This document discusses qualitative research methodology. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand situations in their own context from the perspectives of individuals experiencing them. The researcher acts as the primary instrument of data collection and must develop skills in communication, questioning, listening and avoiding bias. Qualitative research criteria include understanding phenomena from respondents' perspectives through inductive research and flexible design. Grounded theory and case study approaches are described as are key aspects of conducting ethical, valid and reliable qualitative research.
This document discusses key concepts for research methodology, including:
1. Techniques for narrowing a research topic into a question such as examining literature, extending theories, or applying topics to specific contexts.
2. The components of a problem statement, including the ideal situation, current reality, and consequences of the problem.
3. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method approaches. Quantitative focuses on numbers and generalization while qualitative explores trends and opinions.
4. Key terms like independent and dependent variables, hypotheses, and the null hypothesis which states there is no relationship between variables.
The document provides guidance on how to identify and define a research problem. It discusses the key elements of a research problem statement, including describing the ideal situation, current reality, and consequences of not addressing the problem. Some important sources of research problems are one's own experiences, deductions from theory, and gaps found in related literature. The problem statement should have a clear topic and be narrowed down through reviewing literature. Determining whether a problem is worth researching involves considering if it advances knowledge, contributes to practice, and fills gaps in existing research. The document outlines steps for writing a problem statement and differentiates a research problem from other aspects of a study like the topic, purpose, and research questions. It also compares quantitative and qualitative purpose statements
Here are the key cognitive processes involved in learning:
- Perception (taking in information):
- Se: Directly experiencing and noticing facts and details from lessons.
- Si: Recalling previous related lessons and experiences to build on.
- Ne: Inferring relationships and patterns to generate new insights.
- Ni: Integrating information to envision implications and deeper meanings.
- Judgment (organizing information):
- Te: Structuring information logically and applying reasoning.
- Ti: Analyzing concepts and categorizing information into internal frameworks.
- Fe: Connecting with others to discuss and reinforce learning.
- Fi: Evaluating based on personal values to determine importance and fit.
The cognitive processes work
This document discusses qualitative research methodology. It begins by introducing the speaker, Dr. Siti Uzairiah Mohd Tobi, and her background and areas of research interest. It then discusses various aspects of qualitative methodology, including definitions of research, methodology, and methods. It outlines some key decisions in the methodology process and contrasts qualitative and quantitative approaches. Some models of qualitative methodology are presented, including the nested model and research onion model. The document emphasizes that methodology is the core part of research and discusses various philosophical assumptions regarding research.
This document outlines a research methods course taught by Sherzad Ali Ismael in the Community Medicine Department at a College of Medicine. The 15-hour course covers topics such as formulating research questions, reviewing literature, research designs, data collection methods, writing research papers, and research ethics. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, and a final exam. The goal of the course is to help students understand different types of research methods and conduct their own academic research.
The document discusses different methods used in architectural research including theoretical, interpretative, experimental, survey, simulation, qualitative, and action research. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each method including their ontological and epistemological assumptions, disciplinary base, research goals, methodological orientation, key methodological concepts, variables, data analysis techniques, the participant and researcher roles, and whether political pressures are included or ignored. The different research methods range from curiosity-oriented theoretical research to mission-oriented action research focused on practical solutions.
The roles and process of research in architecture Lynnstyles
This document discusses research methods in architecture, including literature on different types of architectural research (research through design, research for design, research into design, design as research). It also examines experimental research methods. Experimental research aims to identify causal links and test theories through systematic manipulation and measurement of variables. Key steps include defining a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing an experiment design, and conducting the experiment through repeated trials. As a case study, the document discusses experimental research methods used at the Heydar Aliyev Centre, such as building small-scale mock-ups to test hypotheses.
BAEB601 Subject Introduction: Introduction to Research MethodologyDr Nur Suhaili Ramli
This document provides an introduction and overview for a research methodology course. It outlines that the course will cover both quantitative and qualitative research methods, including surveys and SPSS analysis. It lists 5 learning outcomes related to distinguishing research problems, explaining research design, and conducting research. It provides contact information for the instructor and notes that students will be assessed through exams, assignments, a project, and quizzes.
This document discusses key concepts for research methodology, including:
1. Techniques for narrowing a research topic into a question such as examining literature, extending theories, or applying topics to specific contexts.
2. The components of a problem statement, including the ideal situation, current reality, and consequences of the problem.
3. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method approaches. Quantitative focuses on numbers and generalization while qualitative explores trends and opinions.
4. Key terms like independent and dependent variables, hypotheses, and the null hypothesis which states there is no relationship between variables.
The document provides guidance on how to identify and define a research problem. It discusses the key elements of a research problem statement, including describing the ideal situation, current reality, and consequences of not addressing the problem. Some important sources of research problems are one's own experiences, deductions from theory, and gaps found in related literature. The problem statement should have a clear topic and be narrowed down through reviewing literature. Determining whether a problem is worth researching involves considering if it advances knowledge, contributes to practice, and fills gaps in existing research. The document outlines steps for writing a problem statement and differentiates a research problem from other aspects of a study like the topic, purpose, and research questions. It also compares quantitative and qualitative purpose statements
Here are the key cognitive processes involved in learning:
- Perception (taking in information):
- Se: Directly experiencing and noticing facts and details from lessons.
- Si: Recalling previous related lessons and experiences to build on.
- Ne: Inferring relationships and patterns to generate new insights.
- Ni: Integrating information to envision implications and deeper meanings.
- Judgment (organizing information):
- Te: Structuring information logically and applying reasoning.
- Ti: Analyzing concepts and categorizing information into internal frameworks.
- Fe: Connecting with others to discuss and reinforce learning.
- Fi: Evaluating based on personal values to determine importance and fit.
