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A review on techniques for optimizing process parameters for TIG Welding Alum...ijsrd.com
Tungsten inert gas welding is one of the widely used techniques for joining ferrous and non-ferrous metals. TIG welding offers several advantages like joining of dissimilar metals, low heat affected zone, absence of slag etc. Gas tungsten arc welding, GTAW, uses a non consumable electrode to produce the weld. Weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by a shielding gas (usually inert gas such as argon) and a filler material is normally used. The weld pool is easily controlled such that unbaked root passes can be made, the arc is stable at very low welding currents enabling thin components to be welded and the process produces very good quality weld metal, although highly skilled welders are required for the best results. The welding parameters are selected by operator based on experience or from a handbook. However, this does not ensure that the selected welding process parameters can produce the optimal or near optimal weld pool geometry for that particular welding machine and environment. The aim of this paper is to review the techniques of optimizing process parameters of TIG welding process.
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in TIG WeldingIJARTES
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in
TIG Welding
Aluminium Alloy is containing high strength,
light weight and good Corrosion resistance. Then Gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is an important joining
method for high strength aluminium alloys using
applications in transport applications like that marine,
aerospace, bicycle components, marine Engine components,
External throw away tanks for military aircrafts and other
industries. Gas tungsten arc welding have been used to
investigate the Weldability of high strength aluminium
alloys. Some important GTAW process parameters and their
effects on weld quality are discussed. Mechanical properties
of welds such as tensile strength and hardness properties are
discussed. The aim of the report is to investigation in GTAW
of high strength aluminium alloy 7075 and to provide a basis
for follow-on research.
Experimental and Microstructural Analysis of TIG and MIG Welding on Dissimila...Abu Sufyan Malik
In the modern era, most of the industries have a high demand of light weight, high strength structures with desired product properties which depend on the joining of dissimilar materials for manufacturing.
In TIG welding tungsten electrode is placed centrally in the torch. During the inert gas supplied through the annular space between torch and electrode, the filler material was supplied using a separate rod and shielding undertaken by covering the weld zone with a blanket of gases (Argon, Helium) which prevent the exposure of weld metal to oxygen and hydrogen of the air.
In MIG welding, the arc is struck between the work piece and the wire, which act as electrode and filler material, the arc and weld pool were shielded by inert gas. Depending upon the work material, the shielding gas may be argon, helium and carbon dioxide. In this case, the bare metal electrode (consumable electrode) in the form of continuous wire is fed through welding torch with the help of electrical motor and feed rolls.
Mild Steels are the carbon steels which generally contain less than about 0.60-1.4% wt of Carbon. The alloy of Mild Steel with Chromium, Magnesium, Vanadium, tungsten and Molybdenum are used as Knives, Razors, Cutting tool, dies, hacksaw blades and crankshaft. They typically have a yield strength of 430–585MPa (62–85 Ksi), tensile strengths 605-780 MPa (88–113 Ksi), and a ductility of 33–19%EL.
The stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion in a variety of environments, especially ambient atmosphere. Their predominant alloying element is chromium; a concentration of at least 11 wt% Cr is required. They typically consist a yield strength of 205 MPa (30ksi) to 1650Mpa (240 Ksi), tensile strengths between 380 and 1790 MPa (55 to 260 Ksi), and a ductility of 20 to 40%EL. A wide range of mechanical properties combines with excellent resistance to corrosion making stainless steels very versatile in their applicability. Equipment employed for these steels includes gas turbines, high-temperature steam boilers, heat-treating furnaces, aircraft, missiles, and nuclear power–generating units.
This document discusses gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of pure titanium. It provides background on titanium alloys and their applications. An experiment is described where pure titanium plates were welded using GTAW. Tensile, flexural, and microhardness tests were performed on the welded samples. The microstructure and SEM images of the base metal and welded regions were also analyzed. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strengths and microhardness values of the GTA welded samples were higher than samples welded without shielding gas. Oxide structures and splashes of molten metal were observed in the microstructure and SEM images of the welded zones.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of welding distortion in austenitic stainless steel 316 using TIG welding. Taguchi methods were used to design experiments varying welding current, speed, and groove angle at three levels each. Welding was performed and distortion was measured. ANOVA was conducted to determine the significant parameters affecting distortion. Current was found to have the greatest effect, contributing 36% to distortion, while root gap contributed 43%. In conclusion, Taguchi methods allowed optimization of welding parameters to minimize distortion in stainless steel TIG welds.
IRJET- Optimization on Friction Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel-S31803IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research optimizing friction welding parameters for joining duplex stainless steel S31803. 12 specimens were friction welded with varying friction load, friction time, forging load, and forging time. Microstructure analysis, hardness testing, tensile testing, bending testing, and impact testing were performed on the welded specimens. Hardness testing revealed the weld metal zone was softer than the base metal zone. Tensile testing showed ultimate strengths up to 574 MPa. Microstructure analysis showed a mixture of recrystallized grains in the weldment. Optimization of welding parameters is important for producing high quality welds of duplex stainless steel S31803.
IRJET- To Study the Micro-Structural of Aluminum Alloy AA-6061 Welded using T...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a study on the microstructural properties of aluminum alloy AA-6061 welded using TIG welding at different welding currents.
2. Specimens were welded using varying welding currents and investigated using optical microscopy, microhardness testing, and surface roughness testing.
3. The study aims to examine the optimal welding current value that produces desirable microstructural and mechanical properties for the aluminum alloy AA-6061 welded joints.
The document summarizes an experiment to determine the effect of travel speed and arc current on the material properties of welds in 1075 steel using an autonomous gas tungsten arc welding machine. Six samples were welded at two different travel speeds (7 and 10 inches per minute) and three arc currents (100, 125, and 150 amps). Hardness tests found that the weld created at 7 inches per minute produced the highest hardness values, indicating better penetration and tensile strength compared to the weld created at 10 inches per minute. However, limitations in the testing process may have skewed some results. Overall, a travel speed of 7 inches per minute and arc current of 150 amps produced the best weld for
A review on techniques for optimizing process parameters for TIG Welding Alum...ijsrd.com
Tungsten inert gas welding is one of the widely used techniques for joining ferrous and non-ferrous metals. TIG welding offers several advantages like joining of dissimilar metals, low heat affected zone, absence of slag etc. Gas tungsten arc welding, GTAW, uses a non consumable electrode to produce the weld. Weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by a shielding gas (usually inert gas such as argon) and a filler material is normally used. The weld pool is easily controlled such that unbaked root passes can be made, the arc is stable at very low welding currents enabling thin components to be welded and the process produces very good quality weld metal, although highly skilled welders are required for the best results. The welding parameters are selected by operator based on experience or from a handbook. However, this does not ensure that the selected welding process parameters can produce the optimal or near optimal weld pool geometry for that particular welding machine and environment. The aim of this paper is to review the techniques of optimizing process parameters of TIG welding process.
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in TIG WeldingIJARTES
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in
TIG Welding
Aluminium Alloy is containing high strength,
light weight and good Corrosion resistance. Then Gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is an important joining
method for high strength aluminium alloys using
applications in transport applications like that marine,
aerospace, bicycle components, marine Engine components,
External throw away tanks for military aircrafts and other
industries. Gas tungsten arc welding have been used to
investigate the Weldability of high strength aluminium
alloys. Some important GTAW process parameters and their
effects on weld quality are discussed. Mechanical properties
of welds such as tensile strength and hardness properties are
discussed. The aim of the report is to investigation in GTAW
of high strength aluminium alloy 7075 and to provide a basis
for follow-on research.
Experimental and Microstructural Analysis of TIG and MIG Welding on Dissimila...Abu Sufyan Malik
In the modern era, most of the industries have a high demand of light weight, high strength structures with desired product properties which depend on the joining of dissimilar materials for manufacturing.
In TIG welding tungsten electrode is placed centrally in the torch. During the inert gas supplied through the annular space between torch and electrode, the filler material was supplied using a separate rod and shielding undertaken by covering the weld zone with a blanket of gases (Argon, Helium) which prevent the exposure of weld metal to oxygen and hydrogen of the air.
