The document describes the anatomy and relationships of the tentorium cerebelli. It is a extension of dura that separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum. It forms the anterior, middle, and posterior incisural spaces which contain neural, vascular, and cerebrospinal fluid structures. The anterior incisural space contains parts of the circle of Willis and optic structures. The middle incisural space contains cranial nerves 4 and 5 and relates to the temporal horn. The posterior incisural space contains the vein of Galen and quadrigeminal cistern. Herniation can occur through these spaces which can compress surrounding structures.
The internal carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery and travels upward through the neck and into the skull. It has seven segments from C1-C7 as it passes through the carotid canal, cavernous sinus, and terminates by joining the circle of Willis. The internal carotid artery has few branches in the neck but gives off important branches in the cavernous sinus and within the skull such as the ophthalmic artery. Anatomical variations and injuries to the internal carotid artery during surgery can lead to serious complications if not properly managed.
This document discusses incision and closure techniques for surgery involving the scalp. It covers wound healing phases, antibiotic indications, scalp anatomy including blood vessels, and closure considerations. The scalp has 5 layers (skin, fat, galea, fascia, muscle) supplied by temporal, occipital and frontal arteries. Common craniotomies like frontotemporal involve coronal incisions along aesthetic units. Subtemporal and suboccipital approaches also discussed. Primary closure aims to eliminate dead space and distribute tension until tissue strength recovered.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located below the apex of the orbit on the lateral side of the skull. It functions as a neurovascular conduit, containing the maxillary nerve, terminal part of the maxillary artery, pterygopalatine ganglion and their branches. The fossa has boundaries of the posterior maxilla anteriorly, pterygoid process posteriorly, perpendicular plate of palatine bone medially, and pterygomaxillary fissure laterally. It communicates with surrounding areas through various foramina and fissures. Due to its anatomic location and contents, the pterygopalatine fossa is clinically significant in spread of
The infratemporal fossa is a space deep to the ramus of the mandible that contains nerves, arteries and muscles. It communicates with the temporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa. The mandibular nerve passes through the foramen ovale and gives off motor and sensory branches that innervate muscles of mastication and sensation to the face. The maxillary artery passes through supplying branches. The pterygoid venous plexus drains the area.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the major salivary glands - the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It describes the location, structure, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical implications of each gland. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and is located below and in front of the external ear. The submandibular gland is situated in the submandibular triangle below the mandible. The sublingual glands are the smallest salivary glands and are located under the tongue in the floor of the mouth. The document also briefly discusses surgical approaches like the Blair and facelift incisions for parot
The skull contains 22 bones that form the cranium and protect the brain, sensory organs, and entrances to the respiratory and digestive systems. The cranium contains flat bones that form the calvaria and irregular bones that form the cranial base. Several cranial bones contain air spaces that lighten the skull. The brain is divided into five main divisions - the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon. The telencephalon contains the cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia. Each hemisphere is divided into four main lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
The document describes the anatomy and relationships of the tentorium cerebelli. It is a extension of dura that separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum. It forms the anterior, middle, and posterior incisural spaces which contain neural, vascular, and cerebrospinal fluid structures. The anterior incisural space contains parts of the circle of Willis and optic structures. The middle incisural space contains cranial nerves 4 and 5 and relates to the temporal horn. The posterior incisural space contains the vein of Galen and quadrigeminal cistern. Herniation can occur through these spaces which can compress surrounding structures.
The internal carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery and travels upward through the neck and into the skull. It has seven segments from C1-C7 as it passes through the carotid canal, cavernous sinus, and terminates by joining the circle of Willis. The internal carotid artery has few branches in the neck but gives off important branches in the cavernous sinus and within the skull such as the ophthalmic artery. Anatomical variations and injuries to the internal carotid artery during surgery can lead to serious complications if not properly managed.