The cognitive processes work
This document discusses qualitative research methodology. It begins by introducing the speaker, Dr. Siti Uzairiah Mohd Tobi, and her background and areas of research interest. It then discusses various aspects of qualitative methodology, including definitions of research, methodology, and methods. It outlines some key decisions in the methodology process and contrasts qualitative and quantitative approaches. Some models of qualitative methodology are presented, including the nested model and research onion model. The document emphasizes that methodology is the core part of research and discusses various philosophical assumptions regarding research.
This document outlines a research methods course taught by Sherzad Ali Ismael in the Community Medicine Department at a College of Medicine. The 15-hour course covers topics such as formulating research questions, reviewing literature, research designs, data collection methods, writing research papers, and research ethics. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, and a final exam. The goal of the course is to help students understand different types of research methods and conduct their own academic research.
The document discusses different methods used in architectural research including theoretical, interpretative, experimental, survey, simulation, qualitative, and action research. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each method including their ontological and epistemological assumptions, disciplinary base, research goals, methodological orientation, key methodological concepts, variables, data analysis techniques, the participant and researcher roles, and whether political pressures are included or ignored. The different research methods range from curiosity-oriented theoretical research to mission-oriented action research focused on practical solutions.
The roles and process of research in architecture Lynnstyles
This document discusses research methods in architecture, including literature on different types of architectural research (research through design, research for design, research into design, design as research). It also examines experimental research methods. Experimental research aims to identify causal links and test theories through systematic manipulation and measurement of variables. Key steps include defining a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, constructing an experiment design, and conducting the experiment through repeated trials. As a case study, the document discusses experimental research methods used at the Heydar Aliyev Centre, such as building small-scale mock-ups to test hypotheses.
BAEB601 Subject Introduction: Introduction to Research MethodologyDr Nur Suhaili Ramli
This document provides an introduction and overview for a research methodology course. It outlines that the course will cover both quantitative and qualitative research methods, including surveys and SPSS analysis. It lists 5 learning outcomes related to distinguishing research problems, explaining research design, and conducting research. It provides contact information for the instructor and notes that students will be assessed through exams, assignments, a project, and quizzes.
Syllabus ed sci 198 methods of researchMaria Theresa
The course aims to introduce the basic ideas, concepts and principles of research methodology, the problem, methods of research, preparation of research instruments designed to arrive at exact analysis and interpretation of data.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defining a research problem. It discusses problem identification and formulation, defining a research problem, selecting a research problem, evaluating a research problem, and techniques for defining a problem. Key points include outlining the components of a research problem, criteria for selecting problems, and steps for defining a problem such as understanding its nature, surveying literature, developing ideas through discussion, and rephrasing the problem. An example of refining a research problem statement is also provided.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
➔ Basic research issues and concepts
➔ orientation to research process
Types of research
➔ historical, qualitative, correlational ,experimental, simulation and modeling, Logical
and argumentation, case study and mixed methods
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT II RESEARCH PROCESS
➔ Elements of Research process:
➔ finding a topic- writing an introduction
➔ stating a purpose of study identifying key research questions and hypotheses
➔ reviewing literature,using theory defining ,delimiting and stating the significance of the
study,
➔ advanced methods and procedures for data collection and analysis
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT III RESEARCHING AND DATA COLLECTION
➔ Library and archives
➔ Internet: New information and the role of internet
➔ finding and evaluating sources
➔ misuse- test for reliability- ethics
Methods of data collection
➔ From primary sources
➔ observation and recording, interviews, structured and unstructured, questionnaire,
open ended and close ended questions and the advantages, sampling
➔ Problems encountered in collecting data from secondary sources.
UNIT IV REPORT WRITING
➔ Research writing in general
➔ Components: referencing
➔ writing the bibliography
➔ Developing the outline
➔ presentation.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
➔ Case studies in the relevant discipline illustrating how good research can be used from
project inception to completion
➔ review of research publications.
This document provides a review of the book "Architectural Research Methods" by Linda Groat and David Wang. The review summarizes the book's contents and approach. It notes that the book aims to introduce research methods and strategies for architectural scholars and practitioners. However, the review also critiques some of the book's limitations, such as its US-centered perspective and lack of coverage of quantitative research methods important to fields like architectural history. Overall, the review concludes that the book provides a useful introductory text for novice architectural researchers but has room for improvement.
This document provides information about Maria Theresa P. Pelones and her proposed research course. It includes her educational background and professional experience, as well as details about the course such as objectives, topics, requirements and references. The course aims to introduce research methodology and guide students through the process of developing a thesis proposal.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and importance of research, classification of research types, the research process, and characteristics of good research. Specifically, it covers:
- The objectives of research including exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing.
- The significance of research in advancing knowledge and solving problems.
- How research follows the scientific method principles of clearly defined purpose, planned process, and justified conclusions.
- Classification of research as basic vs applied, descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
- The characteristics of good research as being systematic, logical, empirical, and having a clear purpose.
Chapter 2 ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGYHazrina Haja
Guide to development of academic writing; chapter 2 (literature review) and abstract writing as well as referencing system. Focus area: architecture but not limited to.Research Methodology Class BAGS6106 in University of Malaya, Malaysia. Feb 2019
This document discusses research methodology in computer science. It begins by outlining the objectives of learning about research definition, types of research, and research contributions and originality. It then defines research as a methodical process of discovering non-trivial facts and insights to add to knowledge. The document discusses different types of research classification including qualitative vs quantitative approaches, inductive vs deductive methods, and types of research contributions and goals. It also compares research styles between different computing fields like information systems and computer science. Finally, it discusses aspects of originality and contributions that define high-quality research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
This document discusses elements of research design for a qualitative research project, including developing a research plan, conducting a literature review, formulating research questions and purpose, and planning for data analysis. It emphasizes that qualitative research requires thorough preparation and planning while still allowing for flexibility during the research process as understanding develops. The research plan provides structure but should not limit promising options or flexibility.
u can learn what is research, how to do research, research types, research methods, methodology, how to do literature survey, how to give an oral presentation and how to write thesis, research paper
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, different types of research approaches including quantitative and qualitative, the difference between basic and applied research, and the scientific method. The scientific method is described as having 7 steps: formulating a question, researching the question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Mba604 course materials lecture (RESERCH METHODOLOGY BY NTANSI MAX)balanjo elvis berinyuy
This document provides an overview of research methodology topics presented by Ntangsi Max Memfih. The key points covered include:
- Defining research, methodology, and the basic steps of conducting research using a problem-solving approach.
