Dynamic Analysis of RC Multi-storeyed Building - A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In India with a seismic moderate zone, the equivalent static force method to estimate the seismic force, subsequent vulnerability and behavior of RC building under seismic load is inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding the behavior of building using Response Spectrum Method. In this study, Dynamic Analysis of four storied Reinforced Concrete building was investigated using Staad pro and Etabs software packages. For this, Response Spectrum Method was used to evaluate the base shear, frequency, modal mass participation and the mode shapes of the building have been plotted for 15 frequencies. Seismic Zone 3 has been considered and base shear was calculated as per the procedure recommended by IS 1893-2002. The results shows that only slight variation in frequencies and modal participation factors was observed as each software has its own way of considering the mass.
Performance based analysis of rc building consisting shear wall and varying i...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract:
Metropolitan cities are under severe threat because of inappropriate design and construction of structures. Faulty building designed without considering seismic consideration could be vulnerable to damage even under low levels of ground shaking from distant earthquake. So, structural engineers often are more concerned about the constructing Shear wall without knowing its performance with respect to infill percentage which may lead it to an over design state without knowing the demand. Nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis provides a better view about the behavior of the structures during seismic events. This study investigates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level and two types of Shear wall consisting building structures and suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure. To perform the finite element simulation ETABS 9.7.2 is used to get the output using pushover analysis. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of base shear, deflection, storey drift, storey drift ratio and stages of number of hinges form and represented with discussion.
Dynamic Analysis of RC Multi-storeyed Building - A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In India with a seismic moderate zone, the equivalent static force method to estimate the seismic force, subsequent vulnerability and behavior of RC building under seismic load is inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding the behavior of building using Response Spectrum Method. In this study, Dynamic Analysis of four storied Reinforced Concrete building was investigated using Staad pro and Etabs software packages. For this, Response Spectrum Method was used to evaluate the base shear, frequency, modal mass participation and the mode shapes of the building have been plotted for 15 frequencies. Seismic Zone 3 has been considered and base shear was calculated as per the procedure recommended by IS 1893-2002. The results shows that only slight variation in frequencies and modal participation factors was observed as each software has its own way of considering the mass.
Performance based analysis of rc building consisting shear wall and varying i...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract:
Metropolitan cities are under severe threat because of inappropriate design and construction of structures. Faulty building designed without considering seismic consideration could be vulnerable to damage even under low levels of ground shaking from distant earthquake. So, structural engineers often are more concerned about the constructing Shear wall without knowing its performance with respect to infill percentage which may lead it to an over design state without knowing the demand. Nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis provides a better view about the behavior of the structures during seismic events. This study investigates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level and two types of Shear wall consisting building structures and suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure. To perform the finite element simulation ETABS 9.7.2 is used to get the output using pushover analysis. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of base shear, deflection, storey drift, storey drift ratio and stages of number of hinges form and represented with discussion.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSISIjripublishers Ijri
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement
and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
Analysis and Optimum Design for Steel Moment Resisting Frames to Seismic Exci...IJCMESJOURNAL
The essential purpose of this wander is to develop an Interior Penalty Function (IPF) based estimation to multi-storey steel traces for slightest weight of frames. The frames are proposed for contradicting even impact in view of seismic stacking close by gravity forces. Various structural stems are used for restricting seismic (lateral) forces; however steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) are considered for the present work. The framework solidifies codal courses of action of IS 800-2007, as needs be gets the edges with perfect weight for in-plane moments with lateral support of beam element. Strength and buckling criteria are considered as direct goals close by side constraints in formulating optimization problem. A Software program is made that uses an interior penalty function (IPF) for weight minimization of two-dimensional moment restricting steel encompassed structures. The program uses MATLAB, performs one dimensional interest, and structural design in an iterative technique. The design cases have exhibited that the proposed estimation gives a beneficial instrument to the practicing fundamental algorithm. The program is associated with 6 and 9 storey (4 bays) moment resisting frames (MRFs). The program showed its capacity of optimizing the largeness of two medium size frames. To get part obliges in frames an examination technique must be associated. In the present work Equivalent Lateral Force framework (ELF) and material nonlinear time history analysis (NTH) are associated and perfect qualities gained from both the examinations are contemplated.