This document discusses incision and closure techniques for surgery involving the scalp. It covers wound healing phases, antibiotic indications, scalp anatomy including blood vessels, and closure considerations. The scalp has 5 layers (skin, fat, galea, fascia, muscle) supplied by temporal, occipital and frontal arteries. Common craniotomies like frontotemporal involve coronal incisions along aesthetic units. Subtemporal and suboccipital approaches also discussed. Primary closure aims to eliminate dead space and distribute tension until tissue strength recovered.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located below the apex of the orbit on the lateral side of the skull. It functions as a neurovascular conduit, containing the maxillary nerve, terminal part of the maxillary artery, pterygopalatine ganglion and their branches. The fossa has boundaries of the posterior maxilla anteriorly, pterygoid process posteriorly, perpendicular plate of palatine bone medially, and pterygomaxillary fissure laterally. It communicates with surrounding areas through various foramina and fissures. Due to its anatomic location and contents, the pterygopalatine fossa is clinically significant in spread of
The infratemporal fossa is a space deep to the ramus of the mandible that contains nerves, arteries and muscles. It communicates with the temporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa. The mandibular nerve passes through the foramen ovale and gives off motor and sensory branches that innervate muscles of mastication and sensation to the face. The maxillary artery passes through supplying branches. The pterygoid venous plexus drains the area.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the major salivary glands - the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It describes the location, structure, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical implications of each gland. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and is located below and in front of the external ear. The submandibular gland is situated in the submandibular triangle below the mandible. The sublingual glands are the smallest salivary glands and are located under the tongue in the floor of the mouth. The document also briefly discusses surgical approaches like the Blair and facelift incisions for parot
The skull contains 22 bones that form the cranium and protect the brain, sensory organs, and entrances to the respiratory and digestive systems. The cranium contains flat bones that form the calvaria and irregular bones that form the cranial base. Several cranial bones contain air spaces that lighten the skull. The brain is divided into five main divisions - the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon. The telencephalon contains the cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia. Each hemisphere is divided into four main lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
The document discusses congenital lesions of the larynx that can occur during development. It describes how the larynx forms from the pharyngeal region between 4-10 weeks of gestation. Common congenital lesions include laryngomalacia (60%), vocal cord paralysis (20%), and subglottic stenosis (15%). Supraglottic lesions include laryngomalacia, laryngocoele, and cysts. Glottic lesions comprise vocal cord palsy, webs, and stenosis. Subglottic abnormalities are stenosis, hemangioma, and webs. Clinical features, diagnosis, and management are outlined for each condition. Flexible laryngoscopy is important for diagnosis while treatment
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the skull base. It describes the various bones that make up the skull base, including the sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones. It outlines the boundaries and contents of the different cranial fossae: anterior, middle, and posterior. It also details important anatomical structures in the skull base like the cavernous sinus, foramina, and various nerves and vessels that pass through the skull base. Comprehensive knowledge of the skull base anatomy is important for understanding pathologies and surgical planning.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the temporal and infratemporal fossa. It describes the contents including muscles like the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles. It also discusses the maxillary artery and its branches, the pterygoid plexus of veins, the mandibular nerve and otic ganglion. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are described in terms of their origins, insertions and functions. The maxillary artery is outlined including its branches in the infratemporal fossa. The connections and branches of the otic ganglion are also summarized.
In extracranial surgeries, as in
carotid endarterectomies (CEAs), EEG may be
employed to monitor cortex directly at risk
for ischemia.When
looking for evidence of significant cerebral
hypoperfusion, as during carotid endarterectomy,
typical criteria indicating the need for
carotid shunting are 50% loss of overall amplitude,
50% loss of alpha and beta activity, or a
doubling of low-frequency activity
The document discusses the anatomy of fascial spaces in the head and neck region. It describes several layers of deep cervical fascia including the investing layer, middle layer, visceral layer, vertebral layer and alar fascia. It also outlines the boundaries and contents of various fascial spaces such as the buccal space, retropharyngeal space, submandibular space and submental space. Clinical aspects such as drainage of abscesses in these spaces are also mentioned.