In MIG welding, the arc is struck between the work piece and the wire, which act as electrode and filler material, the arc and weld pool were shielded by inert gas. Depending upon the work material, the shielding gas may be argon, helium and carbon dioxide. In this case, the bare metal electrode (consumable electrode) in the form of continuous wire is fed through welding torch with the help of electrical motor and feed rolls.
Mild Steels are the carbon steels which generally contain less than about 0.60-1.4% wt of Carbon. The alloy of Mild Steel with Chromium, Magnesium, Vanadium, tungsten and Molybdenum are used as Knives, Razors, Cutting tool, dies, hacksaw blades and crankshaft. They typically have a yield strength of 430–585MPa (62–85 Ksi), tensile strengths 605-780 MPa (88–113 Ksi), and a ductility of 33–19%EL.
The stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion in a variety of environments, especially ambient atmosphere. Their predominant alloying element is chromium; a concentration of at least 11 wt% Cr is required. They typically consist a yield strength of 205 MPa (30ksi) to 1650Mpa (240 Ksi), tensile strengths between 380 and 1790 MPa (55 to 260 Ksi), and a ductility of 20 to 40%EL. A wide range of mechanical properties combines with excellent resistance to corrosion making stainless steels very versatile in their applicability. Equipment employed for these steels includes gas turbines, high-temperature steam boilers, heat-treating furnaces, aircraft, missiles, and nuclear power–generating units.
This document discusses gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of pure titanium. It provides background on titanium alloys and their applications. An experiment is described where pure titanium plates were welded using GTAW. Tensile, flexural, and microhardness tests were performed on the welded samples. The microstructure and SEM images of the base metal and welded regions were also analyzed. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strengths and microhardness values of the GTA welded samples were higher than samples welded without shielding gas. Oxide structures and splashes of molten metal were observed in the microstructure and SEM images of the welded zones.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of welding distortion in austenitic stainless steel 316 using TIG welding. Taguchi methods were used to design experiments varying welding current, speed, and groove angle at three levels each. Welding was performed and distortion was measured. ANOVA was conducted to determine the significant parameters affecting distortion. Current was found to have the greatest effect, contributing 36% to distortion, while root gap contributed 43%. In conclusion, Taguchi methods allowed optimization of welding parameters to minimize distortion in stainless steel TIG welds.
IRJET- Optimization on Friction Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel-S31803IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research optimizing friction welding parameters for joining duplex stainless steel S31803. 12 specimens were friction welded with varying friction load, friction time, forging load, and forging time. Microstructure analysis, hardness testing, tensile testing, bending testing, and impact testing were performed on the welded specimens. Hardness testing revealed the weld metal zone was softer than the base metal zone. Tensile testing showed ultimate strengths up to 574 MPa. Microstructure analysis showed a mixture of recrystallized grains in the weldment. Optimization of welding parameters is important for producing high quality welds of duplex stainless steel S31803.
IRJET- To Study the Micro-Structural of Aluminum Alloy AA-6061 Welded using T...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a study on the microstructural properties of aluminum alloy AA-6061 welded using TIG welding at different welding currents.
2. Specimens were welded using varying welding currents and investigated using optical microscopy, microhardness testing, and surface roughness testing.
3. The study aims to examine the optimal welding current value that produces desirable microstructural and mechanical properties for the aluminum alloy AA-6061 welded joints.
The document summarizes an experiment to determine the effect of travel speed and arc current on the material properties of welds in 1075 steel using an autonomous gas tungsten arc welding machine. Six samples were welded at two different travel speeds (7 and 10 inches per minute) and three arc currents (100, 125, and 150 amps). Hardness tests found that the weld created at 7 inches per minute produced the highest hardness values, indicating better penetration and tensile strength compared to the weld created at 10 inches per minute. However, limitations in the testing process may have skewed some results. Overall, a travel speed of 7 inches per minute and arc current of 150 amps produced the best weld for
Analysis of Interfacial Microsstructure of Post Weld Heat Treated Dissimilar ...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the interfacial microstructure of a post weld heat treated dissimilar metal weld between type 316LN austenitic stainless steel and C-steel. Single V-groove butt joints were welded using Inconel 182 welding consumables. The joints were post weld heat treated at temperatures between 898K to 973K for 1 hour. Microstructural analysis found that in the as-welded condition, the weld/C-steel interface consisted mostly of martensite or ferrite and carbides. Post weld heat treatment resulted in the precipitation of carbides at the interface. Heat treating at 973K led to recrystallized grains in the C-
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
Study on Effect of Manual Metal Arc Welding Process Parameters on Width of He...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the width of the heat affected zone (HAZ) during manual metal arc welding (MMAW) of mild steel. The welding parameters investigated included current, voltage, welding speed, and heat input. Samples were welded with varying combinations of these parameters. The microstructure and width of the HAZ was then analyzed for each sample. The goal of the study was to determine the relationship between welding parameters and HAZ width in order to control and minimize the HAZ during MMAW welding of mild steel.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Autogenous Tungsten Inert GasIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of autogenous tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. TIG welding was performed on 5 mm thick mild steel plates without filler material using different welding currents and speeds. Activated flux was also used to improve weld depth in some experiments. Maintaining a gap between plates during welding was found to allow full penetration welds with strength similar to the base material. Weld bead geometry, tensile strength, and hardness were evaluated for welds made with different parameters. Increasing welding current and maintaining a gap between plates both increased weld depth and width. Maintaining an appropriate gap allowed defect-free welding with proper material flow.
Study of Pitting Corrosion Behavior of FSW weldments of AA6101- T6 Aluminium ...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a promising solid state joining process widely used generally for Al alloys,
especially in aerospace, marine and automobile applications. In present work, the microstructure and corrosion
behavior of friction stir welded AA6101 T6 Al alloy is studied. The friction stir welding was carried using
vertical milling machine with different tool rotational speeds and welding speeds. The microstructure at weld
nugget or stir zone (SN), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal
were observed using optical microscopy. The corrosion tests of base alloy and welded joints were carried out in
3.5% NaCl solution at temperature of 30º C. Corrosion rate and emf were determined using cyclic polarization
measurement.
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
Review on TIG Welding Ang And A-TIG Welding on Aluminum AlloysIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied TIG welding and A-TIG welding of AA5456 aluminum alloys. It investigated the effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties. Key findings include:
1) TIG welding with optimized parameters (peak current 80A, base current 40A, speed 230mm/min, frequency 4Hz) produced fine equiaxed grain structure and improved mechanical properties compared to other conditions.
2) A-TIG welding achieved significantly higher weld penetration than conventional TIG welding.
3) Mechanical properties improved by 10-15% after applying post-weld planishing to relieve internal stresses in the weld.
4)
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
This lecture describes the arc welding processes TIG, Plasma, MIG and their modifications in connection with aluminium; it explains the choice of welding parameters; it demonstrates influence of the process on macrostructure. General engineering background and basic knowledge in electrical engineering is assumed.
The document summarizes research on using activated flux in TIG welding of mild steel. Activated TIG welding involves brushing a thin layer of activated flux onto the welding joint before welding. Several studies found that activated flux can increase weld penetration, reduce weld width, and increase the depth-to-width ratio compared to conventional TIG welding. Cr2O3 flux produced the most significant effects in one study, increasing penetration on mild steel while decreasing hardness and increasing the depth-to-width ratio. Overall, activated flux aided TIG welding has been shown to improve weld quality and mechanical properties for mild steel compared to conventional TIG welding.
This document summarizes research on the Activated MIG (A-MIG) welding process which involves applying a thin flux coating to the joint surface before welding to enhance penetration. The study examines the effect of a multi-component flux containing SiO2, TiO2, and CaO on weld bead shape and properties when welding AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel. Specimens were prepared and tested to analyze macrostructure using microscopy, and mechanical properties including hardness and tensile tests. Results showed the multi-component flux mixture of 20:5:5 SiO2:TiO2:CaO provided satisfactory welding results with increased penetration over no flux.
Optimization of mig welding process parameters for maximum yield strength in ...AJIT HOODA
This document discusses optimizing MIG welding process parameters to predict the maximum yield strength of AISI 1040 steel joints. Experiments were conducted using a four-factor design to study the effects of welding voltage, current, wire speed, and gas flow rate. Response surface methodology was used to develop a model relating the parameters to yield strength and to optimize the parameters for maximum strength. The model can predict yield strength and identify the optimal welding conditions for strong AISI 1040 steel welds.
