http://www.extension.org/67582 This presentation will compare using litter as a replacement for LP gas for on-farm space heating with using litter to generate electricity. The comparison includes heating system efficiency, amount of LP off-set possible, value of plant nutrients in the litter, quantity and value of plant nutrients in the litter ash, impact of brokerage, and costs of producing the energy. It was concluded that using litter on-farm as a source of space heat and using the litter ash as fertilizer could provide a potential value of $48 per ton of litter. However, on-farm combustion of litter to produce electricity resulted in a loss of about - $3/ton of litter. Therefore, if a heating and ash management system can be implemented in a cost-effective manner use of litter to off-set 90% or more of the heating energy requirements would be the better of these two alternatives.
In 2016 Hjallerup District Heating had a Linka straw system installed. The plant will supply the entire area with heat 7 months of the year. The change to biofuel has already reduced the prices for district heating in the area.
In 2016 Hjallerup District Heating had a Linka straw system installed. The plant will supply the entire area with heat 7 months of the year. The change to biofuel has already reduced the prices for district heating in the area.
Slides from presentation given by Trystan Lea at http://oshug.org/event/45 regarding heat pump performance monitoring http://openenergymonitor.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/heat-pump-testing-initial-results.html
Canadian Solar Heat Pump - Introduction4smartheating
Canadian Solar Heat Pump Institute introduces 4th Gen Solar Heating using Solar PV & Solar Thermal, plus Waste Heat Recovery, and advancements on Ground & Air Source Heat Pumps as a breakthrough in economical space heating and domestic hot water. Economical $1/watt installed, all inclusive Levelized Cost Of Energy $0.04 kWht, under 5 year Payback, and 1 year 100% Return On Investment.
This is a short presentation of generating electric in HINDALCO Renukoot. Since i past my one month in HINDALCO during summer training as a part of my b.tech...i am sharing here what i learn in HINDALCO.
Andrew Bissell & Richard Jennings, Managing Director Castle Rock Edinvar presented the attached at an event organised by Holyrood Events - Eradicating Fuel Poverty: Delivering Warm Homes.
If you require any further information on this presentation please contact andrew.bissell@sunamp.co.uk or for information on the event please contact zoe@hoyrood.com
Fertilizer value of swine manure: a comparison of a lagoon and a deep pit slu...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: www.extension.org/72744
Since 2000 the cost of fertilizer has more than doubled. According to information provided by the USDA Economic Research Service (2013), the national average price per pound of N has increased between 2000 and 2012 by a factor of 2.6. Over the same time period, phosphate price increased by a factor of 2.8, and potassium price increased by a factor of 4.0. As a result, fertilizer costs now contribute 30% to 40% of the annual variable costs to grow many cereal grains. Table 1. Fertilizer priceDuring the same time period environmental regulations have greatly decreased the construction of swine finishing facilities that use liquid manure handling systems that require the use of a lagoon or storage pond. In response to these economic and regulatory realities, some swine production companies are considering the use of deep pit slurry systems instead of an outdoor lagoon or storage. Benefits of the deep pit slurry system include the exclusion of rainfall, reduction in storage visibility, and conservation of valuable major plant nutrients (N, P, K) for the purpose of reducing production costs for feed grains. The objective of this presentation is to compare the fertilizer value of the manure produced from swine finishing barns that use a liquid manure handling with a treatment lagoon, and swine finishing barns that store manure below slotted floors in pits.
Slides from presentation given by Trystan Lea at http://oshug.org/event/45 regarding heat pump performance monitoring http://openenergymonitor.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/heat-pump-testing-initial-results.html
Canadian Solar Heat Pump - Introduction4smartheating
Canadian Solar Heat Pump Institute introduces 4th Gen Solar Heating using Solar PV & Solar Thermal, plus Waste Heat Recovery, and advancements on Ground & Air Source Heat Pumps as a breakthrough in economical space heating and domestic hot water. Economical $1/watt installed, all inclusive Levelized Cost Of Energy $0.04 kWht, under 5 year Payback, and 1 year 100% Return On Investment.
This is a short presentation of generating electric in HINDALCO Renukoot. Since i past my one month in HINDALCO during summer training as a part of my b.tech...i am sharing here what i learn in HINDALCO.