Pterygopalatine fossa and approaches by Dr.Ashwin MenonDr.Ashwin Menon
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located between the posterior maxilla and pterygoid processes. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, vidian nerve and branches of the maxillary artery. The fossa has anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and superior walls. Imaging shows its low density due to contained fat. Conditions involving the fossa include referred otalgia, foramen ovale lesions, and hay fever. Nerve blocks of the maxillary, mandibular and inferior alveolar nerves provide anesthesia to the region. The transantral approach is commonly used to access the fossa during procedures like vidian neurectomy.
Posterior fossa contains vital structures including cerebellum and brain stem and Vertebrobasilar vascular tree. Posterior fossa is supplied by AICA, PICA, SCA and PCA and their branches.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculotendinous structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is the primary muscle of respiration and has openings that allow structures to pass between the chest and abdomen. The diaphragm develops from septum transversum, dorsal mesentery of the esophagus, lateral body wall mesoderm, and pleuroperitoneal membranes. It forms during embryonic folding and development of the pleural cavities. Clinically, abnormalities can include congenital diaphragmatic hernia, accessory diaphragms, or eventration of the diaphragm.
This document provides a summary of a seminar on the surgical anatomy of the neck, thyroid, and parathyroid gland. It begins with a discussion of embryology, including the development of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, and thyroid and parathyroid glands. It then covers topics such as the blood supply, innervation, and relations of important structures like the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Congenital anomalies are also discussed. The aim is to provide surgeons with an anatomical guide to structures in the neck region.
The document discusses the anatomy and contents of various cerebral cisterns and subarachnoid spaces. It describes the locations and key structures contained within several major cisterns, including the interpeduncular, quadrigeminal, ambient, sylvian, lamina terminalis and prepontine cisterns. It also discusses the subarachnoid spaces surrounding the brainstem and connections between cisterns and ventricles that allow blood and cerebrospinal fluid to circulate throughout the brain.
surgical & applied anatomy of temporal and infratemporal fossamurari washani
This document provides information on the anatomy of the infratemporal and temporal fossae. It describes the boundaries, contents, neurovasculature and approaches to the infratemporal fossa. The key structures in the infratemporal fossa include the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, and the maxillary artery and branches. Several surgical approaches are described for accessing the infratemporal fossa including transoral, transantral, and transmaxillary approaches.
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the human ear. It is divided into three main parts:
1) The outer ear or external ear collects sound waves and directs them into the middle ear.
2) The middle ear contains the tympanic cavity with the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrate in response to sound and transmit the vibrations into the inner ear. It also contains muscles and nerves.
3) The inner ear or labyrinth contains the bony and membranous structures including the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals that sense sound and balance. The cochlea converts sound waves into neural signals that
This document describes various craniometric points and landmarks that are used as references in neurosurgery. It defines points such as the pterion, asterion, euryon, stephanion, vertex, nasion, inion, glabella, bregma, lambda, and others. It explains the location and anatomical relationships of each point. It also discusses how some craniometric points are used to localize structures like the ventricles, cortical areas such as the motor cortex, venous structures, and for strategically placing burr holes during craniotomies. Understanding the location of these points is important for surgical planning and navigation.
The document describes the anatomy of the larynx. It discusses the cartilages that make up the larynx, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. It describes the ligaments that connect the cartilages, including the thyrohyoid membrane, cricothyroid membrane, quadrangular membrane, thyroepiglottic ligament and conus elasticus. The larynx contains the vocal folds and is involved in sound production and airway protection during breathing and swallowing.
The infratemporal fossa is a complex irregular space deep to the mandible containing many neurovascular structures. It communicates superiorly with the middle cranial fossa and orbits. The fossa contains the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, nerves like the mandibular nerve, vessels like the maxillary artery, and the otic ganglion. Due to its complex anatomy, tumors here present surgical challenges and infections can spread widely. Care is needed during surgery due to the vascular pterygoid plexus and proximity to critical structures.