- Discussing scientific inquiry, including the characteristics of scientific methods and different models of scientific inquiry.
- Explaining the first step of research as problem identification, including determining a well-defined general problem and expressing it clearly.
The document provides information on fundamental aspects of research methodology taught across multiple lecture sessions.
Business research is a systematic process of gathering and analyzing information to answer business questions and make good decisions. It helps reduce uncertainty. Examples include determining the best marketing strategy for a product, reasons for employee turnover, and returns on investments. Research methods are important for managers to solve business problems scientifically. Understanding research allows managers to better identify issues, diagnose problems, select and evaluate solutions, and reduce uncertainty. It also helps students complete academic requirements like master's theses. Research skills are useful for reading and understanding new studies, brief descriptions of research, and making informed decisions in daily life. Different types of research include exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and mixed methods research. Theory is used to explain relationships between concepts and help predict and
The document provides guidance on conducting research and summarizing research papers. It discusses the common research process, including the formulation, design and execution, and analytical phases. It also provides tips for critically reviewing research papers, such as identifying the study's hypotheses, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Guidelines are given for critiquing different aspects of research studies, like the problem statement, literature review, data collection and analysis. Overall, the document offers advice to help readers understand research studies and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.
This document provides an overview of research basics. It begins by outlining the objectives, introduction, and subject matter of research. It then defines research and lists 10 definitions from various sources. It describes the characteristics of research and objectives of research in general as well as the specific objectives of research in commerce and management. It discusses the motivation for research, including curiosity, finding cause-and-effect relationships, interest in novel events, and refining research techniques. Overall, the document provides foundational information on the meaning, process, objectives, and motivations behind conducting research.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to answer questions or gain knowledge on a topic. The document then describes different types of research, including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, experimental research, exploratory research, grounded theory research, historical research, phenomenological research, qualitative research, and quantitative research. It also discusses the structures of research papers, theses, review papers, and summarizes tools like Mendeley and LaTeX that can assist with research.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It begins by defining qualitative research as collecting and analyzing non-numerical data like text, video, or audio to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. Qualitative research aims to gather in-depth insights through words and images rather than numbers. It typically uses an inductive approach to develop theories from field research. Common characteristics of qualitative research include studying meanings in real-world conditions, representing participants' views, examining contextual conditions, and using multiple data sources. The document also outlines ways to ensure trustworthiness and credibility in qualitative research findings.
Syllabus ed sci 198 methods of researchMaria Theresa
The course aims to introduce the basic ideas, concepts and principles of research methodology, the problem, methods of research, preparation of research instruments designed to arrive at exact analysis and interpretation of data.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defining a research problem. It discusses problem identification and formulation, defining a research problem, selecting a research problem, evaluating a research problem, and techniques for defining a problem. Key points include outlining the components of a research problem, criteria for selecting problems, and steps for defining a problem such as understanding its nature, surveying literature, developing ideas through discussion, and rephrasing the problem. An example of refining a research problem statement is also provided.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
➔ Basic research issues and concepts
➔ orientation to research process
Types of research
➔ historical, qualitative, correlational ,experimental, simulation and modeling, Logical
and argumentation, case study and mixed methods
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT II RESEARCH PROCESS
➔ Elements of Research process:
➔ finding a topic- writing an introduction
➔ stating a purpose of study identifying key research questions and hypotheses
➔ reviewing literature,using theory defining ,delimiting and stating the significance of the
study,
➔ advanced methods and procedures for data collection and analysis
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT III RESEARCHING AND DATA COLLECTION
➔ Library and archives
➔ Internet: New information and the role of internet
➔ finding and evaluating sources
➔ misuse- test for reliability- ethics
Methods of data collection
➔ From primary sources
➔ observation and recording, interviews, structured and unstructured, questionnaire,
open ended and close ended questions and the advantages, sampling
➔ Problems encountered in collecting data from secondary sources.
UNIT IV REPORT WRITING
➔ Research writing in general
➔ Components: referencing
➔ writing the bibliography
➔ Developing the outline
➔ presentation.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
➔ Case studies in the relevant discipline illustrating how good research can be used from
project inception to completion
➔ review of research publications.
This document provides a review of the book "Architectural Research Methods" by Linda Groat and David Wang. The review summarizes the book's contents and approach. It notes that the book aims to introduce research methods and strategies for architectural scholars and practitioners. However, the review also critiques some of the book's limitations, such as its US-centered perspective and lack of coverage of quantitative research methods important to fields like architectural history. Overall, the review concludes that the book provides a useful introductory text for novice architectural researchers but has room for improvement.
This document provides information about Maria Theresa P. Pelones and her proposed research course. It includes her educational background and professional experience, as well as details about the course such as objectives, topics, requirements and references. The course aims to introduce research methodology and guide students through the process of developing a thesis proposal.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and importance of research, classification of research types, the research process, and characteristics of good research. Specifically, it covers:
- The objectives of research including exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing.
- The significance of research in advancing knowledge and solving problems.
- How research follows the scientific method principles of clearly defined purpose, planned process, and justified conclusions.
