This document discusses what a journal is and the informal nature of journal writing, highlighting its purpose in clarifying thoughts and improving writing skills. It outlines the general structure of a scientific report, including sections such as title, abstract, introduction, experimental method, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. Additionally, the document explains the steps for writing an article, emphasizing the importance of understanding the audience, conducting thorough research, and incorporating various materials.

1. Journal
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2. What is a Journal?

3. The word journal comes from the French word jour and from
the Latin word diurnalis meaning daily. Thus, a journal is some
form of notebook in which daily writing (or at least regular
writing) is recorded. Journals help people clarify their
thoughts. Jotting down feelings, responses, and insights into
daily events gives writers an opportunity to discover what they
think and how they feel about different topics.
Journal

4. Journal writing is informal, casual writing. By writing about
different topics, you not only improve your writing skills, but
also you have an opportunity to explore your thoughts
without being chastised for grammar, usage, or other errors.
Journals are idea books; they are places where writers are free
to “think” in writing.
Cont'd

5. If you have never kept a journal, you may never have
experienced the freedom of writing for no immediate purpose
other than to explore a thought. So that you will understand
the informal nature of journal writing, try the following practice
exercise. If you have to ramble aimlessly before finding a main
idea, do not worry; you are allowed to ramble for awhile.
When you do discover your topic, however, try to stay with it.
Keeping with your topic will help you learn how to explore it in
detail. This skill can be transferred to more formal theme
writing assignments later.
Cont'd

6. General Structure of Journal

7. Title
Main MenuThis should be short, but precise, and
convey the point of the report. It could
be either a statement or a question.
For example, a title like "Voltage-current
relationship of a transistor" is good, as is
"Does the transistor obey Ohm's Law?". But
simply "The transistor" is too vague and is
not a good title.
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

8. Abstract
The abstract summarizes, in a couple of
sentences, the content of the report. It
provides a brief (5-10 lines) outline of
what the report is about; it should
include a statement of what it is you
measured and its value.
Main Menu
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

9. Introduction
The role of this section is to state why the
work reported is useful, where it fits in the
bigger picture of the field (or of science in
general), and to discuss briefly the
theoretical hypotheses which are to be
tested, for example the Absolute Zero
experiment, state the meaning of absolute
zero and how it is to be measured, mention
the equation PV = nRT and discuss its
verification, and under what circumstances
you expect it to be valid.
Main Menu
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

10. Experimental Method
Describe the apparatus and procedure
used in the experiment. Enough details
should be provided for the reader to
have a clear idea of what was done. But
be careful to not swamp the reader with
insignificant or useless facts.
Main Menu
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

11. In this section, you present and interpret the
data you have obtained. If at all possible,
avoid tables of data. Graphs are usually a
much clearer way to present data (make sure
axes are labeled, and error bars are shown!).
Please make sure the graphs and diagrams
have concise figure captions explaining what
they are about! Do not show the details of
error calculations. The derivation of any
formulae you use is not required, but should
be referenced. Explain how your data
corroborates (or does not corroborate) the
Results and Discussion
Main Menu
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

12. Conclusion
In a few lines, sum up the results of your
experiment. Do your data agree (within
experimental error) with theory? If not,
can you explain why? Remember that
the conclusion is a summary; do not say
anything in the conclusion which you
have not already discussed more fully
earlier in the text.
Main Menu
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

13. References
In this section of the report list all of the documents
that you refer to in your report. We recommend
numbering the references sequentially in the text, in
their order of appearance, and listing them in the
same order in the references section.
One possible reference format is used by the
Canadian Journal of Physics. That is:
for JOURNALS: Author(s), Journal Title, Volume
(year) page number
for BOOKS: Author(s), Book Title, Publisher, city of
publication,year of publication, page (or range of
relevant pages).
Main Menu
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

14. What is a Article?

15. Article
Article scope
Quality of articles
A article, is a page that has encyclopedic
information on it. An article is usually an
informative, non-fictional piece of written
work. It is always part of a larger publication,
such as a journal, magazine, etc.
Article identifies a notable encyclopedic topic,
summarizes that topic comprehensively,
contains references to reliable sources, and
links to other related topics. Most articles
consist of paragraphs and images, but they
may also be formatted as stand-alone lists.