Cisterns of brain and its contents along with its classification and approach...Rajeev Bhandari
This presentation tell us about the basic of cistern , according to its classification both supra tentorial and infratentorial along with ventral and dorsal cistern. basically the cistern contains are well explained on this slide nerve , artery and vein. I hope it will help to rembember well about the contains of cistern and different location of cisterns.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin to termination. The cervical segment passes through the carotid sheath alongside nerves before entering the carotid canal in the petrous bone. The petrous segment loops within the temporal bone. The lacerum segment passes over the foramen lacerum. The cavernous segment passes through the cavernous sinus. The clinoid and ophthalmic segments are intradural before the communicating segment joins the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The carotid siphon refers to the cavernous and intracranial portions that form an S-shape.
The document discusses the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. It describes the embryology and development of each gland. The thyroid gland normally has two lobes connected by an isthmus and is located in the lower front of the neck. The parathyroid glands usually number four and are often found near the thyroid gland or thymus. The document outlines the blood supply, drainage, innervation and relations to surrounding structures for each gland.
Cerebral Venous anatomy from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
The document discusses congenital lesions of the larynx that can occur during development. It describes how the larynx forms from the pharyngeal region between 4-10 weeks of gestation. Common congenital lesions include laryngomalacia (60%), vocal cord paralysis (20%), and subglottic stenosis (15%). Supraglottic lesions include laryngomalacia, laryngocoele, and cysts. Glottic lesions comprise vocal cord palsy, webs, and stenosis. Subglottic abnormalities are stenosis, hemangioma, and webs. Clinical features, diagnosis, and management are outlined for each condition. Flexible laryngoscopy is important for diagnosis while treatment
Skull base anatomy by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the skull base. It describes the various bones that make up the skull base, including the sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones. It outlines the boundaries and contents of the different cranial fossae: anterior, middle, and posterior. It also details important anatomical structures in the skull base like the cavernous sinus, foramina, and various nerves and vessels that pass through the skull base. Comprehensive knowledge of the skull base anatomy is important for understanding pathologies and surgical planning.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the temporal and infratemporal fossa. It describes the contents including muscles like the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles. It also discusses the maxillary artery and its branches, the pterygoid plexus of veins, the mandibular nerve and otic ganglion. The temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles are described in terms of their origins, insertions and functions. The maxillary artery is outlined including its branches in the infratemporal fossa. The connections and branches of the otic ganglion are also summarized.
In extracranial surgeries, as in
carotid endarterectomies (CEAs), EEG may be
employed to monitor cortex directly at risk
for ischemia.When
looking for evidence of significant cerebral
hypoperfusion, as during carotid endarterectomy,
typical criteria indicating the need for
carotid shunting are 50% loss of overall amplitude,
50% loss of alpha and beta activity, or a
doubling of low-frequency activity
The document discusses the anatomy of fascial spaces in the head and neck region. It describes several layers of deep cervical fascia including the investing layer, middle layer, visceral layer, vertebral layer and alar fascia. It also outlines the boundaries and contents of various fascial spaces such as the buccal space, retropharyngeal space, submandibular space and submental space. Clinical aspects such as drainage of abscesses in these spaces are also mentioned.
Pterygopalatine fossa and approaches by Dr.Ashwin MenonDr.Ashwin Menon
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located between the posterior maxilla and pterygoid processes. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, vidian nerve and branches of the maxillary artery. The fossa has anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and superior walls. Imaging shows its low density due to contained fat. Conditions involving the fossa include referred otalgia, foramen ovale lesions, and hay fever. Nerve blocks of the maxillary, mandibular and inferior alveolar nerves provide anesthesia to the region. The transantral approach is commonly used to access the fossa during procedures like vidian neurectomy.