Lateral Load Analysis of a Building with & Without Knee BracingIJERA Editor
In last decades steel structures has played an important role in construction industry. Providing strength, stability
and ductility are major purposes of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under
seismic loads. Steel braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures.
Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect, occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meeting the
required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various types of steel bracings
such as Diagonal, X, K, V, inverted V type or chevron and global type concentric bracings. In the present study,
it was shown that modelling of the G+4 steel bare frame with various bracings (X, V, inverted V, and Knee
bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the
seismic parameters such as base shear, roof displacement, time period, storey drift, performance point for steel
bare frame with different bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly
contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than other
bracing systems.
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract—This paper evaluates deflection of the steel high rise structure due to the P-Delta effect considering the global slenderness of the whole structure. For easy and quick design only Linear Static analysis is performed and secondary loading effect is neglected in several underdeveloped and developing countries of South Asia. Using STAADPro v8i, 40 different model is simulated to observe the severity of the P-Delta phenomenon against standard Linear Static method. 4 different storey were combined with 5 varying span in both direction for varying the slenderness of the structure. During analysis lateral load imposed with UBC94 to perform the seismic events in two directions in the seismic moderate risk zone of Bangladesh using Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) corresponding coefficients however wind load is omitted to observe the seismic event effect in Steel high-rise structure solely assuming outcome decision would be same if the simulation would done for wind load also. This analysis reveals how crucial side of the structure generates different deflections with changing slenderness. Test results were evaluated by storey deflection (in mm) and percentage of variation of deflection was performed by comparing P-Delta outputs with Linear Static Method outputs.
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSISIjripublishers Ijri
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement
and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
Analysis and Optimum Design for Steel Moment Resisting Frames to Seismic Exci...IJCMESJOURNAL
The essential purpose of this wander is to develop an Interior Penalty Function (IPF) based estimation to multi-storey steel traces for slightest weight of frames. The frames are proposed for contradicting even impact in view of seismic stacking close by gravity forces. Various structural stems are used for restricting seismic (lateral) forces; however steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) are considered for the present work. The framework solidifies codal courses of action of IS 800-2007, as needs be gets the edges with perfect weight for in-plane moments with lateral support of beam element. Strength and buckling criteria are considered as direct goals close by side constraints in formulating optimization problem. A Software program is made that uses an interior penalty function (IPF) for weight minimization of two-dimensional moment restricting steel encompassed structures. The program uses MATLAB, performs one dimensional interest, and structural design in an iterative technique. The design cases have exhibited that the proposed estimation gives a beneficial instrument to the practicing fundamental algorithm. The program is associated with 6 and 9 storey (4 bays) moment resisting frames (MRFs). The program showed its capacity of optimizing the largeness of two medium size frames. To get part obliges in frames an examination technique must be associated. In the present work Equivalent Lateral Force framework (ELF) and material nonlinear time history analysis (NTH) are associated and perfect qualities gained from both the examinations are contemplated.
Lateral Load Analysis of a Building with & Without Knee BracingIJERA Editor
In last decades steel structures has played an important role in construction industry. Providing strength, stability
and ductility are major purposes of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under
seismic loads. Steel braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures.
Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect, occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meeting the
required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various types of steel bracings
such as Diagonal, X, K, V, inverted V type or chevron and global type concentric bracings. In the present study,
it was shown that modelling of the G+4 steel bare frame with various bracings (X, V, inverted V, and Knee
bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the
seismic parameters such as base shear, roof displacement, time period, storey drift, performance point for steel
bare frame with different bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly
contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than other
bracing systems.
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract—This paper evaluates deflection of the steel high rise structure due to the P-Delta effect considering the global slenderness of the whole structure. For easy and quick design only Linear Static analysis is performed and secondary loading effect is neglected in several underdeveloped and developing countries of South Asia. Using STAADPro v8i, 40 different model is simulated to observe the severity of the P-Delta phenomenon against standard Linear Static method. 4 different storey were combined with 5 varying span in both direction for varying the slenderness of the structure. During analysis lateral load imposed with UBC94 to perform the seismic events in two directions in the seismic moderate risk zone of Bangladesh using Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) corresponding coefficients however wind load is omitted to observe the seismic event effect in Steel high-rise structure solely assuming outcome decision would be same if the simulation would done for wind load also. This analysis reveals how crucial side of the structure generates different deflections with changing slenderness. Test results were evaluated by storey deflection (in mm) and percentage of variation of deflection was performed by comparing P-Delta outputs with Linear Static Method outputs.