The shape of the weld pool and surrounding HAZ depends on welding parameters like welding speed and heat input. At low speeds, the shape is roughly circular in plan view and hemispherical in 3D. As speed increases, the shape becomes elongated and elliptical. At some critical speed, a tear drop shape forms with a tail. Further speed increases elongate the teardrop and can cause the tail to detach, separating the molten region into isolated parts. The shape transition is influenced by the material's thermal properties as well.
Optimization of the welding parameters in resistance spot weldingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an analysis of resistance spot welding parameters on CRCA steel sheets using Taguchi methods. The authors conducted experiments varying welding current, electrode force, and welding time according to an L9 orthogonal array. Tensile shear strength was evaluated as the output parameter. Analysis of variance found welding current to be the most influential parameter, contributing 49.72% to strength. Optimal parameters were determined to be high current of 13.5 kA, medium electrode force of 4 kN, and high welding time of 10 seconds. Taguchi methods allowed determination of optimal resistance spot welding parameters for maximum tensile shear strength.
The effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of ...Mark Keeler
This thesis examines the effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of duplex stainless steel during welding. Two sets of 5 butt welds were made with heat inputs of 1.0 KJ/mm and 1.5 KJ/mm. The interpass temperature was varied from 150°C to 350°C between welds. Micrographic examination found that intermetallic precipitates formed at a heat input of 1.5 KJ/mm and interpass temperature of 350°C, but not at 1.0 KJ/mm. Lower interpass temperatures of 200°C also showed signs of microstructural effects. The results indicate that excessive heat input and interpass temperatures can alter the microstructure
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
1. The study examines the transient temperature distribution in friction welded joints of stainless steel 304 and eutectoid steel using a numerical method.
2. Microstructure analysis found grain refinement in both steels after welding, with hardness decreasing closer to the weld interface due to thermal effects.
3. A numerical model was developed and solved using FORTRAN to calculate transient heating and cooling temperatures, showing peak temperatures of 613°C and 578°C for stainless steel and eutectoid steel respectively.
Effect of Minor Change in Composition on the Toughness of Weldmetal for Repai...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
1. The document describes the development of a repair welding procedure for cracked turbine blades made of 13Cr-2.6Ni-1.1Mo martensitic stainless steel.
2. Two twin-wire filler metals were tested (TW-1 and TW-2) that consisted of ER 16-8-2 and ER 410 wires. TW-2 filler metal composition more closely matched the turbine blade material.
3. A two-stage post-weld heat treatment at 675°C for 2 hours followed by 615°C for 4 hours was found to produce good mechanical properties for the weldments, with strength and toughness similar to the turbine blade material.
1. The document presents a modal analysis of composite and metal propellers using ANSYS software to analyze natural frequencies and mode shapes.
2. Modal analysis found the first natural frequency of the aluminum propeller was 1312 Hz and the composite propeller was 763.64 Hz, a reduction of over 41%.
3. Additional results showed the composite propeller has 42% lower weight than the aluminum propeller while still having natural frequencies above the operating frequency of 31Hz. This study helps predict the operating frequencies of composite versus metal propellers.
The document discusses teaching electricity in primary classes and identifies challenges. It finds that:
1) Students have an average understanding of electricity concepts from textbooks, showing a gap between knowledge and application.
2) Most schools lack adequate laboratory facilities and equipment to demonstrate electrical phenomena hands-on, making the subject monotonous.
3) There is a need for improved teaching techniques, additional learning materials, and teacher training on modern methods to make electricity engaging and practical for students.
This document summarizes research on how characteristics of social media profiles impact perceptions of source credibility. Specifically, it examines how the number of followers and the ratio of followers to follows on Twitter profiles affect judgments of trustworthiness, competence, and goodwill. The research aims to identify factors that influence how people evaluate the credibility of information from social media sources.
This document investigates the performance of triangular microstrip patch antennas on six different dielectric substrates at X-band frequencies. The six substrates are Bakelite, FR4 glass epoxy, RO4003, Taconic TLC, RT Duroid, and Polyester. Antenna parameters including return loss, bandwidth, gain, directivity, and efficiency are simulated using IE3D software. The results show that the Polyester substrate provides the best performance with 80% efficiency and a 17.5% bandwidth. Polyester allows for increased bandwidth due to its lower dielectric constant compared to the other substrates. Overall, the Polyester substrate is identified as the optimal choice for X-band triangular microstrip patch antenna applications.
Analysis of Interfacial Microsstructure of Post Weld Heat Treated Dissimilar ...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the interfacial microstructure of a post weld heat treated dissimilar metal weld between type 316LN austenitic stainless steel and C-steel. Single V-groove butt joints were welded using Inconel 182 welding consumables. The joints were post weld heat treated at temperatures between 898K to 973K for 1 hour. Microstructural analysis found that in the as-welded condition, the weld/C-steel interface consisted mostly of martensite or ferrite and carbides. Post weld heat treatment resulted in the precipitation of carbides at the interface. Heat treating at 973K led to recrystallized grains in the C-
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
Study on Effect of Manual Metal Arc Welding Process Parameters on Width of He...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the width of the heat affected zone (HAZ) during manual metal arc welding (MMAW) of mild steel. The welding parameters investigated included current, voltage, welding speed, and heat input. Samples were welded with varying combinations of these parameters. The microstructure and width of the HAZ was then analyzed for each sample. The goal of the study was to determine the relationship between welding parameters and HAZ width in order to control and minimize the HAZ during MMAW welding of mild steel.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Autogenous Tungsten Inert GasIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of autogenous tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. TIG welding was performed on 5 mm thick mild steel plates without filler material using different welding currents and speeds. Activated flux was also used to improve weld depth in some experiments. Maintaining a gap between plates during welding was found to allow full penetration welds with strength similar to the base material. Weld bead geometry, tensile strength, and hardness were evaluated for welds made with different parameters. Increasing welding current and maintaining a gap between plates both increased weld depth and width. Maintaining an appropriate gap allowed defect-free welding with proper material flow.
Study of Pitting Corrosion Behavior of FSW weldments of AA6101- T6 Aluminium ...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a promising solid state joining process widely used generally for Al alloys,
especially in aerospace, marine and automobile applications. In present work, the microstructure and corrosion
behavior of friction stir welded AA6101 T6 Al alloy is studied. The friction stir welding was carried using
vertical milling machine with different tool rotational speeds and welding speeds. The microstructure at weld
nugget or stir zone (SN), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal
were observed using optical microscopy. The corrosion tests of base alloy and welded joints were carried out in
3.5% NaCl solution at temperature of 30º C. Corrosion rate and emf were determined using cyclic polarization
measurement.
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
Review on TIG Welding Ang And A-TIG Welding on Aluminum AlloysIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied TIG welding and A-TIG welding of AA5456 aluminum alloys. It investigated the effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties. Key findings include:
1) TIG welding with optimized parameters (peak current 80A, base current 40A, speed 230mm/min, frequency 4Hz) produced fine equiaxed grain structure and improved mechanical properties compared to other conditions.
2) A-TIG welding achieved significantly higher weld penetration than conventional TIG welding.
3) Mechanical properties improved by 10-15% after applying post-weld planishing to relieve internal stresses in the weld.
4)
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
This lecture describes the arc welding processes TIG, Plasma, MIG and their modifications in connection with aluminium; it explains the choice of welding parameters; it demonstrates influence of the process on macrostructure. General engineering background and basic knowledge in electrical engineering is assumed.
The document summarizes research on using activated flux in TIG welding of mild steel. Activated TIG welding involves brushing a thin layer of activated flux onto the welding joint before welding. Several studies found that activated flux can increase weld penetration, reduce weld width, and increase the depth-to-width ratio compared to conventional TIG welding. Cr2O3 flux produced the most significant effects in one study, increasing penetration on mild steel while decreasing hardness and increasing the depth-to-width ratio. Overall, activated flux aided TIG welding has been shown to improve weld quality and mechanical properties for mild steel compared to conventional TIG welding.
