Alleviate the ravages of the CPP
Move the fishery toward the optimal point
Nota bene
This is human management!
- Get people to act in the collectively “best” manner
Fishers act according to the
Prevailing Fisheries Management Regime (FMR) i
20. Fishers act according to the
Fisheries Management Regime
• The fisheries management regime (FMR):
– The institutional framework under which the
fishing activity operates
• FMR may be set by
(a) Social custom and tradition
(b) The government (the fisheries authority)
(c) The association of fishermen
(d) Other means
• It may be explicit or implicit
• Fisheries reforms must alter the FMR!
23. Key Property Rights in Fisheries
Territorial
user rights
TURFs
Individual
quotas
IQs/ITQs
Rarely
used
Mainly
sedentary
species
Widely
applicable;
very common
Fairly
common
Effective
Effective if
applicable
Effective if
enforceable
Mixed
evidence
Sole
ownership
Community
rights
24. Individual Transferable Quotas: ITQs
• The most widely applied rights-based fisheries
management system in the world
• Adopted as a major part of the FMS by at least
22 major fishing nations
─ NewZealand, Australia, Mexico, USA, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Holland,
Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Germany, UK, Portugal, Spain, Rus
sia, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa, Chile, Peru, Falkland
• Close to 25% of global catch taken under ITQs!
25. Outcomes of ITQs
- General pattern around the world -
Economically very successful!
(1) Reduction in fishing effort (immediate)
(2) Fishing capital declines (but usually slowly)
(3) Biomass recovers (slowly)
(4) Unit price of landings quickly increases (often greatly)
(5) Quotas become valuable (quickly!)
(6) Enhanced resource stewardship by fishers
(7) Discarding often reduced
26. Examples of ITQ success
• British Columbia trawl fishery
– Great increase in profits, increased resource
stewardship, stock and environmental improvements.
• Icelandic demersal fisheries
– Great increase in profits (30-50% of revenues), stock
improvements, reduced discarding
• North Atlantic pelagic fisheries
– Very good profits ( 30%)
• New Zealand fisheries
– Very profitable. Stock stabilization,
27. Social impacts of fisheries reforms
• Reduces fishing effort
• Alters fishing and fish processing behaviour
• Leads to streamlined efficient operations
Substantial social impacts (inevitable)
Opposition
– Fishing communities
– Social conservationists
28. Who gains/who loses?
• Sensible reforms => net social gain (often substantial)
Possible to make everyone better off (Hicks-Kaldor
improvement)
• In reality not necessarily so
• In the short run
– Recipients of rights and retained fishers gain most
– Laid-off fishers and inhabitants of declining communities
may lose
Social opposition
• In the long run most people gain (gdp & employment )
30. The CFP
Fundamentally inappropriate !!
• Common fishing grounds
– Exacerbates the CPP
• National enforcement
– Inappropriate incentives
– Built in conflict of interest
– Unequal treatment of violations
The EU has been trying to deal with the resulting
problems ever since !
31. Conduct of the policy has been bad
Stocks:
Harvests:
Fleets:
Profits:
Subsidies:
Discards:
Heavily overfished
Declining
Hugely excessive
Very poor
Very high
High
Overall assessment
EU fisheries are the worst in the western world!
(Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada, USA and Russia are much better)
32. The EU’s own assessment of the situation
(Green paper on the reform of the CFP, 2009):
The EU fisheries are characterized by:
– Overfishing
–
–
–
–
Overcapacity
Heavy subsidies
Low economic resilience
Decline in the volume of fish caught
Conclusion (in the Green paper)
“The CFP is not achieving its objectives”
33. Evolution of catch volume
8
7
6
5
M.
mt.
4
3
2
1
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
EU catch volume
2006
2007
Trend
2008
2009
2010
Statistically significant
declining trend: -3%
per year
34. The EU excels only
in fisheries subsidies!
• The highest capacity enhancing subsidies in
the world !
• Major detrimental impact on fisheries
efficiency
• Really a negative reform
• Swamps the reforms (which are considerably
weaker)
35. EU fisheries subsidies
(According to a recent study for the EU parliament
(IP/B/PECH/IC/2013-146))
Capacity enhancing subsidies
(Billion US$ per year)
4.5
4
3.5
3
B.
US$
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
EU
Japan
China
Russia
USA
Indonesia
36. Subsidies per unit volume ofcatch
(US$/kg)
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
US$/kg
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
EU
Japan
China
Russia
USA
Indonesia
38. The actual decision
1. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Yes
2. Multiannual quota plans
Yes
3. Transferable fishing concessions (ITQs)
No
4. Decentralization (regionalization)
Yes
5. Discard ban
Yes
So the most important reform was rejected!
40. Impacts are probably not very great
• Estonia already has a fairly efficient fisheries
management regime (ITQs)
• The reforms adopted are not radical
• Potentially significant impacts:
– Ban on discards (Are discards in Estonian fisheries significant?)
– Stock rebuilding toward MSY (Estonia’s national quotas)
– Withholding of subsidies if excessive fleets are not reduced
(Does Estonia have significantly excessive fleets?)
– New opportunities for structural funds (Under the social
dimension of the CFP)
41. What should Estonia do?
• Do not wait for the EU
• Do your own fisheries reforms
– Strengthen your ITQ system
•
•
•
•
Move away from gear/effort quotas if possible
Strengthen property rights value of ITQs (duration, security)
Improve the enforcement of quotas
Support ITQ market and ITQ price listing (..if necessary)
– Promote business attitude in the fisheries sector
• Encourage investment in quality, processing and marketing
• Avoid detrimental taxation
• Allow ITQs as financial collateral
42. • Fisheries reforms (cont.)
– Be careful with vessel reduction/buy-back
programs
• Can easily be counter productive
• Use funds generated to improve the fisheries
– Press for sensible Baltic stock rebuilding
programme
• You have shared stocks
– Press for sensible Baltic marine protection policy
• Stocks, ecosystem, habitat
43. OECD report on Estonian fisheries (2009)
Title page photograph
Fake fish?