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
Finite Element Modeling of a Multi-Storeyed Retrofitted Reinforced Concrete F...IOSR Journals
In the present study, the non-linear response of RC frame using FE modeling under the incremental
loading has been carried out in the first phase of analysis to study the response and load-carrying capacity of a
four storeyed RC frame using non-linear finite element analysis. In the second phase of study an analysis model
for retrofitted RC frame using finite element method using software ATENA is presented. The results obtained
from FE analysis in both cases are compared with the experimental data for four storeyed RC frame tested by
BARC at CPRI. The results from finite element analysis were calculated at the same location as used in
experimental test. The accuracy of the finite element model is assessed by the comparison with experimental
results which are to be in good agreement. The base shear/ displacement curves from finite element analysis
agree well with the experimental results in linear range. The maximum difference in base shear is observed to
be 7.9%
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis and Optimum Design for Steel Moment Resisting Frames to Seismic Exci...IJCMESJOURNAL
The essential purpose of this wander is to develop an Interior Penalty Function (IPF) based estimation to multi-storey steel traces for slightest weight of frames. The frames are proposed for contradicting even impact in view of seismic stacking close by gravity forces. Various structural stems are used for restricting seismic (lateral) forces; however steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) are considered for the present work. The framework solidifies codal courses of action of IS 800-2007, as needs be gets the edges with perfect weight for in-plane moments with lateral support of beam element. Strength and buckling criteria are considered as direct goals close by side constraints in formulating optimization problem. A Software program is made that uses an interior penalty function (IPF) for weight minimization of two-dimensional moment restricting steel encompassed structures. The program uses MATLAB, performs one dimensional interest, and structural design in an iterative technique. The design cases have exhibited that the proposed estimation gives a beneficial instrument to the practicing fundamental algorithm. The program is associated with 6 and 9 storey (4 bays) moment resisting frames (MRFs). The program showed its capacity of optimizing the largeness of two medium size frames. To get part obliges in frames an examination technique must be associated. In the present work Equivalent Lateral Force framework (ELF) and material nonlinear time history analysis (NTH) are associated and perfect qualities gained from both the examinations are contemplated.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic ExitationIJTET Journal
Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF EXISTING RC BUILDING UNDER REVISED SEISMIC ZONE CLASSIFIC...IAEME Publication
Existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings constructed before two decades typically have the design details which are considered to be highly inadequate under the present revised seismic code of practice. Many of these structures have suffered significant structural damage during recent
earthquakes. Significant research effort has been devoted to the development of behavioral models and modeling techniques to predict the behavior of these buildings. However there are no models that have been shown to predict observed response with a high level of accuracy and precision. In
this paper, a seven storey RC building is considered to investigate the structural seismic response.
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seism...paperpublications3
Abstract: Brick masonry infill although considered as non-structural element largely affects the strength, stiffness and ductility of the reinforced concrete frames during the application of lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. Contained masonry refers here to the brick masonry which is used as infill in a reinforced concrete frame, wound round with 8mm diameter mild steel wires in vertical and horizontal directions and stitched to the brick masonry as well as to the reinforced concrete frames. This thesis focuses on the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with contained masonry infill, with a particular interest in the development of rational procedures for the analysis and design of RC frames with contained masonry infill. The estimation of the natural frequencies of the structural system is the basic investigation in dynamic analysis of a structure. Therefore the analysis is primarily to find out the modal frequencies of the structure and to simulate the mathematical model to earthquake loads. The structure vibrates in different modes when the earthquake takes place. The methodology suggested is to carry out a detailed study on the influence of contained masonry infill including un-reinforced masonry infill in multi-storey Reinforced Concrete frames on the fundamental natural frequencies and response due to various earthquake excitation forces. Numerical Finite element analysis is carried out on two dimensional Reinforced Concrete Frames under different configurations of contained masonry infill in addition to plain masonry and bare frames. The RC frames were designed and detailed as per relevant Indian standard codes. The present work consists of study of the behaviour of five storeyed RC frames infilled with contained masonry and also infilled with plain masonry, subjected to various earthquake excitation forces. Three types of models are considered for analysis; five storey frames of 4m wide, 5m wide and 6m wide models having total height of 16m with plain masonry infill and contained masonry infill are considered.