Posterior fossa contains vital structures including cerebellum and brain stem and Vertebrobasilar vascular tree. Posterior fossa is supplied by AICA, PICA, SCA and PCA and their branches.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculotendinous structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is the primary muscle of respiration and has openings that allow structures to pass between the chest and abdomen. The diaphragm develops from septum transversum, dorsal mesentery of the esophagus, lateral body wall mesoderm, and pleuroperitoneal membranes. It forms during embryonic folding and development of the pleural cavities. Clinically, abnormalities can include congenital diaphragmatic hernia, accessory diaphragms, or eventration of the diaphragm.
This document provides a summary of a seminar on the surgical anatomy of the neck, thyroid, and parathyroid gland. It begins with a discussion of embryology, including the development of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, and thyroid and parathyroid glands. It then covers topics such as the blood supply, innervation, and relations of important structures like the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Congenital anomalies are also discussed. The aim is to provide surgeons with an anatomical guide to structures in the neck region.
The document discusses the anatomy and contents of various cerebral cisterns and subarachnoid spaces. It describes the locations and key structures contained within several major cisterns, including the interpeduncular, quadrigeminal, ambient, sylvian, lamina terminalis and prepontine cisterns. It also discusses the subarachnoid spaces surrounding the brainstem and connections between cisterns and ventricles that allow blood and cerebrospinal fluid to circulate throughout the brain.
surgical & applied anatomy of temporal and infratemporal fossamurari washani
This document provides information on the anatomy of the infratemporal and temporal fossae. It describes the boundaries, contents, neurovasculature and approaches to the infratemporal fossa. The key structures in the infratemporal fossa include the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, and the maxillary artery and branches. Several surgical approaches are described for accessing the infratemporal fossa including transoral, transantral, and transmaxillary approaches.
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the human ear. It is divided into three main parts:
1) The outer ear or external ear collects sound waves and directs them into the middle ear.
2) The middle ear contains the tympanic cavity with the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrate in response to sound and transmit the vibrations into the inner ear. It also contains muscles and nerves.
3) The inner ear or labyrinth contains the bony and membranous structures including the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals that sense sound and balance. The cochlea converts sound waves into neural signals that
This document describes various craniometric points and landmarks that are used as references in neurosurgery. It defines points such as the pterion, asterion, euryon, stephanion, vertex, nasion, inion, glabella, bregma, lambda, and others. It explains the location and anatomical relationships of each point. It also discusses how some craniometric points are used to localize structures like the ventricles, cortical areas such as the motor cortex, venous structures, and for strategically placing burr holes during craniotomies. Understanding the location of these points is important for surgical planning and navigation.
The document describes the anatomy of the larynx. It discusses the cartilages that make up the larynx, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. It describes the ligaments that connect the cartilages, including the thyrohyoid membrane, cricothyroid membrane, quadrangular membrane, thyroepiglottic ligament and conus elasticus. The larynx contains the vocal folds and is involved in sound production and airway protection during breathing and swallowing.
The infratemporal fossa is a complex irregular space deep to the mandible containing many neurovascular structures. It communicates superiorly with the middle cranial fossa and orbits. The fossa contains the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, nerves like the mandibular nerve, vessels like the maxillary artery, and the otic ganglion. Due to its complex anatomy, tumors here present surgical challenges and infections can spread widely. Care is needed during surgery due to the vascular pterygoid plexus and proximity to critical structures.
Cisterns of brain and its contents along with its classification and approach...Rajeev Bhandari
This presentation tell us about the basic of cistern , according to its classification both supra tentorial and infratentorial along with ventral and dorsal cistern. basically the cistern contains are well explained on this slide nerve , artery and vein. I hope it will help to rembember well about the contains of cistern and different location of cisterns.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin to termination. The cervical segment passes through the carotid sheath alongside nerves before entering the carotid canal in the petrous bone. The petrous segment loops within the temporal bone. The lacerum segment passes over the foramen lacerum. The cavernous segment passes through the cavernous sinus. The clinoid and ophthalmic segments are intradural before the communicating segment joins the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The carotid siphon refers to the cavernous and intracranial portions that form an S-shape.