- Classification of research as basic vs applied, descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
- The characteristics of good research as being systematic, logical, empirical, and having a clear purpose.
Chapter 2 ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGYHazrina Haja
Guide to development of academic writing; chapter 2 (literature review) and abstract writing as well as referencing system. Focus area: architecture but not limited to.Research Methodology Class BAGS6106 in University of Malaya, Malaysia. Feb 2019
This document discusses research methodology in computer science. It begins by outlining the objectives of learning about research definition, types of research, and research contributions and originality. It then defines research as a methodical process of discovering non-trivial facts and insights to add to knowledge. The document discusses different types of research classification including qualitative vs quantitative approaches, inductive vs deductive methods, and types of research contributions and goals. It also compares research styles between different computing fields like information systems and computer science. Finally, it discusses aspects of originality and contributions that define high-quality research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
This document discusses elements of research design for a qualitative research project, including developing a research plan, conducting a literature review, formulating research questions and purpose, and planning for data analysis. It emphasizes that qualitative research requires thorough preparation and planning while still allowing for flexibility during the research process as understanding develops. The research plan provides structure but should not limit promising options or flexibility.
u can learn what is research, how to do research, research types, research methods, methodology, how to do literature survey, how to give an oral presentation and how to write thesis, research paper
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, different types of research approaches including quantitative and qualitative, the difference between basic and applied research, and the scientific method. The scientific method is described as having 7 steps: formulating a question, researching the question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Mba604 course materials lecture (RESERCH METHODOLOGY BY NTANSI MAX)balanjo elvis berinyuy
This document provides an overview of research methodology topics presented by Ntangsi Max Memfih. The key points covered include:
- Defining research, methodology, and the basic steps of conducting research using a problem-solving approach.
- Discussing scientific inquiry, including the characteristics of scientific methods and different models of scientific inquiry.
- Explaining the first step of research as problem identification, including determining a well-defined general problem and expressing it clearly.
The document provides information on fundamental aspects of research methodology taught across multiple lecture sessions.
Business research is a systematic process of gathering and analyzing information to answer business questions and make good decisions. It helps reduce uncertainty. Examples include determining the best marketing strategy for a product, reasons for employee turnover, and returns on investments. Research methods are important for managers to solve business problems scientifically. Understanding research allows managers to better identify issues, diagnose problems, select and evaluate solutions, and reduce uncertainty. It also helps students complete academic requirements like master's theses. Research skills are useful for reading and understanding new studies, brief descriptions of research, and making informed decisions in daily life. Different types of research include exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and mixed methods research. Theory is used to explain relationships between concepts and help predict and
The document provides guidance on conducting research and summarizing research papers. It discusses the common research process, including the formulation, design and execution, and analytical phases. It also provides tips for critically reviewing research papers, such as identifying the study's hypotheses, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Guidelines are given for critiquing different aspects of research studies, like the problem statement, literature review, data collection and analysis. Overall, the document offers advice to help readers understand research studies and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.
This document provides an overview of research basics. It begins by outlining the objectives, introduction, and subject matter of research. It then defines research and lists 10 definitions from various sources. It describes the characteristics of research and objectives of research in general as well as the specific objectives of research in commerce and management. It discusses the motivation for research, including curiosity, finding cause-and-effect relationships, interest in novel events, and refining research techniques. Overall, the document provides foundational information on the meaning, process, objectives, and motivations behind conducting research.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to answer questions or gain knowledge on a topic. The document then describes different types of research, including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, experimental research, exploratory research, grounded theory research, historical research, phenomenological research, qualitative research, and quantitative research. It also discusses the structures of research papers, theses, review papers, and summarizes tools like Mendeley and LaTeX that can assist with research.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It begins by defining qualitative research as collecting and analyzing non-numerical data like text, video, or audio to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. Qualitative research aims to gather in-depth insights through words and images rather than numbers. It typically uses an inductive approach to develop theories from field research. Common characteristics of qualitative research include studying meanings in real-world conditions, representing participants' views, examining contextual conditions, and using multiple data sources. The document also outlines ways to ensure trustworthiness and credibility in qualitative research findings.
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
This document provides an overview of the interpretive research paradigm, including its key assumptions, origins, methods, and evolution. It discusses interpretivism's focus on understanding meaning and interpretation through socially constructed realities. The document outlines interpretivism's ontology of multiple subjective realities and epistemology of dynamic, context-dependent meanings. It also summarizes common interpretive research methods like interviews and observations. Finally, it notes some challenges of interpretive research and criteria for evaluating interpretive studies.
This document discusses the key aspects of qualitative research design. It explains that qualitative research relies on data from interviews, observations, and documents rather than testing hypotheses. The goal is to understand people's behaviors and meanings rather than measuring things. Some common qualitative designs mentioned are grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and content analysis. Sample sizes are small and purposeful rather than random. Data collection methods include interviews, observations, and documents. Analysis uses an inductive approach to identify themes. Researchers are the main instrument and context is important for understanding findings.
The document provides an overview of different types of research methods and their definitions. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, correlational, experimental, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, phenomenological, qualitative, and quantitative research. The key points are:
- Research involves systematic investigation to gain new knowledge or validate existing knowledge.
- The different types of research methods each have distinct goals and approaches such as describing characteristics, testing hypotheses, or discovering new theories.
- Research can be classified as qualitative, involving subjective experiences, or quantitative, using statistical techniques to measure phenomena.
This document discusses the case study research method. It defines case study as an in-depth investigation of a social unit or event that provides deep insights. The document outlines various types of case studies including individual, community, and organizational. It also discusses characteristics such as being descriptive and process-oriented. The document reviews definitions from several scholars and describes techniques used in case studies like observation, interviews, documents and records. It outlines advantages like developing an in-depth understanding and hypotheses, and disadvantages such as lack of generalization and being time-consuming.