A Study of R. C. C. Beam Column Junction Subjected To QuasiStatic (Monotonic)...IOSR Journals
Abstract - Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or junction. The different types of joints are
classified as corner joint, exterior joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading on
cantilever end of the beam. and study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam
column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress, displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint
can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) Significant experimental research has been
conducted over the past three decades on hysteretic behavior of beam-column joints of RC frames under cyclic
displacement loading. The various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and
their behavior, support conditions of beam-column joints. Some recent experimental studies, however,
addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor anchorage of longitudinal
beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint
Dynamic Response of High Rise Structures Under The Influence of Shear WallsIJERA Editor
This study presents the procedure for seismic performance estimation of high-rise buildings based on a concept of the capacity spectrum method. In 3D analytical model of thirty storied buildings have been generated for symmetric buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool ETABS. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of concrete core wall & shear wall at different positions during earthquake, seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic and non-linear static procedure has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing Equivalent static, response spectrum method as well as pushover method has also been performed to determine capacity, demand and performance level of the considered building models. From the below studies it has been observed that non-linear pushover analysis provide good estimate of global as well as local inelastic deformation demands and also reveals design weakness that may remain hidden in an elastic analysis and also the performance level of the structure. Storey drifts are found within the limit as specified by code (IS: 1893-2002) in Equivalent static, linear dynamic & non-linear static analysis.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
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K012116773
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan- Feb. 2015), PP 67-73
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12116773 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
Seismic Performance Assessment of RCS Building By Pushover
Analysis
Ashraf. E. Morshed1
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Housing and Building National Research Center Cairo, Egy.
Abstract: RCS moment-resisting frame systems, consisting of Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns and Steel (S)
beams, take advantage of the inherent stiffness and damping, as well as low-cost of concrete, the lightweight
and construction efficiency of structural steel. Past studies have shown these systems to be efficient in both
design and construction stages while able to maintain sufficient strength and ductility necessary in seismic
applications. Despite this past research, use of this hybrid structural system in the United States has been
limited to non- or low-seismic zones. In addition, past studies have acknowledged that there is a fundamental
need to test full structural systems, both analytically and experimentally, in order to (1) substantiate the
knowledge that has accumulated up to this point and (2) act as a proof of concept for the composite RCS
frames. This paper aim to facilitate the greater acceptance and use of composite RCS systems as a viable
alternative to conventional lateral resisting systems in comparison with the ordinary RC building.
Two structures are considered to represent low rise RCS and RC structures for study. Theses consist of two
typical steel beam and RC columns frame buildings without shear walls. Three story RCS buildings is designed
according to EGP Codes of practice. Design columns under provisions of Egyptian reinforced concrete
structures code and beams are designed according to Egyptian steel construction code. The comparative studies
for the two buildings are presented.
Keyword: Seismic assessment, Pushover, RCS system, Moment resisting frame
I. Introduction
Innovative applications of composite steel and concrete structures provide attractive alternatives to
conventional steel or reinforced concrete systems. RCS moment-resisting frame systems, consisting of
Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns and Steel (S) beams, take advantage of the inherent stiffness and damping,
as well as low-cost of concrete, and the lightweight and construction efficiency of structural steel (Liang et al
2004)
RCS frame systems have shown to possess several advantages from economic and construction
viewpoints (Griffis 1986) compared to either RC or steel frame systems. RC columns are approximately 10
times more cost-effective than steel columns in terms of axial strength and stiffness (Sheikh et al 1987). On the
other hand, steel floor systems are significantly lighter compared to RC floor systems, leading to substantial
reductions in the weight of the building, foundation costs, and inertial forces. From the construction viewpoint,
RCS buildings are generally built by first erecting a steel skeleton with light columns, which for medium- or
high-rise buildings could be as high as 8 to 10 stories. This steel frame then allows the simultaneous
performance of several construction tasks at different floor levels, such as placing of steel deck, pouring of
concrete slabs, and encasement of the light steel columns by RC columns (Griffis 1986).