The document discusses the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. It describes the embryology and development of each gland. The thyroid gland normally has two lobes connected by an isthmus and is located in the lower front of the neck. The parathyroid glands usually number four and are often found near the thyroid gland or thymus. The document outlines the blood supply, drainage, innervation and relations to surrounding structures for each gland.
Cerebral Venous anatomy from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
Fetal Santral Sinir Sistemi Ultrasonu, Nörosonogram, Rutin İkinci Üçay Fetal Ultrason Taraması, Temel Muayene’ ve ‘Nörosonogram, - İlk Üçay Fetal Ultrason Taraması Kılavuzu, Obstetrik Doppler Ultrason, ISUOG, The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), Fetal Santral Sinir Sistemi Ultrasonu: ‘Temel Muayene’ ve ‘Nörosonogram’ Kılavuzu,DR.BAHRİ YILDIZ,FETAL BEYİN ULTRASONOGRAFİSİ,FETAL ULTRASONOGRAFİSİ,SONOEMBRİYOLOJİ,CAVUM SEPTUM PELLUCİDUM,MERSİN TIP FAKÜLTESİ,PERİNATAL TIP
Vestibüler schwannoma varlığında petrous kemik anatomisindeki topografik değişiklikler ve retrosigmoid transmeatal yaklaşıma etkileri
Transmeatal drilling(oymak-delmek) işlemi erken veya geç işitme kaybına yol açabilecek olan iç kulak yapılarına hasar verme riski taşır.
Çalışmanın amacı tümörün petrous kemik anatomisinde yaptığı değişiklikleri tanımlamak ve endolenfatik sistem hasarının hem risk hem de insidansını analiz etmek.
Bu prospektif çalışmaya vestibüler schwannoma ameliyatı olmuş 100 hasta dahil edildi. Ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası bilgisayarlı tomografi uygulandı ve hem patolojik hem sağlıklı alanların topografik ölçüleri değerlendirildi. Postoperatif anatomik ve fonksiyonel değerler ölçüldü.
Sonuçlarda iç kulak yolunun çapı petrous kemiğin etkilenen alanlarında karşı taraftaki sağlıklı alanlara göre daha büyüktü. Vestibüler kanalın hasar oranı artan tümör büyüklüğü ile beraber arttı.
Servikal myelopati ve radikülopati tedavisinde güncel teknikler cumartesi dergi klübü
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Nöroşirürji Anabilim Dalı
Moderatör Prof Dr Selçuk Yılmazlar
Sigara kullanımının çok sayıda kronik hastalıkla ilişkisi olduğu bilinmektedir.
Aynı zamanda sigara içen hastalarda post-op ilk 30 günde enfeksiyonlar dahil olmak üzere pek çok olumsuz sonuçla karşılaşılmaktadır.Bu durum preoperatif dönemde sigarayı bırakmanın perioperatif ve postoperatif komplikasyonları azaltacağını öngörebiliriz.
Aynı zamanda farklı cerrahi branşlarda çok sayıda çalışmada sigara içiciliğinin kısa ve uzun vadedeki etkilerine ve artan hastalık sayılarına dikkat çekilmektedir.
Frontobasal i̇nterhemispheric approach for large suprasellar craniopharyngiomas
Kafatası ve beyin korteks yüzeyinin kraniometrik noktaları
1. KAFATASI VE BEYİN KORTEX
YÜZEYİNİN KRANİOMETRİK
NOKTALARI
Moderatör:Prof. Dr. Selçuk Yılmazlar
Sunan:Staj. Dr. Hümeyra Denek
Uludağ Üniversitesi Nöroşirurji AD
4. • Anterior sylvian nokta (ASP), sylvian fissuru
distal ve proximal olmak üzere ayırır.