16. Article scope
Article
Quality of articles
Each article has a scope, which is what the
article covers. The article should contain a
readable summary of everything within the
scope, given due weight, based on what
reliable sources say.

17. Quality of articles
Article
Article scope
Articles range greatly in quality, from as
high as featured articles to as low as
candidates for speedy deletion. Some
articles are quite lengthy and rich in
content while others are shorter (possibly
stubs) or of lesser quality.

18. What is a Article?

19. Step to Write an Article
1. Get to know your audience. Decide who you need to write
for before proceeding with planning or writing an article.
Writing for an academic audience vs. writing for pre-teens is
very different and you will need to plan accordingly.
2. Identify the needs of your readership. What do your readers
need to know? How does your own knowledge matchup
against the information they need? This will be the easiest
way for you to find a topic to write about. You can also
extensively research information that you don’t know, so
don’t be deterred by that.

20. Cont’d
3. If you are writing an article about something that other
people are also writing about, try to be unique in how you
approach the material. You should add to the conversation,
not exist alongside it. This will draw your readers in and keep
them coming back for more. Write about your topic in a
way that no one has ever written about it before. You can
take a different tone, a more visual approach, or any
number of other methods of altering the material. Bring new
ideas to the topic. Make suggestions or offer information
that other people don’t have. This will give people a reason
to read your work over others.

21. Cont’d
4. You should care about the topic you choose to write about.
Your enthusiasm will show in your writing and it will be much
more engaging for your readers. You may even be able to
make them care about something they did not care about
previously, like current events or historical concepts.

22. Research Your Idea

23. Step to Write an Article
1. Learn the basics. Get the general explanation of whatever
you are trying to write about. This will give you a basic
framework for what to look for as you research. You can use
a website like Wikipedia, read newspaper articles or a book,
or talk to someone knowledgeable on the subject. It will
depend what you are writing about. You should assume, at
this stage, that some or all of the information you are
getting is incorrect or incomplete. Don’t stop your research
here.

24. Cont’d
2. Find reliable sources. Now that you know what to look for,
research your topic. You can use the internet, a library, conduct
interviews, watch documentaries, or whatever you feel is
appropriate to teach you everything you need to know about your
topic. Be an expert! You can do research online very easily.
However, you should be wary. Draw only from reliable sources like
reputable newspapers, experts on the topic, government websites,
or university websites. Look for information that lists other sources,
since this will help back up any claims made by your source. These
materials can also be acquired in print and the same precautions
should be taken there.

25. Cont’d
3. Get different types of material. During your research, look for
material that isn’t text. This can be used or altered to add to your
article. You can look for data to make your own charts or templates,
take photographs to match your text, or anything else which you feel
might help your readers understand the information better and
make them care about the topic as much as you do.

26. Article Writing Tips

27. Research Your Idea
When you are writing an article there are a few items that you
can include: who, why, where, when, what and how. If you
answer these questions, you are half way to writing a good
article.
Check grammar and spelling as you go and when you have
finished the article. Spend the time correcting these during the
creation process and once the article is complete and don't
forget to include LSI keywords.

28. Cont’d
What is a LSI keyword? LSI keywords are related keywords and
can be found by using Google adwords keyword tool. An
example of LSI keywords are words you might find in the same
paragraph as a specific keyword ( related keywords ) eg if the
keyword is "Article Writing" then LSI keywords include the
following: SEO article, web content writing, article writers,
article writing service etc.

29. Cont’d
What is a LSI keyword? LSI keywords are related keywords and
can be found by using Google adwords keyword tool. An
example of LSI keywords are words you might find in the same
paragraph as a specific keyword ( related keywords ) eg if the
keyword is "Article Writing" then LSI keywords include the
following: SEO article, web content writing, article writers,
article writing service etc.

30. Video

31. Thank You
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