In the past thirty years, RCS moment-resisting frame systems have mostly used for high-rise buildings
located in regions of low seismicity. In recent years, research efforts have made to develop seismic design
guidelines for RCS systems located in regions of high seismic risk (Liang et al 2004)
Several groups of researchers have developed trial designs of RCS frames based on a common theme
building devised for the US-Japan program (Mehanny 2000, Bugeja 1999, Noguchi 1998). These studies apply
the proposed seismic design provisions for RCS systems and then evaluate the seismic performance of resulting
designs using nonlinear analyses and advanced performance assessment techniques. Traditional steel frames
were also investigated in these studies to benchmark the performance of conventional frames compared to the
composite RCS frames. Using a common floor plan, the building heights varied as well as the implementation
of perimeter versus space frame systems. These design studies have shown that the steel beam sizes tend to be
similar for the RCS and steel system and that the main differences lie in the column and connection designs.
Given the additional stiffness provided by the RC columns, the RCS frames tended to be controlled more by the
minimum strength requirements whereas the steel frames were restricted by lateral drift limitations. In general,
these investigations have shown that the inelastic dynamic response of the RCS frames is similar to comparably
designed steel moment frames.
The US-Japan program included two reduced-scale RCS moment frames – one at the Osaka Institute of
Technology (Baba and Nishirmura 2000) and the second at Chiba University (Noguchi and Uchida 2004). Both
are about 1/3-scale two-bay two-story RCS frames with through-beam type connections with differences only in
2. Seismic performance assessment of rcs building by pushover analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12116773 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
the joint details (one had cover plates and band plates while the other had face bearing plates and band plates).
The frame was designed such that the plastic strength of the beams was nearly equal to the ultimate shear
strength of the joints, so as to provide information on the interaction between frame and connection response.
Both test specimens were subjected to reverse cyclic loading and withstood story drift ratios in excess of 5%
without significant strength or stiffness degradation, thus confirming the reliable seismic behavior of RCS
framing systems.
Cordova et al 2005 design, and test a full scale 3-story composite RCS moment frame. Using the
pseudo-dynamic loading technique, this specimen is subjected to a series of earthquake motions ranging in
hazards from frequent to extremely rare events. Using the results of the test specimens and recommendation,
trial designs of three case study buildings (3, 6, and 20-stories) are generated, analytically modeled, and
subjected to a suite of earthquake ground motions at a range of hazard levels. They Investigate differences
between the response of beam-column subassembly and full-scale system testing and evaluate how this affects
the interpretations from these tests.
One of the efficient tool of addressing the behaviour of building under earthquake loading is the
pushover analysis. Due its simplicity, the structural engineering profession has been using the nonlinear static
procedure or pushover analysis. It is widely accepted that, when push over analysis is used carefully it provide
useful information that cannot be obtained by linear static or dynamic analysis procedure (mehmet inel et al
(2006).
This paper aim to study the seismic performance of the RCS system for buildings in comparison with
the ordinary RC buildings.
II. Pushover Analysis
Structures are expected to deform inelastically when subjected to severe earthquakes, so seismic
performance evaluation of structures should be conducted considering post-elastic behavior. Therefore, a
nonlinear analysis procedure must be used for evaluation purpose as post-elastic behavior can not be determined
directly by an elastic analysis. Moreover, maximum inelastic displacement demand of structures should be
determined to adequately estimate the seismically induced demands on structures that exhibit inelastic behavior.
Pushover analysis is an analysis method in which the structure is subjected to monotonically increasing
lateral forces with an invariant height-wise distribution until a target displacement is reached. Pushover analysis
consists of a series of sequential elastic analyses, superimposed to approximate a force-displacement curve of
the overall structure. A two or three dimensional model which includes bilinear or trilinear load-deformation
diagrams of all lateral force resisting elements is first created and gravity loads are applied initially.