• ASP noktası, sylvian fissürün bir genişlemesidir
• Triangular kısmın hemen altında ve operculer
kısmın hemen önündedir
• Sylvian fissürü açmak için en iyi başlangıç
noktasıdır
5. • Suprasylvian yapıları anlamak için öncelikle V
ve U şekilli gyrusları bilmeliyiz;
I. İlk şekil IFG’ un triangular parçasındadır
En öndeki U ise IFG un opercular parçasında,
precantral sulcusun ise hemen yanındadır.
Triangular ve opercular parçalar birlikte
dominant hemisferde Broccanın motor alanını
oluşturur
6. II. Hemen yanındaki U subcentral gyrus olarak
adlandırılır. Inferior Rolandic Noktanın (IRP)
hemen aşağısındadır.
III. Üçüncü U postcentral ve submarginal
gyrusun bağlantı yerinde oluşur.
IV. C şekilli kıvrım ise submarjinal gyrus ile
superior temporal gyrusun son parçasını
oluşturur
V. SF un inferior kenarı ise yalnızca superior
temporal gyrus ile bağlantılıdır
7. • ASP ve IRP arasıdaki uzaklık SF boyunca 2,3cm
8. ASP noktası dış kranial yüzeyde Anterior Squamous
Nokta olarak isimlendirilir
ASqP, squamous suturun en önündeki segmentinde ve
pterionun hemen arkasında bulunur
10. • IRP: Santral sulcusun alt ucu ve SyF bilekesi
üzerinde çalışılmış anahtar noktadır.
• Bu nokta ASP nin 2,5 cm arkasında yerleşmiştir
• IRP, Heschl Gyrusunun pozisyonunu belirtir.
Burası dominant hemisferde Wernicke alanına
sahip olduğu için kalıcı disfazi açısından yüksek
risk bölgesidir
11. • Kranium ile ilişkisi;
IRP, squamous sutur ile kulağın önündeki çöküntüden
gelen vertikal çizginin bileşkesinin altındadır.
Kraniumdaki karşılığı ise Superior Squamous Noktadır.
13. • Inferior Frontal Gyrus, PCS kesişim
noktasında ya da çok yakınında sonlanır
• IFS ve PCS nin birleştiği alan bizim için
önemli bir noktadır.
• Bu alan ; yüzün motor aktivitesini sağlar
ve IFG nin opercular kısmını posterior ve
superiordan sınırlar
14. • Stephanion Noktası, coronal sutur ile süperior
temporal hattın kesişim noktasıdır
• IFS/PCS ise stephanion noktasının 1-2 cm
arkasındadır.
15. 3)SUPERİOR FRONTAL VE CENTRAL
ÖNEMLİ NOKTALAR
• 3a-Superior Frontal ve Precentral Birleşim
Noktası (SFS/PCS)
16. • SFS’nin ventriküler frontal boynuz ile iyi bir
ilişkisi vardır. Buraası önemli bir nörocerrahi
koridordur.
• SFS nin, PreCS ye yakın arka ucu önemli bir
noktadır. Çünkü önden precentral gyrusun el
motor aktivite bölgesini sınırlar.
• SFS her zaman interhemisferik fissure (IHF)
paralel seyreder ve devamlı bir segmenttir
17. • SFS ve PCSnin karşılaşma noktaları
mikrocerrahi için önemlidir. Coroner düzlemde
talamus üst yüzeyiyle ve lateral ventrikülün
tabanı ile ilişkilidir.
• Ayrıca hemen Foromen Monronun önündedir.
18. • Kraniumdaki karşılığı ise Posterior Coronal
Pointtir (PCoP).
• Bu alan sagittal suturun 3 cm lateralinde,
coronal suturun 1cm arkasında yer alır.
• El motor kortex ise buradadır.
20. • SRP, Central sulcus ile IHFnin birleşim
noktasındadır.
• Bu bölge kranial olrak bregmanın 5cm
arkasındadır
• Kranialde , Superio Sagittal Nokta ya karşılık
gelir.