This document summarizes research on the Activated MIG (A-MIG) welding process which involves applying a thin flux coating to the joint surface before welding to enhance penetration. The study examines the effect of a multi-component flux containing SiO2, TiO2, and CaO on weld bead shape and properties when welding AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel. Specimens were prepared and tested to analyze macrostructure using microscopy, and mechanical properties including hardness and tensile tests. Results showed the multi-component flux mixture of 20:5:5 SiO2:TiO2:CaO provided satisfactory welding results with increased penetration over no flux.
Optimization of mig welding process parameters for maximum yield strength in ...AJIT HOODA
This document discusses optimizing MIG welding process parameters to predict the maximum yield strength of AISI 1040 steel joints. Experiments were conducted using a four-factor design to study the effects of welding voltage, current, wire speed, and gas flow rate. Response surface methodology was used to develop a model relating the parameters to yield strength and to optimize the parameters for maximum strength. The model can predict yield strength and identify the optimal welding conditions for strong AISI 1040 steel welds.
The shape of the weld pool and surrounding HAZ depends on welding parameters like welding speed and heat input. At low speeds, the shape is roughly circular in plan view and hemispherical in 3D. As speed increases, the shape becomes elongated and elliptical. At some critical speed, a tear drop shape forms with a tail. Further speed increases elongate the teardrop and can cause the tail to detach, separating the molten region into isolated parts. The shape transition is influenced by the material's thermal properties as well.
Optimization of the welding parameters in resistance spot weldingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an analysis of resistance spot welding parameters on CRCA steel sheets using Taguchi methods. The authors conducted experiments varying welding current, electrode force, and welding time according to an L9 orthogonal array. Tensile shear strength was evaluated as the output parameter. Analysis of variance found welding current to be the most influential parameter, contributing 49.72% to strength. Optimal parameters were determined to be high current of 13.5 kA, medium electrode force of 4 kN, and high welding time of 10 seconds. Taguchi methods allowed determination of optimal resistance spot welding parameters for maximum tensile shear strength.
The effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of ...Mark Keeler
This thesis examines the effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of duplex stainless steel during welding. Two sets of 5 butt welds were made with heat inputs of 1.0 KJ/mm and 1.5 KJ/mm. The interpass temperature was varied from 150°C to 350°C between welds. Micrographic examination found that intermetallic precipitates formed at a heat input of 1.5 KJ/mm and interpass temperature of 350°C, but not at 1.0 KJ/mm. Lower interpass temperatures of 200°C also showed signs of microstructural effects. The results indicate that excessive heat input and interpass temperatures can alter the microstructure
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
1. The study examines the transient temperature distribution in friction welded joints of stainless steel 304 and eutectoid steel using a numerical method.
2. Microstructure analysis found grain refinement in both steels after welding, with hardness decreasing closer to the weld interface due to thermal effects.
3. A numerical model was developed and solved using FORTRAN to calculate transient heating and cooling temperatures, showing peak temperatures of 613°C and 578°C for stainless steel and eutectoid steel respectively.
Effect of Minor Change in Composition on the Toughness of Weldmetal for Repai...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
1. The document describes the development of a repair welding procedure for cracked turbine blades made of 13Cr-2.6Ni-1.1Mo martensitic stainless steel.
2. Two twin-wire filler metals were tested (TW-1 and TW-2) that consisted of ER 16-8-2 and ER 410 wires. TW-2 filler metal composition more closely matched the turbine blade material.
3. A two-stage post-weld heat treatment at 675°C for 2 hours followed by 615°C for 4 hours was found to produce good mechanical properties for the weldments, with strength and toughness similar to the turbine blade material.
1. The document presents a modal analysis of composite and metal propellers using ANSYS software to analyze natural frequencies and mode shapes.
2. Modal analysis found the first natural frequency of the aluminum propeller was 1312 Hz and the composite propeller was 763.64 Hz, a reduction of over 41%.
3. Additional results showed the composite propeller has 42% lower weight than the aluminum propeller while still having natural frequencies above the operating frequency of 31Hz. This study helps predict the operating frequencies of composite versus metal propellers.
The document discusses teaching electricity in primary classes and identifies challenges. It finds that:
1) Students have an average understanding of electricity concepts from textbooks, showing a gap between knowledge and application.
2) Most schools lack adequate laboratory facilities and equipment to demonstrate electrical phenomena hands-on, making the subject monotonous.
3) There is a need for improved teaching techniques, additional learning materials, and teacher training on modern methods to make electricity engaging and practical for students.
This document summarizes research on how characteristics of social media profiles impact perceptions of source credibility. Specifically, it examines how the number of followers and the ratio of followers to follows on Twitter profiles affect judgments of trustworthiness, competence, and goodwill. The research aims to identify factors that influence how people evaluate the credibility of information from social media sources.
This document investigates the performance of triangular microstrip patch antennas on six different dielectric substrates at X-band frequencies. The six substrates are Bakelite, FR4 glass epoxy, RO4003, Taconic TLC, RT Duroid, and Polyester. Antenna parameters including return loss, bandwidth, gain, directivity, and efficiency are simulated using IE3D software. The results show that the Polyester substrate provides the best performance with 80% efficiency and a 17.5% bandwidth. Polyester allows for increased bandwidth due to its lower dielectric constant compared to the other substrates. Overall, the Polyester substrate is identified as the optimal choice for X-band triangular microstrip patch antenna applications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an architecture for 3D discrete wavelet transformation and inverse discrete wavelet transform. The proposed architecture is based on lifting schemes and signal flow graph analysis. It minimizes storage requirements and reduces memory referencing compared to previous works. The architecture was implemented on a Xilinx FPGA and achieved a speed of 40MHz, making it suitable for real-time video compression.
This document presents a geometric programming model to optimize the production rate of a turning process. [1] The model formulates the total production time as an objective function that depends on cutting speed and feed rate. [2] Constraints like maximum cutting speed, power limits, and surface roughness are also considered. [3] The model is then optimized using geometric programming to determine the optimal cutting speed and feed rate that minimize production time within the given constraints.
This document evaluates the performance of a high grade low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with an insulated piston, insulated liner, and ceramic coated cylinder head. Experiments were conducted using this engine configuration to test performance with crude pongamia oil (CPO) at varying injection pressures and timings. The key findings were:
1) The LHR engine configuration showed improved performance with CPO compared to a conventional engine (CE), with peak brake thermal efficiency increasing by 12% and smoke levels decreasing by 6% for the LHR engine at its optimum injection timing.
2) For both the CE and LHR engines, brake thermal efficiency increased with advanced injection timing and higher injection pressure compared to manufacturer
This document presents a simplified thermocouple interface with a linearization circuit. Thermocouples are widely used temperature sensors due to their ruggedness and broad temperature range. The paper describes different circuit designs for measuring temperature with a thermocouple, including pure analog, simplified digital, and designs for only hot or cold measurements. It also discusses linearization techniques to convert the non-linear thermocouple voltage output to temperature. Experimental results show the thermocouple output before and after applying linearization, demonstrating improved accuracy.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes research on simulating and testing the dynamic dent resistance of automobile body panels. It describes developing a test rig to experimentally determine the dynamic dent resistance of a utility vehicle's front fender. Dents were created at different loads and locations on the fender. Finite element analysis was also conducted using LS-Dyna software to simulate denting, showing close accuracy to experimental results. The geometry of the existing fender was modified by sweeping its curvature. Numerical analysis found the modified fender's dent resistance could be maintained while reducing thickness and weight by 7.07%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for emotion identification in continuous speech using cepstral analysis and generalized gamma mixture modeling. The key contributions are:
1) It extracts MFCC and LPC features from speech signals to model emotions like happy, angry, boredom and sad.
2) It uses a generalized gamma distribution instead of GMM for more accurate feature extraction and classification, as GGD can model speech signal variations better.
3) An experiment is conducted on a database of 50 speakers' speech in 5 emotions, achieving over 90% recognition accuracy using the proposed MFCC-LPC features and GGD modeling.
O documento discute a nomenclatura e classificação de plantas, bem como a reprodução sexuada. Apresenta os principais sistemas de classificação de plantas e descreve o processo de formação do embrião através da fertilização e da germinação do grão de pólen no óvulo.