A predefined lateral load pattern which is distributed along the building height is then applied. The
lateral forces are increased until some members yield. The structural model is modified to account for the
reduced stiffness of yielded members and lateral forces are again increased until additional members yield. The
process is continued until a control displacement at the top of building reaches a certain level of deformation or
structure becomes unstable. The roof displacement is plotted with base shear to get the capacity curve (Fig 1).
The pushover analysis is very useful in estimating the following characteristics of a structure. M.
Mouzzoun (2013)
1- The capacity of the structure as represented by the base shear versus roof- displacement graph
2- Maximum rotation and ductility of critical members load
3- The distribution of plastic hinges at the ultimate load
4- The distribution of damage in the structure, as expressed in the from of load damage indices, at the ultimate
load
5- Determination of the yield lateral resistance of the structure
6- Estimates of inter-story drifts and its distribution along the height
7- Determination of force demands on members, such as axial force demands on columns, moment demands
on beam-column connections
8- To assess the structural performance of existing or retrofitted buildings.
III. Seismic Perforamnace Assessment Of Buildings
The seismic performance of buildings is measured by the state of damage under a certain level of
seismic hazard. The state of damage is quantified by the drift of the roof and the displacement of the structural
elements. Initially, gravity push is carried out using force control method. It is followed by lateral push with
displacement control using commercial programs as SAP2000.
For carrying out displacement based pushover analysis, target displacement need to be defined.
Pushover analysis gives an insight into the maximum base shear that the structure is capable of resisting. A
building performance level is a combination of the performance levels of the structure and the nonstructural
components. A performance level describes a limiting damage condition, which may be considered satisfactory
for a given building with specific ground motion. The performance of the structure is determined by hinges
3. Seismic performance assessment of rcs building by pushover analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12116773 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
formation. Various types of plastic hinges: uncoupled/coupled moment, torsion, axial force and shear hinges are
available. After yielding, plastic hinges will form at different location indicating the risk of occupant as shown
in the (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). The performance point is calculated from the guideline defined in FEMA-356 and
ATC-40. The lateral force is applied at the deformed state of the general loading from point A (Fig. 2). No
hinges will formed before point B where structure will shows linear behavior and after that one or more hinges
will start to form. Software will shows hinges with following remarkable indication:
Immediate occupancy IO: damage is relatively limited; the structure retains a significant portion of its original
stiffness and most if not all of its strength.
Life safety level LS: substantial damage has occurred to the structure, and it may have lost a
significant amount of its original stiffness. However, a substantial margin remains for additional lateral
deformation before collapse would occur.
Collapse prevention CP: at this level the building has experienced extreme damage, if laterally deformed
beyond this point; the structure can experience instability and collapse base shear.
Fig.1 Expected Capacity Curve of the frame element
Fig.2 Risk indicator curve
Fig.3 FEMA 273/356 Performance levels (taken from Fajfar et al. 2004)
4. Seismic performance assessment of rcs building by pushover analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12116773 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
IV. Description Of Studied Structures
Two structures without shear walls are considered to represent low-and medium rise RCS and RC
structures to study. Theses consist of a typical steel beam and RC columns frame building Three story RCS
buildings are designed according to EGP Codes of practice. Design columns under provisions of Egyptian
reinforced concrete structures code and beams are designed according to Egyptian steel construction code.
Material properties are assumed to be 25 Mpa for the concrete compressive strength and 360 Mpa for
the yield strength of reinforcement steel. For steel beams steel 52 is used with yield strength of 360 Mpa
Both building have 3 bays with 4.8 m span in both direction , story height is assumed to be 3.0 m. The
interior frame represents 2-D models of these buildings The columns dimensions in this study are considered
constant for each three story .
The three story building is assumed to be 9.0 m in elevation . Column dimensions are kept constant and
chosen to be 40*40 cm reinforced by 8 16mm as longitudinal reinforcement , Steel beams are considered as
BFI 220 section
For RC building, beams are considered of section 25*60 cm reinforced by 6 16 mm as main
reinforcement and 216 mm as secondary reinforcement at middle columns and with 216 mm as top and
bottom reinforcement at outer columns.