Distinguish technical terms used in research EN10V-Iva-30.pptxJONALYNNGAPPOL
This document discusses key concepts related to conducting research. It begins by defining research as a systematic process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing information to increase understanding and generate new knowledge. There are three main types of research: descriptive, correlational, and experimental. Descriptive research answers questions about characteristics, correlational examines relationships between variables, and experimental studies cause-and-effect through a controlled experiment. Proper research requires formulating a focused research problem or question, collecting relevant literature, developing a research design and methodology, analyzing collected data, and reporting findings. Key terms like population, sample, variables, hypotheses, and data are also explained. The document provides a thorough overview of fundamental research concepts and processes.
Introduction to business research methodologyAdil Nawaz Khan
This document provides an overview of different types of research methodologies, including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, exploratory research, grounded theory research, and historical research. It defines each type of research and provides examples. The document also discusses key characteristics of research such as being objective, precise, verifiable, and empirical. It outlines the scientific method and notes research involves collecting and analyzing data to solve problems.
KV712 Intro to Research Methodology Session1kturvey
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to educational research methodology. It discusses paradigms like quantitative and qualitative research and mixed methods approaches. It also covers research designs such as action research, case studies, surveys, and experiments. Additionally, it outlines various data collection tools and issues around the researcher's role and positionality. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of grounding research within a theoretical framework and developing focused research questions.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PRESENTATION.pptxTamnnakumari
This document provides an overview of different types of research methods including descriptive research, experimental research, exploratory research, correlations research, qualitative research, and quantitative research. It defines each type of research and provides examples. The key types discussed are descriptive research, which aims to portray characteristics of individuals or situations; experimental research, which examines causes and effects through manipulation of variables; and qualitative vs. quantitative research, where qualitative focuses on concepts and experiences through interviews and qualitative focuses on testing theories through statistical analysis.
This document provides an overview of an applied research methodology course being taught at IOE Pluchowk campus in Nepal. It includes:
1. An introduction to the course objectives which are to increase awareness of research methods and familiarize students with qualitative and quantitative research approaches.
2. An outline of course topics which will cover research design, methods, data collection and analysis, and writing research proposals and reports.
3. Details on textbooks, references, hours, evaluation, and student requirements which involve interactions, written reports and presentations.
business research methods 1 introductiondaniyarehan2
Research is a systematic investigation to discover new facts or verify existing facts. It involves searching for knowledge in a planned, organized manner. The main purposes of research are discovery of new information and verification of existing information. Research follows defined methodological steps and aims to provide generalizable conclusions through objective, systematic inquiry. There are different types of research based on purpose, approach, and nature of variables studied. The overall research process typically involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting findings.
This document discusses key issues in planning three specific types of Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR) study designs: cross-sectional designs, case studies, and participatory action research. It provides examples of each design and discusses important considerations for their use including defining research questions, choosing appropriate sampling strategies and data collection methods, developing analytical approaches, and ensuring meaningful participation particularly for participatory action research.
This document discusses key issues to consider when designing different types of Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR) studies. It covers three specific study designs: cross-sectional, case study, and participatory action research (PAR).
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2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DEFINITION
An effort to understand one situation in its own
context. How individual take action, react, going
through life normally and show reaction towards to
meander of life. The Input is the end result of research
that give a deep understanding of the respondent real life
experiences. (Patton, 1985)
3. RESEARCHER AS AN
INSTRUMENT
• Use opportunity fully.
• Have the opportunity to fix weaknesses and improve
researcher capability.
• Be patient.
• Only the researcher knows the best method to be
used.
• Sample is chosen according to the need.
• Guess and know when to listen and provoke.
4. Research Criteria
• Understand one phenomena from the respondent’s
perspective and not from the researcher’s.
• Researcher as the instrument. (Human
Instrumentation vs. Inanimate Inventory)
• Involve fieldwork.
• Inductive research-Build concept, theory, model vs.
testing theory or answering research questions.
• Focus on process, meaning, comprehension.
• Flexible, ability to change according to time
depending on situation, research level and outcome.
• Purposeful.
• Long duration and always with be with the
respondent.
5. RESEARCH AS AN
INSTURMENT
• Capable of avoiding biasness. Researchers are bond with
values, experiences, views, principles and own ego.
• Having the skill to communicate sincerely,good in building
rapport, w questioning and listening techniques must be
improved from time to time.
6. Research Process (Glaser
1978)
• Fully dependent on the researcher- skills, physical fitness,
maturity, motivation, interest and alert in recognizing
information.
• Sometimes the researcher is faced with the phenomena
that is needed to be investigated and sometimes only need
to be listened.
• From time to time concept will be built, conformation will
emerge and wanting to deeply understand the burden until it
can be reality as a real phenomenon to be reported.
7. Research Tests a Theory
Researcher Test Hypotheses of Research
Questions Derived from the Theory
Researcher Operationalizes Concepts or
Variables Derived from the Theory
Researcher Use an Instrument to
Measure
Variables in the Theory
6.4 The Deductive mode of Research in a Quantitative Study
8. Researcher Develops a Theory or Compares
Pattern with Other Theories
Researcher From Patterns (Theories)
Researcher Forms Categories
Researcher Asks Questions
Researcher Gathers Information
6.5 The Inductive Mode of Research in a Qualitative Study
9. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
• DEFINITION
Relating to morals, treating of moral questions morally correct,
honorable…Set of principles of morals…Science of morals, moral
principles, rule of conduct, whole field of moral science (Oxford
English Dictionary)
In qualitative research, the researcher is the most important
instrument, they have to control their behavior (Cassel & Jacob,
1987)
10. ROLE OF THE
RESEARCHER
As an instrument, researcher should be
alert and responsible to sensitive issues.