Arístegui (2008). La conversacion del sí mismo como centro del proyecto de fo...Ignacio Fernández
Este documento discute tres paradigmas de la comprensión del sí mismo en la psicología y cómo estos se relacionan con los procesos de cambio organizacional. Primero, el paradigma sujeto-objeto donde lo central es la representación del objeto por el sujeto. Segundo, el giro lingüístico donde lo importante son el sentido y la referencia. Tercero, un paradigma corporal del sí mismo más allá de las formas. El autor argumenta que los procesos de cambio deben considerar la dimensión del proyecto existencial del sí mismo relacional y
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para personalizar el diseño y funcionalidad de un blog. Explica cómo modificar la plantilla mediante la selección de opciones de fondo y texto, agregar gadgets como presentaciones y videos, y habilitar entradas y comentarios de usuarios configurando las opciones correspondientes. El objetivo es guiar al usuario paso a paso para customizar completamente la apariencia y contenido de su blog.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on using the Taguchi method to optimize metal inert gas (MIG) hardfacing welding parameters. The Taguchi method uses orthogonal arrays to minimize the number of experimental runs needed. In the study, different welding parameters including voltage, wire feed rate, nozzle-to-plate distance, welding speed, and gas flow rate are considered as control factors. An L25 orthogonal array is used to conduct the experiments according to the design matrix. Hardness and impact toughness tests are performed on the hardfaced samples, showing improvements in the properties. Grey relational analysis and desirability functions are also discussed as part of the Taguchi method optimization approach.
EXPERIMENTAL OPTIMIZATION OF MILD STEEL ON TIG WELDINGIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment on optimizing TIG welding parameters for mild steel. The experiment tested different welding currents and scan speeds to achieve full penetration welds on 5mm mild steel plates without filler material. Activated flux was also used to improve weld depth. Weld bead geometry and tensile strength of the welds were analyzed for different gaps maintained between plates. Maintaining an appropriate gap allowed for full penetration welds with strength similar to the base material.
IRJET- Evaluation of Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of TIG Welded Al...IRJET Journal
1. The document evaluates the mechanical and metallurgical properties of TIG welded aluminum alloy joints. AA5083 aluminum alloy was welded using TIG welding.
2. Various tests were conducted on the welded joints, including microhardness testing, tensile testing, and microstructural analysis. Microhardness was highest in the weld zone due to changes in microstructure from welding.
3. Tensile testing results showed that the ultimate tensile strength decreased from 385 MPa in the base material to 225 MPa in the welded material, likely due to changes in microstructure and properties from the welding process.
Review on the parametric optimizaton of Tig weldingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the parametric optimization of TIG welding. It discusses how TIG welding works and the various parameters that can be optimized, such as welding current, gas flow rate, welding speed, and electrode type. The document reviews several other studies that examined how adjusting these TIG welding parameters impacted outcomes like tensile strength and hardness. It was found that parameters like welding current and arc voltage most significantly affected tensile strength. In conclusion, optimizing TIG welding parameters can improve properties of the weld like strength and hardness.
IRJET-Multi-Response Optimization of Process Parameters of TIG Welding for Di...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing process parameters for TIG welding of dissimilar metals stainless steel SS-304 and mild steel Fe-410. It investigates the effects of current, gas flow rate, and root gap on the tensile strength and percentage elongation of the welded joints. Experiments are conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to vary the input parameters. Tensile testing is performed on the welded samples and ANOVA is used to analyze the results. Current is found to contribute most to tensile strength, while current contributes most to percentage elongation. Grey relational analysis is used to optimize the multiple responses of tensile strength and percentage elongation simultaneously.
the slide shows the advance welding technic like as Tig And Mig Welding Process.
it help people to understand the advance manufacturing process for welding.
it made by Sk Samsuddin.
IRJET- To Study the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy AA-6061 Welded us...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on studying the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy AA-6061 welded using TIG welding at different welding currents. The researchers investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA-6061 welded joints at various currents. They found that a welding current of 75A produced welds with the best microstructure and mechanical properties compared to currents of 70A and 80A. Other studies discussed examined the effects of welding parameters like speed, material thickness, and welding technique on the strength and microstructure of aluminum alloy welds.
The document summarizes various welding techniques. It describes the key types of welding including arc welding processes like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, flux cored arc welding and gas metal arc welding. It also discusses oxy-fuel welding and resistance welding. For each technique, it provides details on the equipment, process and applications as well as advantages and limitations.
PPT Includes physical Metallurgy for Titanium and its alloys, Weld ability of them and two welding processes : GTAW and EBW. PPT also describes the Problems with the Welding of Titanium and alloys.
This document provides an overview of various fusion welding techniques, including gas welding (such as oxyacetylene welding), arc welding processes (such as shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, plasma arc welding, submerged arc welding, and electroslag arc welding), and high energy beam welding techniques (such as electron beam welding and laser beam welding). For each technique, the document discusses the overall process, advantages, and disadvantages. The goal is to present an introduction to fusion welding technologies and details about the applications and characteristics of each technique.
experimental investigation of gas metal arc welding (gmaw) on 2.25NEERAJKUMAR1898
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) on 2.25 CR-1MO steel. It describes the GMAW process and equipment used, including a 400-amp ESAB welding machine. The document discusses the properties of 2.25 CR-1MO steel, including its tensile strength, hardness, and strength. It also details the experimental procedure, which involves butt welding steel plates with 1.6mm electrode wire at high heat input settings to study weld properties like microstructure and hardness.
Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Prope...ijtsrd
Tungsten Inert Gas TIG welding is widely used for weld the thin metal. Alloying metal is also welded by this process. Appearance and quality TIG weld is very superior as compare to other welding process. Melting the work piece and filler rod result in formation of smoke and gases. Helium and Argon are non reactive gases by this property it is used as a shielding gas. Most commonly mixture of Argon and Helium are favored to use for enhanced welding quality because they do not react with each other .Argon and Helium gases protect the welding area from outer environment and helps to maintain a stable arc due to low ionization potential. Aluminum is light in weight and for excellent performance it is used in aerospace industry, aviation, marine industry, automobile, defence and others. TIG welding parameters such as welding current, gas flow rate and welding voltage are taken into account which influences the tensile strength, Hardness and Toughness of aluminum weld joint. Welding parameters are controlled with electronic control units. AC power supply is prefer to used for aluminium as compare to DC power supply because of its low melting point aluminium melt at low temperature Ravinder Kumar | Dr. Dinesh Kumar ""Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Properties of AA-6351 T6 Alloy"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23831.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23831/optimization-of-process-parameters-on-tig-welding-to-enhance-mechanical-properties-of-aa-6351-t6-alloy/ravinder-kumar
IRJET- A Review on Parametric Optimization of Aluminium Alloy 5754 For MI...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on optimizing parameters for metal inert gas (MIG) welding of aluminum alloy 5754. MIG welding parameters like current, voltage, welding speed, wire feed rate, and gas flow rate influence properties of the weld like strength, geometry, and microstructure. Previous studies optimized these parameters using Taguchi methods to obtain the best combination for quality. One study found that increasing voltage and gas flow rate while decreasing current improved weld strength. High-speed imaging was also used to show that continuous and pulsed ultrasonic-assisted MIG welding reduce necking and increase penetration compared to conventional MIG. Overall, the document discusses how optimization of MIG parameters can improve weld quality for aluminum alloy 5754
A review on TIG welding for optimizing process parameters on dissimilar jointsIJERA Editor
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) is relatively high strength welding technique. This technique are mostly used in fabrication and other industries to join the either similar or dissimilar materials. In particular, it can be used to join high-quality strength of metal and alloys.In this paper we discuss abouttheTungsten Inert Gas welding of joining heat treatableof stainless steel and mild steel.These welded joints have higher tensile strength to weight ratio and finer micro structure. Tungsten Inert Gas Weldingofdissimilar material such as stainless steel and mild steel have the potential to hold good mechanical and metallurgical properties.