V. Building Performance
The lateral load pattern in Cairo City corresponding to the Egyptian Loading Code (ECP201-2012) is
adopted and applied as auto lateral load pattern in SAP 2000. The load pattern is calculated using
DL+SDL+0.25LL for the EQ load case. The direction of monitoring the behavior of the building is same as the
push direction. In case of columns, program defined auto PM2M3 interacting hinges are provided at both the
ends according to FEMA 356, while in case of beams, M3 auto hinges are provided.
In this study, displacement-controlled pushover analyses were performed on three models for RC, RCS
buildings with three and six floors. The displacement-controlled pushover analysis is basically composed of the
following steps:
1- A three dimensional model that represents the overall structural behavior is created.
2- Gravity loads composed of dead loads and a specified portion of live loads are applied to the structural
model initially.
3- A predefined lateral load pattern representing EQ load pattern is then applied.
4- Lateral loads are increased until some member(s) yield under the combined effects of gravity and lateral
loads.
5- Base shear and roof displacement are recorded at first yielding.
6- The structural model is modified to account for the reduced stiffness of yielded member(s).
7- A new lateral load increment is applied to the modified structural model such that additional member(s)
yield. Thus, member forces at the end of an incremental lateral load analysis are obtained by adding the
forces from the current analysis to the sum of those from the previous increments. In other words, the
results of each incremental lateral load analysis are superimposed.
8- Similarly, the lateral load increment and the roof displacement increment are added to the corresponding
previous total values to obtain the accumulated values of the base shear and the roof displacement.
9- Steps 6, 7 and 8 are repeated until the roof displacement reaches a certain level of deformation or the
structure becomes unstable.
10- The roof displacement is plotted with the base shear to get the global capacity (pushover) curve of the
structure.
Both RC. and RCS, buildings were analyzed using SAP2000 program. Base columns are assumed
hinged at the foundation level. The beams and columns are modeled as nonlinear frame elements with lumped
plasticity , hinges are defined according to the section properties at both ends at the columns and beams
The push over curve for RCS building are shown in Fig. 4 and for RC building in Fig 5. The push
over curves with each associated response spectrum curves for different levels of shaking levels are shown in
Fig 6 for RCS structures and in Fig 7 for RC structure . The hinge patterns are shown in Fig 8 for RC
structure and in Fig 9 for RCS structure.
In RC building plastic hinges formation starts with beam ends then propagates to the beams of the
second story. After that point intermediate base columns of lower stories, then propagates to the intermediate
columns of the second story the plastic hinges performed at outer columns of the lower story and continue with
yielding of interior columns in the upper stories until failure occurs.
In RCS building plastic hinges formation starts with intermediate columns of lower story , then propagates to
interior columns in the upper stories and the intermediate columns of the lower story reaching collapse before
the outer columns , then a failure mechanism occur as soft story of the lower story.
5. Seismic performance assessment of rcs building by pushover analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12116773 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
VI. Summary And Conclusions
A commercial nonlinear finite element computer program (SAP2000) was used to investigate the static
nonlinear behavior (pushover analysis) of (RCS) structures for lateral seismic loads. Two buildings are modeled
to represent low buildings. A Comparison with ordinary RC buildings are presented. the results shows that for
even both structures have almost the base shear capacity, the RCS structures behave linearly till the maximum
shear base capacity is reached , and soft story failure mechanism occurs.
Fig. 4 displacement vs base shear for RCS structure
Fig. 5 displacement vs base shear for RC structure
Fig. 6 pushover and demand spectrum for RCS building
Fig.7 Pushover and demand spectrum for RC building
6. Seismic performance assessment of rcs building by pushover analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12116773 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
Fig8-a Plastic hinges in RC building starts at beams of lower floor
Fig8-b Plastic hinges in RC building propagates to the at beams upper story
Fig8-c Plastic hinges in RC building propagates to the intermediate column
Fig8-d Plastic hinges in RC building propagates to the external columns
Fig. 8 Hinge pattern for RC building
Fig9-a Plastic hinges in RCS building starts at intermediate columns of the lower story
7. Seismic performance assessment of rcs building by pushover analysis
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12116773 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
Fig9-b Plastic hinges in RCS building propgate to the outer columns of the lower story
Fig9-c plastic hinges in RCS building at failure
Fig. 9 hinge pattern for RCS building
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