Traits that are needed- honest, fair,
knowledgeable and experiences.
13. THREE PARTIES THAT
SHOULD BE GIVEN
ATTENTION
Information source – especially employer.
Respondent-aggrieved
Community – researcher should be honest and
precise
Causes of problem:
1) Different Principles
2) Personality
3) Rights
14. RESEARCHER GUIDE
• Permission from respondent
• Do not used force
• If using questionnaire-write in front.
• Before interviews give explanation.
• Details should be kept secret- names,
personal identification.
• If personal identification have been
identified, it will give negative impacts in the
future.
• Control Data should be kept from others.
• Identity and information should be
separated.
• Matters that can led to violence should be
excluded.
15. IMPORTANT POINTS
FOR RESEARCH ETHICS
Ethics-prepare one research guide.
Alert with the institutional rules.
Sensitive with issues such as moral, values, religion
and community culture- have discussion with
experienced staff and elders in the community.
16. RESPONDENT CONSENT
• Full explanation about the research.
• Risk and positive impact of the
research.
• Volunteer participation.
• Rights to back out any time.
• Consent from : Employer, school and
individual.
• Parameters for the details can be
exploited.
17. CLASSIFIED
• Details that expose respondent should be
classified or change.
• To print classified information get
consent from respondent.
• Consent react as agreement or trust
between respondent and researcher.
18. EFFECT
• Risk to respondent should be avoid.
• Positive effect should be much greater than
negative effect.
• Effect to the community should be included.
• Report between researcher and sample should be
analyzed to what extend classified information
are being analyzed.
19. CASE RESEARCH
• Definition :
‘investigates a contemporary phenomenon within it’s real-life
context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and
context are not clearly evident”
The case as a phenomenon of some sort occurring in a bounded
context. They graphically present it as a circle with a heart in the
center. The heart is the focus of the study, while the circle
defines the edge of the case (Miles and Huberman, 1994)
20. • Insight into the ‘real life’ of the respondents
(Yin,1994).
• Focus on discovery, insight and understanding
from the perspective of those being studied and
offer greatest potential in contributing
knowledge base on the area investigated
(Merrian,1998)
• Humans are best suited for the tasks since they
can use human sensibilities during interviews and
observations, sensitively to non verbal context
(Burns,1998)
• Aims to capture individual difference or unique
variations from one program setting to another or
one program experience to another (Patton,1990)
21. • Using multiple method, major
strength and able to trace a chain of
evidence (Burns,1994)
• Case study is more concern with the
‘process’ rather than ‘outcomes’
• Stress that process relates to
‘monitoring’ the context, discovering
the treatment and providing
immediate feedback.
22. PURPOSE
(BECKER 1968)
To arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the group
understanding
To develop general theoretical statements about regularities
in social structure and process
23. SPECIAL FEATURES
• Particularistic
Focus on a particular situation, events, program and
phenomenon.
Asking questions, situations or puzzling occurrences arising
from everyday practice
• Descriptive
The end product is rich, ‘thick’ descriptive of the
phenomena understudy.
• Heuristic
Reader understanding about the phenomenon
24. STEPS TO BE TAKEN
• PARTICULARISTIC
What should be done and not.
• DESCRIPTIVE.
Explain problems.
Collect information.
Look for differences.
• HEURISTIC
Explain reasons.
Why need to change.
Discussion.
Values.
25. STRENGHT
• Understand outcome from the method used
(fieldwork) not estimating.
• Definition through understanding.
• Much more concrete-understanding through real
life experience.
• Close relationship between respondent and
researcher.
• Description of research population.
26. WEAKNESES
• When expose with a lot of real problems – more
time needed.
• Always make full evaluation.
• As an instrument – researcher weaknesses
influences data.
• Expose to “biasness”
• Small amount of respondents always being
debated.
28. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
• MERRIAM (1998)
“a structure, the scaffolding, the frame of your study”
• Ways to develop
Disciplinary orientation-concept, vocabulary and theory (lens
which you view your world)
Lead to your curiosity, puzzles, question that will arise.
Through past research-relevant with area of interests.
The framework in turn generate ‘problem’ of the study,
specific research questions, data collection, analysis
techniques and how you would interpret your findings.
The technique and literature help to establish parameters
for the research study. It determines how the problem and
purpose are reshaped.
30. GROUNDED THEORY
• History
First described by Glaser and Strauss in 1976
Later developed by Glaser in 1978 and expounded in detail by Strauss
in 1987
• DEFINITION
The discovery and conceptualization of the processes under study were
derived, and they closely linked the data with the theory (Strauss and
Corbin, 1990)
“…inductively derived from the study of the phenomenon it represents.
That is, discovered, developed, and provisionally verified through
systematic data collection and analysis of data pertaining to that
phenomenon. Therefore, data collection, analysis, and theory should
stand in reciprocal relationship with each other. One does not begin
with theory, then prove it. Rather, one begins with an area of study
and what is relevant to that area is allowed to emerge” (Strauss and
Corbin, 1990)
31. • A general strategy for designing,
conducting, analyzing and theorizing.
• Actors viewpoints for understanding
interaction, process and social change
(Hummersley & Atkinson)
GROUNDED THEORY
32. Ways for Grounded Theory To
Contribute For a Research
• Theory to reality
• Relationship between situation, meaning and
action.
• Need for research area and understand what
happened.
• Different experience background and constantly
changing.
• Individual role in determining the path for their
life.
• Need for change in complex life.
33. Constant Comparative
Method
• Knowing the categories, collect similarity,
differences produced new categories.
• Compurgation between human group,
situation and time.