This document provides a review of research on optimizing the characteristics of different welding processes for duplex stainless steels. It discusses how the welding parameters and phase transformations can affect the quality and properties of the weld. Specifically, it examines how the ferrite and austenite phases form in the weld bead, the effects of heat treatments on microstructure and properties, sigma phase formation, and how the welding thermal cycle impacts duplex stainless steels. The goal of the research discussed is to determine the optimal welding parameters and techniques to produce welds in duplex stainless steels with the desired mechanical properties and minimum defects.
The document investigates the tribological properties of Ni-Cr and Al2O3 13TiO2 coatings deposited via detonation spraying on two types of grey cast iron (GI250 and GIHC). Pin-on-disc wear tests were performed on coated and uncoated samples under different loads. Results show coated samples experienced significantly lower weight loss than uncoated samples. Specifically, the Al2O3 13TiO2 coating on GI250 substrate showed the lowest cumulative weight loss. SEM analysis indicated the coatings were uniform and dense. In conclusion, detonation spraying was effective in depositing wear-resistant coatings on grey iron to reduce wear loss.
IRJET- Parametric Optimization of Tig Welding on SS 304 and MS using Tagu...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing TIG welding parameters for joining stainless steel 304 and mild steel using the Taguchi method. The parameters investigated were current, voltage, and gas flow rate. Specimens were welded based on an L9 orthogonal array. Tensile testing and hardness testing were conducted to evaluate weld strength and quality. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated and ANOVA was used to determine the influence of each parameter. The results showed that current had the greatest influence on tensile strength, followed by gas flow rate, with voltage having the least influence. The optimal parameters for maximizing tensile strength were determined to be a current of 250A, voltage of 24V, and gas flow rate of 14 L/
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
IRJET- Review on Investigate the Tig Welding of Aluminum by Controlling Param...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on investigating parameters for TIG welding of aluminum. It begins with an abstract describing the goals of improving weld strength and quality for pure aluminum plates by controlling welding speed and arc length. Welding was performed in two phases, with single-side welding first and then double-side welding. Tensile strength, hardness, bead width, and depth of penetration were evaluated under different parameters. The document then reviews relevant literature and discusses input parameters like arc length, welding speed, current, and gas flow rate. It presents the effects of varying these parameters on weld properties. Finally, the literature review summarizes several studies investigating how controlling heat input through different currents affects microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum wel
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of welding distortion in austenitic stainless steel 316 using TIG welding. Taguchi methods were used to design experiments varying welding current, speed, and groove angle at three levels each. Welding was performed and distortion was measured. ANOVA was conducted to determine the significant parameters affecting distortion. Current was found to have the greatest effect on distortion, followed by groove angle, while speed had less influence. The goal of the study was to optimize welding parameters to minimize distortion using Taguchi methods.
1. N. Arunkumar, P.Duraisamy, S.Veeramanikandan / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Dissimilar Metal Tube
Welded Joints Using Inert Gas Welding
N. Arunkumar1*, P.Duraisamy2 and S.Veeramanikandan2
1
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St.Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Old Mahabalipuram Road, Chennai -600 119, TamilNadu, India
2
Graduate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St.Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Old Mahabalipuram Road, Chennai -600 119, TamilNadu, India
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of welding process such as metal temperature. The combination of chromium and
inert gas welding and tungsten inert gas arc molybdenum also increases resistance to high
welding on tensile, bend and hardness properties temperature hydrogen attack and to creep.
of austenitic stainless steel SS347H(18Cr 10Ni Chromium and molybdenum steels are used in
1Cb ), T22(2¼Cr Mo) and T91(9Cr 1Mo V) various products forms according to ASTM
grades are studied. Tubes of 54 mm of outer specifications by J C Vaillant et.al [4] .
diameter and 4 mm of wall thickness is used as a An investigation was carried to study the efficacy of
base material in the following combination MIG and TIG welding compared using some
SS347H VS T91 and T91 VS T22 is welded using Mechanical Properties.This paper mainly deals with
both GMAW and GTAW. Tensile, impact, and paper work done by V Balasubramanian et.al [5], J C
hardness properties of the welded joints have Vaillant et.al[4] such as Tensile,Bend and Hardness
been evaluated in both types of welding and the properties by Louis Small [6] .The chemical
results are compared. The joints fabricated by composition of base metals and filler metal in
GTAW joints exhibited higher strength value weight percent is given in Table 1 and 2
and enhancement in strength value is respectively.
approximately 21% compared to GMAW joints.
Very low hardness is recorded in the GMAW 2.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS
joints and maximum hardness is recorded in the
GTAW joints. Various defects occurring in the Table 1: Chemical Composition of Base Metal in
welded joints are analyzed using Non destructive Accordance with ASTM Standards
testing by Real time radiography method. T91 T22 SS347H
KEYWORDS: SS347H vs SA213T91 and T91 C (%) 0.08-0.12 0.05-0.15 0.04-0.10
vs T22, GTAW, GMAW, Tensile, Bend test, Mn (%) 0.30-0.60 0.30-0.60 max. 2.00
Radiography P (%) max. 0.020 max. 0.025 max. 0.045
S (%) max. 0.010 max. 0.025 max. 0.030
1.0. INTRODUCTION Si (%) 0.20-0.50 max. 0.50 max. 1.00
Cr (%) 8.002-9.50 1.902-2.60 17.0-19.00
Welding is a process of joining similar or
Mo (%) 0.85-1.05 0.87-1.13 ---
dissimilar materials. Welding is carried out by the
V (%) 0.18-0.25 --- ---
use of heat or pressure or both and with or without
Nb (%) 0.06-0.10 --- 0.80-1.10
added metal. There are many types of welding
including Metal Arc, Tungsten arc, Submerged Arc, N (%) 0.030-0.070 --- ---
Al (%) max. 0.04 --- ---
Resistance Butt, Flash, Spot, Stitch, Stud and
Ni (%) max. 0.40 --- 9.0-13.0
Projection. Inert gas welding is faster than
traditional welding methods. It can produce cleaner, Fe (%) balance Balance balance
longer continuous welds. There are two main types
of inert gas welding they are Tungsten Inert Gas
Welding(TIG) a good description of which is given The filler metal is the quantity of metal
by by Paulo J Modenesi et al [1] and METAL Inert added in the making of the joint and it is in the form
Gas welding(MIG) by William R. Oates et.al [2] of the electrode. The following table entails the
Alloy Steel referred in MyreRutz [3} such as chemical composition of the filler material used in
SA213T91, SA213T22, SA213TP347H contains GMAW and GTAW:
chromium and molybdenum. This composition
delivers good weldability and high hardenability for
the above stated alloys. Chromium provides
improved oxidation and corrosion resistance. And
the molybdenum increases strength at elevated
1709 | P a g e
2. N. Arunkumar, P.Duraisamy, S.Veeramanikandan / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
Table 2: Chemical Composition of Filler Metal
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding and Gas Metal mechanical properties of the test specimens are
Arc Welding are both governed by a set of factors summarized in Table 4.
and conditions such as amount of current, welding
speed, polarity, etc. which are called as process Table 4: Mechanical Properties of Test
parameters. The optimum process parameters Specimens
generally maintained during the welding processes
for SS and T22 are given in the Table 3.
Table 3: Welding Conditions and Process
Parameters
Parame Process
ters GTAW GMAW
Joints T22+ T91+SS3 T22+T9 T91+SS3
T91 47H 1 47H
Polarit AC AC DCRP DCRP
y
Arc 22 22 30 30
voltage Metal Inert Gas (MIG) Welding: An arc is
(V) struck between a consumable electrode and the
Weldin 80 80 140 140 metal to be welded. The consumable electrode is in
g the form of continuous filler metal. An inert gas
current surrounds the arc and shields it from the ambient to
(A) prevent oxidation. Carbon steels, low alloy steels,
Weldin 0.6 0.6 3.2 3.2 stainless steels, most aluminum alloys. GMAW
g speed machine is shown in the fig 1.