• Burası merkezi karniotomiler için önemlidir.
22. • IPS , devamlı veya kesikli bir sulcustur
• Bu sulcus IHFye paraleldir ve parietal
lobu superior ve inferior olmak üzere
ayırır.
• Anteriordan postcentral sulcus ile
ilişkilidir, posteriordan ise genellikle
transvers occipital sulcus ile devam eder.
23. • IPS nin postCS ile birleştiği yer önemlidir,
çünkü;
postcentral gyrusu arkadan sınırlar
Bu bölge mikrocerrahide güvenli bir
başlangıç noktasıdır
venticuler trigone yakın ilişkilidir
24. • Kranialdaki karşılığı intraparietal noktadır(IPP)
• Lamdanın 6 cm önünde, sagittal suturun 5 cm
lateralinde yer alır.
26. • External occipital fissür, medial parietal-
occipital sulcus(POS) a karşılık gelir.
• Her hemisferin medial kısmındaki derin
transvers sulcustur.
27. • Bu nokta cerrahide yararlı bir işarettir. Sulcus
pozisyonunu ve IHF boyunca precuneusun
yönünü tanımlar.
28. • EOF, kraniumda lambda noktasına denk gelir.
• Bu nokta sagittal ve lambdoid suturlar arasındaki açıya
denk gelir.
• Lamdanın kraniometrik yeri yetişkinlerde diğer
noktaların ortasında olduğu için tahmin edilebilir.
• Nasionun 25cm arkasında, bregmanın 13 cm arkasında,
Opisthocranionun 3cm üüzerindedir
29. • Bu resimde POS ve Calcarine sulcusu
görüyoruz.
31. • Euryon , tuber parietalin merkezine denk
gelir.
• Bu nokta Superio Temporalçizgi ile
mastoid çıkıntının arka açısından çizilen
vertikal çizginin birleşim yerindedir.
• Ayrıca squamous suturu arkadan sınırlar
32. • Euryon , SMGnin üst açısında bulunur
• SMG ve Angular gyrusun arasında inferior
parietal lobta bulunur.
• İntrapariatal sulcusu üst kısımdan ayırır.
33. • SMG, silvian fissurun arka noktasındadır. AG ise
STSnin arka noktasındadır.
• Parietal girişimlerin neden olduğu olası cerrahi
komplikasyonlar vardır. Dominant hemisferdeki
SMG ve AG hasar görürse lisan bozukluğu olabilir.
34. 5)POSTERİOR VE OCCİPİTAL NOKTALAR
• 5a-Posterior Temporal Nokta:
• Superior temporal sulcus, lateral ventrikülün inferior
boynuzuna önemli bir giriş noktası oluşturur.
35. • Superior temporal gyrusun arka kısmı,
Posterior Temporal Noktanın altında uzanır.
• Squamous sutur ile parietamastoid suturun
birleşim yerinin vertikal olarak 3cm üstündedir
37. • PTPnın silvian fissurun 2-3cm arka ve alt
kısmında olduğu gösterildi
• Bu bulgular bize gösteriyor ki PTP, inferior
parietal ve posterior temporal kraniotomilerde
kullanılmalı
38. • 5b-Occipital Nokta:
• Opisthocranion, occipital kemiğin en belirgin
çıkıntısına karşılık gelir
39.
40. • Bu nokta calcarine fissurun üst açısı ve
cuneusun tabanı ile ilişkilidir.
• Opisthocranion ve occipital taban arasındaki
mesafe yaklaşık 2cmdir ve lingual gyrus (yeşil)
yüksekliği ile denk gelir.
• Lambda ve opisthocranion arasındaki mesafe
ise 2-4 cm arasındadır ve cuneus (mor)
yüksekliğine denk gelir
41. • Lambdanın altından interhemisferik yolla
yapılan occipital kraniotomiler, parietal
kraniotomilere göre köprü venlere daha az
zarar verir.