34. Process In Building Grounded
Theory
• Research Methodology
• Data gathering
• Data arrangement
• Analysis data
• Differences in past research
Connection with 4 Main Points :
Building validity
Internal validity-establishing causal relationship
External validity-truth value/findings can be generalized
Reliability-procedures can be repeated
35. Interrelated Process To Build
Grounded Theory
• Step 1
Design Research
Plan Design Research
Research Main Question
Choose a Case
36. STEP 2 : Data Gathering
• Used ‘multiple data sources’
• Triangulation
• Qualitative and quantitative
37. DEFINISI ETHNOGRAHPIC
Spardley (1980) : Complex meaning to organize their
behavior, understand themselves and others and make sense
out of the world in which they live. These system constitute
their culture.
Studying culture must deal with three fundamental aspects
of human experience : what people do, what people know and
the things people who have learned to see, hear speak, think
and act in ways that are different.
Hammersley & Akinson (1995) : rather than studying people,
ethnography involves learning from people.
38. STRENGHT
Society-social and cultural diversity results in cultural differences.
Able to capture the social reality before formulating appropriate
research inquiry.
Research is free to ‘muddle around’ and address the problem that is
interesting and worthy to sustain attention.
Able to understand society as it is, rather then what they think it is,
might, should must be.
Main contribution – his commitment to understand and convey how it
is ‘to walk in someone else’s shoes’ and ‘tell it like it is’.
39. Credibility depends heavily on the ability of the researcher to collect
information from the insider’s perspective (emic) and also external
scientific perspective (etic).
Able to take the larger context into account.
Fieldwork-flexible in it’s planning, sensitive to contextual clues and
comfortable to change.
40. Significant Aspect (Berg
1989)
Distinction made between micro and macro ethnography.
Macro ethnography : describe the entire way of life of s group.
Micro ethnography : focuses on a particular individual in a larger
setting.
The contribution of both provide a complete picture of a case
investigated.
41. Fieldwork
Selecting project
Collecting data : starts with broad descriptive observations,
overview of social situation and what goes on there.
Making records : field notes, photograph.
Analyzing : do not wait for large amount of data.
Go to the field to discover question.
42. Formulating Problems
• Initial phase : broadly defined research interests.
• 2’nd phase : Reformulation, idea starts to come into
focus.
• 3 rd phase : progressive focusing
Main Elements to focus on :
• Who
• The setting
• The purpose
• The social behavior
• Frequency and Duration
43. Strategies In Field
Observation
Complete participation : secret observation and full
participation.
Complete observer : remove all interaction, one way
mirror.
Observer as participants : identity known but remain as
‘stranger’
Participant as observer : fieldworker closely involved and
identified as ‘actor’
44. Reliability
Can the study be repeated
Can two or more people have similar interpretations by using the
categories and procedures used
How to achieve it ?
Outline the reasons and major question to address
Identify the bias statements and assumptions
Systematic data gathering procedures and record the details location
and tine
45. Validity
Question: Can it really measure?
Does it really represent other individuals?
Ways To Achieve It:
Long duration gives a real picture.
Interview gives a lot of information.
Observation strengthens data.
Self-monitoring is very important.
46. Writing a Report
Focus and purpose of the study
Research and model or design
Context and setting
Experience and role
Data collection strategies
Techniques used to analyze data
Findings, interpretation and applications
47. Step 3: Protocol
Used multiple data collection method
Document, Reports, Paper articles
48. Steps 4 : Data Analysis
Collect and analyze in the nearest time.
Maintain flexibility-open minded.
49. Step 5 : Data Ordering
Arranging events chronologically
Allows examination of processes
50. Step 6 : Phases of Data
Analysis
CODING : DEFINITION… represents the operations by
which data are broken down, conception, ideas and put back
together in new ways. It is the central process by which
theories are built from data.
Open Coding : Labeling and categorizing of phenomena into
categories or themes (comparative method)
Axial Coding : Connections-develops the sub-categories
Selective Coding- Integration to develop initial theoretical
framework.
51. Writing memos : to keep tracks
3 types of memo
Code Memos : open coding – focus on
conceptual labeling
Theoretical Memo : axial and selective
coding-focus on paradigm features and
indications of process
Operational Memos : direction evolving
research design
52. Step 7: Theoretical
Sampling
Definition : ‘The process of data collection for generating
theory whereby the analyst jointly collects, codes and
analyses his data and decides what data to collect next
and where to find them, in order to develop his theory as
it emerges.
‘Accordingly, unlike the sampling done in quantitative
investigations, theoretical sampling cannot be planned
before embarking on a ground theory study. The specific
sampling decisions evolve during the research process
itself’ (Glaser and Strauss, 1967)
Choose a case and decide on the amount of sample
throughout the research in the process to build research
focus.
Literal and theoretical replication across cases
53. Step 8 : Reading Closure
Theoretical saturation when possible
Definition : “…no additional data are being found whereby
the (researcher) can develop properties of the categories.
As he sees similar instances over an over again, the
researcher becomes empirically confident that a category
is saturated…when one category is saturated, nothing
remains but to go to new groups for data on other
categories, and attempts to saturate these categories
also” (Strauss and Colbin, 1990)
54. Step 9 : Compare The
Emerging Theory
Comparisons with
conflicting
55. Action Research
Definition (Elliot, 1991)
“Is about improving practice rather than producing knowledge”
Kemis (1980)
“The study of a social situation with a view to improve the quality of action
within it”
(Kurt Lewin Model : Spiral of Cycles)
“The basic cycle of activities is identifying a general idea, reconnaissance,
general planning, developing the first action step, implementing the first action
step, evaluation, revising the general plan.
From this basic cycle the researcher then spiral into developing the second
action step, implementation, evaluation, revising general plan, developing the
third action step, implementation, evaluation and so on.