(ipm)
Heat 800 800 1125 1125
input
(J/mm)
Electro 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
de
diamet
er
(mm)
Shieldi Argon Argon Argon(9 Argon(9
ng gas (99.99 (99.99%) 5%) and 5%) and Fig 1: GMAW machine
%) CO2 CO2 Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding: An arc
(5%) (5%) is truck between a tungsten electrode (non-
consumable) and the metal to be welded. An inert
Shieldi 14 14 14 14 gas shields the arc from the ambient to prevent
ng gas oxidation. A filler material is optional. Carbon
flow steels, low alloy steels, stainless steels, zinc based
rate copper alloys can be welded using this process. TIG
(lt/min) is quite suitable for welding dissimilar materials.
The TIG process is a slower process compared to
the MIG process, but the quality of weld is
The specimens of T22, T91, and SS need to cosmetically better. There is no weld spatter, and the
be mechanically strong, hard, and corrosion resistant quality of welds is higher than MIG welding. It
and possess properties suitable for welding. The
1710 | P a g e
3. N. Arunkumar, P.Duraisamy, S.Veeramanikandan / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
reduces the rejection and rework, so production cost a dial indicator. The tensile specimen shown in Fig
is less compared to MIG welding by William R. 4. The schematic diagram of UTM is shown in Fig
Oates et.al [2], Larry Jeffus [7]. 5.
3.0. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Tubes of 54 mm of outer diameter and 4
mm of wall thickness is used as a base material in
the following combination SS347H VS T91 and T91
VS T22 is welded using both GMAW and GTAW.
Tensile, bending, and hardness properties by Louis
Small [8] of the welded joints have been evaluated in
both types of welding and the results are compared.
Test specimen of GMAW welded joints and GTAW
are shown in the Fig 2 and Fig 3.
Fig 4: Test specimen
Fig 2: T91 + SS347H (GMAW & GTAW)
Fig 5: Universal Tensile Testing Machine
The gauge length is that length which is
under study. The specimen is placed in the machine
Fig 3: T91 + T22 (GMAW & GTAW) between the grips and an extensometer can record
the changes in the gauge length during the test.
GMAW was done using a constant current Once the machine is started, it begins to apply an
DCRP power source, a metal wire electrode, 0.6-1.6 increasing load on the specimen until fracture or
mm in diameter. The shielding gas used was Argon failure of the specimen. The yield point indicates the
and carbon dioxide mixture and the GMAW gun transition point between elasticity and plasticity
and cable assembly was designed to deliver the regions. The ultimate point or stress indicates the
shielding gas and the electrode to the arc. GTAW maximum stress that the specimen can withstand
was done using AC power source, Tungsten wire as before failure. The fracture stress or point of rupture
the electrode(non consumable) and Argon as is the stress when the specimen fails or breaks. A
shielding gas. ductile component fails at 45 degrees.
After the welding process was completed Vicker’s Hardness Test: It is used to
and the joints cleaned, the welded samples were measure the wear resistance of the specimen. The
subjected to mechanical testing in order to find out machine consists of a diamond indenter in the form
the strength of the joint and evaluate the mechanical of a square pyramid or tetrahedral shape. The
properties of the welded joints. The tests that were impression produced by the indentation under a
conducted are summarized as: constant load on the material is measured and more
Tensile Test: This test was carried out in the dimensions of the impression, lesser is the
the Ultimate Testing Machine (UTM). The UTM hardness. Its shown in Fig 6. The HV number is
consists of a load frame for providing support to the determined by the ratio F/A where F is the force
machine, a load cell which is a force transducer for applied to the diamond in kilograms and A is the
measuring the load required, a movable cross head surface area of the resulting indentation in square
for deforming the specimen. It an extensometer for millimeters.
measuring the extension or deformation. There are A = d2/2sin (136/2)
output devices for measuring the load which may be HV = F/A
in the form of charts or digital displays, in this case,
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
areas on the image ondicate where higher levels of
transmitted radiation reached the screen. The
apparatus is shown in Fig 8.
Figure 8: RTR apparatus
Figure 6: Vicker’s Hardness test
Bend Test: This test determines the 4.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
ductility or strength of the material by bending the
material over a given radius. Following the bend, 4.1. Destructive tests:
the material is inspected for cracks on the outer Destructive weld testing, as the name
surface. Bend test provides insight into the modulus suggests, involves the physical destruction of the
of elasticity and the bending strength of the material. completed weld in order to evaluate its
Specimens are often cut into rectangular bars or characteristics. This method of testing is used
tested as whole. The bend test is shown in Fig 7. frequently for a number of applications. Some of
these applications include welding procedure
qualification and welder performance qualification
testing, sampling inspection of production welds,
research inspection, and failure analysis work. The
following results are used to evaluate the tensile
strength, hardness and bend properties of welded
joints.
4.1.1 Tensile properties:
The transverse tensile properties of GTAW
Figure 7: Bend test and GMAW welded joints were evaluated in each
condition, two specimens were tested and the
Real Time Radioscopy Test: It is a Non averages of two results are presented in the Table 5
Destructive Testing (NDT) method whereby an & 6 respectively. Of the two welded joints, the
image is produced electronically rather than on film joints fabricated by GTAW process exhibited higher
so that very little lag time occurs between the item strength values and the enhancement in strength
being exposed to radiation and the resulting image. values is approximately 21% compared to GMAW
In most instances, the electronic image that is joints.
viewed results from the radiation passing through
the object being inspected and interacting with a
screen of material that fluoresces or gives off light
when the interaction occurs. The fluorescent
elements of the screen form the image much as the
grains of silver form the image in film radiography.
The image formed is a positive image since brighter
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
Figure 9: Tensile test specimen (GTAW) Figure 10: Tensile test specimen (GMAW)
Table 5: Tensile Properties of GTAW Process:
T22+T91
ULTIMATE TENSILE LOAD ULTIMATE TENSILE FRACTURE
(KN) STRENGTH (N/mm²)
32.79 661 Parent material (T22)
32.25 650 Parent material (T22)
T91+SS347H
ULTIMATE TENSILE LOAD ULTIMATE TENSILE FRACTURE
(KN) STRENGTH (N/mm²)
30.22 609 Parent material (SS)
31.48 634 Parent material (SS)
The Table given below shows the ultimate load, stress value and the point of occurrence of fracture of the
welded samples:
Table 6: Tensile Properties of GMAW Process
T22+T91
ULTIMATE TENSILE LOAD ULTIMATE TENSILE FRACTURE
(KN) STRENGTH (N/mm²)
26.1 549 Parent material (T22)
27.5 576 Parent material (T22)
T91+SS347H
ULTIMATE TENSILE LOAD ULTIMATE TENSILE FRACTURE
(KN) STRENGTH (N/mm²)
29.1 586 Parent material (SS)
28.71 579 Parent material (SS)
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4.1.2. Hardness Test combination. However ,the hardness of T91+SS in
GTAW&GMAW joints in weld region is 293 VHN
The hardness across the weld cross section & 197 VHN respectively in both combinations
was measured using a Vickers Micro-hardness GTAW joints has relatively higher hardness value
testing machine, and the results are presented in compared to GMAW joints.
Table 7 & 8. The hardness of the Heat Affected The table 7 below illustrates the hardness values at
Zone (HAZ) region is greater than the weld region the parent materials and heat affected zones in units
and the base metal region. The hardness of the of Vicker’s Hardness Number(VHN) for Metal Inert
GTAW & GMAW joints in the weld metal region is gas Welding:
270 VHN & 245 VHN respectively for T22+T91
Table 7: GMAW Process
T22+T91
PARENT MATERIAL WELD HEAT AFFECTED
(VHN) (VHN) ZONE (VHN)
T22 139, 138 240, 245 172, 178
T91 213, 221 251, 268
T91+SS
PARENT MATERIAL WELD HEAT AFFECTED
(VHN) (VHN) ZONE
(VHN)
SS347H 165,170 190,197 236,280
T91 183,187 297,297
The Table 8 given below shows the hardness at the weld region, Heat Affected Zone, and Parent metal in terms
of Vicker’s Hardness Number for Tungsten Inert Gas welding:
Table 8: GTAW Process
T22+T91
PARENT MATERIAL WELD HEAT AFFECTED
(VHN) (VHN) ZONE (VHN)
T22 193, 195 264, 270 230, 236
T91 206,213 308, 325
T91+SS
PARENT MATERIAL WELD HEAT AFFECTED
(VHN) (VHN) ZONE (VHN)
SS347H 185,187 290,293 236, 289
T91 214,220 309, 314
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
When the plate thickness is less than or equal to 10
mm (3/8 in.), two specimens are tested for face bend
4.1.3. Bend Test: and two specimens are tested for root bend. The
specimen has been bended to 180 for bending test.