56. (Mc Nniff,1996)
“Action researches are intent on describing, implementing
and explaining events (enquiry) while they seek to change
their (action) for the better (purpose)
57. Bring about improvement in practice
Improvement always associated with advancement of
knowledge
Action is the key feature and is worthwhile
demonstrated
Purpose
58. TWO MAJOR
QUESTION
How can I improve the quality of my practice here?
What is happening here?
UNIQUE
Action as an integral part of the research process.
Focused by the researcher professional value rather than
methodological considerations.
Necessarily insider research, in the sense of practitioners
researching their own professional actions.
59. PROCES
A commitment to educational improvement
An intervention in personal practice to bring
about improvement.
A special kind of research question
How can I improve
my personal practice?
my understanding of this?
the wiser situation?
60. Putting the ‘I’ at the center of the research
How do ‘I’ fit into the research?
I am the subject and object of the research
I take the responsibility of my own actions.
How do ‘I’ fit into the action…by seeing my own practice as the
central focus of my research through critical reflection of self
study. By encouraging others to participate in a negotiated
definition of shared practices…respect humanity, open to
argument, willing to accept others, owing own mistake, standing
on ground when principles are at stake…
61. What kind of action ?
INFORMED ACTION… reduced personal biasness
COMMITED ACTION… stems from strong personality
INTENTION ACTION… implementing plans, monitoring the
action and evaluating it are necessary aspects of the process
62. Systematic monitoring to generate valid data
Important outcomes are the changes in the
researchers understanding of their professional
that lead to new insights
New data will lead to changes and act as
evidence
A concrete plan is needed
63. Providing authentic (asli) descriptions of
action
Factual accounts…based on transcripts of
conversations, interviews and meetings.
Subjective accounts…description from
observations, personal reflections or
diaries
Fictionalized (khayal) accounts… data
that preserve anonymity of participants.
64. Explaining the action ….
…identifying possible meanings
…theorizing
…constructing models
…linking with other work
…making the description ‘critical’
In order to get an unbiased picture
of your action research and its
outcomes you need to involved other
picture to cheek out your
interpretations (Lomax, 1991)
65. Representing the action research
…using self-reflection
…using dialogue and conversation
…using narrative and story
…using action research cycles and
spirals
…using drawings
…using experiential techniques
66. Validating action research claims…
…making claims : How can I improve
…my personal practice?
…my understanding of
this?
…the wider situation?
…critically examining the claims against
evidence
…involving others in making judgments
67. Some common pitfalls shown up at validation :
Failure to separate description and explanation
Failure to distinguish the action
Confuse between data and evidence
Presentation of raw data rather than summarized data
Failure to record the meeting
Failure to treat the validation event
Making Public..best way of getting it
validated
69. USAGE
• Get the general background .
• Build hypothesis.
• Create new ideas.
• Diagnose problems.
• Learn/ Know how respondent
communicates.
• Debate on past outcome.
70. ADVANTAGES
• Produce fast result.
• Direct communication with respondent.
• Open to reactions.
• Take action that promote relationship.
• Flexible
• Feel easy to communicate with illiterate.
• Easy to understand.
71. Moderator
Kerger (1987)
“The facilitator has unobtrusive chameleon-like
qualities, gently draws consumers into the process,
deftly encourages them to interact with one another for
optimum synergy, lets the intercourse flow naturally
with a minimum of intervention, listens openly and
deeply, uses silence well, plays back consumer
statements in a distilling way which brings out more
refined thoughts or explanation and remains completely
non-authoritarian and non-judgmental.
72. Moderator Leadership
Skill
Supportive Leadership
Care, easy to make friends, tolerant and fair.
Directive Leadership
Tell respondent things that need to be done, guidelinse and
set targets.
Participative Leadership
Contact group, ask opinion, suggestion and give opportunity to
group members to make decision.
Achievement-Oriented Leadership
Set challenging goals, aim for development, uphold
‘excellence’, capability to achieve the best.
73. Moderator Bias
Personal Bias -
a) Follow own opinion.
b) Without knowing to please the respondent.
c) To get along.
Problems
‘experts’- clouded novice
Palls-private talk
Incorporate group members:
Explain honestly
Ask to leave the group.
Not being entertained.
To overcome sensitive Issues- inform
respondent first.
74. Type of questions
1.Main - Focus on the issues being researched.
2.Leading question - Discussion towards research
3.Testing question - Use respondent to test.
4.Steering question - Steer ideas to develop much more
content.
5.Obtuse question - Uncomfortable question towards
respondent. Ask other people.
6.Factual question - Accurate answer.
7.Feel question - Ask questions using individual feelings.
8.Anonymous question - Analyzing the situation again.
9.Shut up - Sometimes much better from asking.
75. Way to Carry Out Group
Focus
1. Group alignment
2. Style Interview
Directive – much more issues.
Non-Directive – findings and much better group relation.
3. Tools to help
4. Relationship– sensitive/alert
5. Observation – Should be told
6. Ways to begin – Create situation, trust, openess,and
feel of belonging. Build rapport.
7. Every one involvement-appreciate opinion and worth it
for success. Be alert for ‘non-verbal clues’: facial
expression & gestures.
8. Time management.
9. Debate Ideas.
76. Design
Step 1 - Recognize problem factors clearly and
agenda that will be discussed.
Step 2 - Know your respondent. Explain who can
be called.
Step 3 - Which moderator for the topics are
going to be discussed.
Step 4 - Discussion guideline – list all the topics
that are going to be discussed.
Step 5 - Recruit extra sample-takers . The best
amount is 6-12 people. Small – narrow. Big-
Lack of control.
Step 6 - Manage group – relationship, time,
place, equipment, inform the title first in
general and give gratitude.
Step 7 - Analysis
Step 8 - Report writing
77. Limitation
• Small group
• Interaction-bias
• Difficult to make decision
• If guidelines are given, it will not be
affected with biasness.