Bend tests are generally used in the weld The tested specimen is shown in the Fig 11 and 12.
qualification process for new fabrication. Similar During the test, the convex surface of the
tests, however, could be conducted for existing bent specimen should be examined frequently for
structures if original fabrication practices can be cracks or other open defects. If a crack or open
simulated. The Guided bend tests are used to defect is present after bending, exceeding a
evaluate the ductility and soundness of welded joint specified size measured in any direction, the
sand to detect incomplete fusion, cracking, specimen is considered to be failed. Cracks
delaminating effect of bead configuration, and occurring on the corners of the specimen during
macro defects of welded joints. The quality of welds testing are not considered to fail. The following are
can be evaluated as a function of ductility to resist the results obtained from the bend test shown in
cracking during bending. Table 9.
Table 9: Results of Bend Test
GTAW PROCESS
JOINTS ANGLE OF BENDING REPORT
T22+T91 180° NO BREAKAGE
T91+SS47H 180° NO BREAKAGE
GMAW PROCESS
JOINTS ANGLE OF BENDING REPORT
T22+T91 180° NO BREAKAGE
T91+SS347H 180° NO BREAKAGE
4.1.4 Non-Destructive Test:
Real-time radiography is a well-
established method of NDT having applications in
automotive, aerospace, pressure vessel, electronic
industries, among others. The use of RTR is
increasing due to a reduction in the cost of the
equipment and resolution of issues such as the
protecting and storing digital images.
The RTR showed various defects in the weld such
as the following:
1. Burn Thorough: Shown in Fig 13. Caused
Figure 11: Bend test specimen ( GTAW) due to bent tube ends, slow rotation of D-
head, Short wire stick out, high welding
current.
2. Wire stub: Shown in Fig 14. Caused due to
high wire feed, high current in root pass,
improper fit up to joint.
3. Gas hole or Porosity: Shown in Fig 15.
Caused due to excessive hydrogen or
oxygen in welding atmosphere, high
solidification, dirty base metal, dirty filler
wire, improper arc length.
4. Undercut: Shown in Fig 16. Caused due to
high travel speed, high welding voltage,
Figure 12: Bend test specimen ( GMAW)
longer arcs, electrode inclinations, high
dwell time.
5. Excessive Penetration: Shown in Fig 17.
Caused due to improper alignment of tubes
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8. N. Arunkumar, P.Duraisamy, S.Veeramanikandan / International Journal of Engineering
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
due to gap in root of weld joint, bent tubes,
high welding current.
6. Lack of Fusion: Shown in Fig 18. Caused
due to insufficient heat input, wrong type
or size of filler wire, incorrect wire
position, slag on weld, low travel speed of
head, wide torch oscillation.
Figure 18: Lack of fusion
Transverse tensile properties of the welded
joints presented in the table indicate the GTAW
joints exhibiting suprior tensile properties.
Figure 13: Burn through
During tensile test, all the specimens failed at
the base metal of welding processes. This
implies that the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
region is much stronger than the base metal.
This also evident from the hardness profile in
shown in table.
In GTAW, the alternating current (AC) polarity
ia used, and the high heat generation end is
continuously changing. Whenever, the eletrode
Figure 14: Wire stub becomes positive, more heat is generated (2/3
of total heat) at this end. Similary, whenever the
work piece becomes positive, more heat is
generated at this end. In one half of a cycle,
eletrode attains maximum heat and in the other
half of a cucle, work piece attains minimum
heat, and this will change in the next cycle. So,
while using AC , the maximum heat generating
end is not fixed as in the case of GMAW
process. Whatever, it may be the process, the
Figure 15: Gas Hole heat energy from the arc is utilized to melt the
filler metal as well as to melt the base metal.
However in GTAW, the filler rod is melted in
the plasma region of the arc (midway
between positive & negative polarity) and not
in the positive polarityu as in the case of
GMAW processes. Due to the reason, heat
input of GTAW process is lower than for
GMAW process. Lower heat input and lower
current density reduces the arc temperature and
arc forces in GTAW. Lower arc temperature
Figure 16: Undercut reduces the peak temperature of the molten
weld pool and Figure 16: Undercut
adjacent HAZ causing a fast
cooling rate. This fast cooling rate in turns ,
causes relativelt narrower dendric spacing in the
fusion zone. This may be one of the reasons for
higher hardness and superior tensile properties
of GTAW joints compared to GMAW joints.
Figure 17: Excessive penetration
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9. N. Arunkumar, P.Duraisamy, S.Veeramanikandan / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1709-1717
5.0. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
[1] Paulo J Modenesi, Eustaquio R.
Two combinations of materials namely Abolinario, Iaci M. Pereira, (2000) ‘Tig
T91+T22 and T91+SS have been welded using both welding with single component
GTAW and GMAW process. Welding has been fluxes’Journal of Materials Processing
done on six specimen of each combination. Tensile, Technology, vol. 99, no.1-3, pp.260-265.
Hardness, Bend, NDT (Real time radigraphy) tests [2] W. Bendick, J.Gabrel, B. Hahn,
have been performed and the following conclusions V.Vandenberghe, (2007) ‘New low alloy
have been done. heat resistant ferritic steels T/P 23 and T/P
Of the two welded joints, the joints 24 for power plant application’,
fabricated by GTAW process exhibited higher International Journal of Pressure Vessel
strength value and enhancement in strength value is and Piping -2, vol. 84, no.1-2, pp.13-20.
approximately 21% compared to GMAW joints. [3] MyreRutz ‘Material Selection’,ASTM
The strength and hardness value has been Handbook
increased due to precipitation of chromium carbide [4] J C Vaillant, B. Vandenberghe, B. Hahn,
and tungsten carbide. And due to the combined H. Heuser, C. Jochum (2008) ‘T/P 23, 24,
effect of wok hardenability. 91 and 92: New grades for advanced coal-
Hardness is higher in the HAZ region fired power plants- properties and
compared to the weld metal and base metal region. experience’ International Journal of
Very low hardness is recorded in the GMAW joints Pressure Vessel and Piping, vol. 85, no.1-3,
(190 VHN) and the maximum hardness is recorded pp.38-46.
in the GTAW joints (293 VHN). [5] V Balasubramanian, AK
The Real Time Radioscopy (RTR) showed the Lakshminarayanan, K Shanmugam,(2009)
defects occurring in the weld such as burn through, ‘Effect of welding processes on tensile and
wire stub, gas holes or porosity, undercut, impact properties, hardness and micro
penetration, cracks and their remedies have been structure of ferritic stainless joints
discussed as follows: fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler
1. Burn Through: Can be remedied by making metal’ Journal of Iron and Steel Research,
the ID bore concentric with the OD bore, vol. 16, no.5, pp.66-72.
perfect tube ends, ensuring slow rotation of D- [6] William R. Oates, Alexander M. Saitta
heads, supplying perfect welding current. ‘Welding hand book (8th edition)’
2. Wire stub: Remedied by proper selection of [7] Larry Jeffus ‘Welding principles and
wire feed, suitable selection of current, making applications (5th edition)’ Delmar
proper alignment of tubes in root of weld joint. Publishers.
3. Porosity: Remedied by using low hydrogen [8] Louis Small ‘Hardness, theory and practice
welding process, increasing shielding gas (Part I Practice)’ Service Diamond Tool
flow, increasing heat input, using clean joint Co.
faces, using electrodes with basic slugging
reactions.
4. Undercut: Rectified by ensuring lower travel
speeds, correct welding voltage, clean weld
surfaces, ensuring correct dwell times.
5. Excessive penetration: Can be rectified by
proper alignment of tubes in root of weld joint,
concentric bore at ends, correct welding
current, controlling the rotation of D-head.
6. Lack of Fusion: Remedied by choosing correct
size of electrode, correct position of electrode,
ensuring that weld metal does not run ahead of
arc, clean weld surfaces, narrow torch
oscillations.
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