Andrew Bissell & Richard Jennings, Managing Director Castle Rock Edinvar presented the attached at an event organised by Holyrood Events - Eradicating Fuel Poverty: Delivering Warm Homes.
If you require any further information on this presentation please contact andrew.bissell@sunamp.co.uk or for information on the event please contact zoe@hoyrood.com
Fertilizer value of swine manure: a comparison of a lagoon and a deep pit slu...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: www.extension.org/72744
Since 2000 the cost of fertilizer has more than doubled. According to information provided by the USDA Economic Research Service (2013), the national average price per pound of N has increased between 2000 and 2012 by a factor of 2.6. Over the same time period, phosphate price increased by a factor of 2.8, and potassium price increased by a factor of 4.0. As a result, fertilizer costs now contribute 30% to 40% of the annual variable costs to grow many cereal grains. Table 1. Fertilizer priceDuring the same time period environmental regulations have greatly decreased the construction of swine finishing facilities that use liquid manure handling systems that require the use of a lagoon or storage pond. In response to these economic and regulatory realities, some swine production companies are considering the use of deep pit slurry systems instead of an outdoor lagoon or storage. Benefits of the deep pit slurry system include the exclusion of rainfall, reduction in storage visibility, and conservation of valuable major plant nutrients (N, P, K) for the purpose of reducing production costs for feed grains. The objective of this presentation is to compare the fertilizer value of the manure produced from swine finishing barns that use a liquid manure handling with a treatment lagoon, and swine finishing barns that store manure below slotted floors in pits.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Presentation - Coal and Biomass Combustionncarlin50
These are slides from my doctoral defense in March 2009. Supply and properties of biomass are discussed. The proposed co-firing and reburing of coal with biomass is then presented. Finally, a conceptualized model of a waste-based biomass disposal system is presented. If you have any interests or questions of this work or if you would like to see this presentation with animated graphics, please e-mail Nicholas Carlin at ncarlin50@hotmail.com.
Heating consists of the majority of the energy demand in Industries. Around 123 Gwh of energy is consumed every year.
The workshop was conducted to give an understanding of the various ways to sustainably provide heat for processes.
A student technical seminar on the use of condensing economisers used in thermal power industry and the need to increase their use for lesser carbon footprint.
Animal agriculture adaptation planning guide (climate change)LPE Learning Center
This 44-page publication produced by the AACC project is a planning guide to help guide farmers through the process of future farm planning considering climate change.
Format: Factsheet or Publication - Reference: Schmidt, D., E. Whitefield, D. Smith. 2014. Produced for Animal Agriculture in a Changing Climate Project.
What is the difference when talking about weather versus climate? How do you measure and describe the atmosphere? How are models used in predicting weather or climate? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
What are some of the basic principles and terminology involved in climate change? Learn more about the Earth's atmosphere, energy balance, and how the greenhouse effect can alter both climate and weather. What is climate forcing? What is climate feedback? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
The current state of cap-and-trade in the U.S. and the mandatory greenhouse g...LPE Learning Center
Where is U.S. policy and voluntary markets current at in terms of cap-and-trade? What is the mandatory greenhouse gas reporting rule and how does it apply to animal agriculture? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in animal agricultureLPE Learning Center
What steps can animal agriculture take to reduce (mitigate) the greenhouse gas emissions from their farms? What is carbon sequestration and how will that play a role? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
User capabilities and next generation phosphorus (p) indicesLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72814
The phosphorus (P) index is the primary approach to identify field management strategies and/or manure application strategies likely to lead to excessive risk of P loss. It has been over 40 years since the first research connecting agronomic P management and water quality and over 20 years since the initial publication defining a P Index. This session will consider opportunities to build on and expand existing P Index strategies to make them more effective at protecting water quality and friendlier to the target user.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72818
Phosphorus indices provide relative loss ratings that then have a corresponding management response. Because most state Phosphorus Indices are qualitative it is not clear how the relative loss rating corresponds to actual phosphorus inputs into the receiving water and how the receiving water would react to these additions. Even with qualitative Phosphorus Indices, unless the water resource has a specific Total Maximum Daily Load, it is not clear how losses correspond to water quality outcomes. These issues will be discussed in the context of the 590 Natural Resources Conservation Standard for nutrient management.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72868
There has been a tremendous amount of activity and funding of conservation programs with regional and watershed-specific cost-share initiatives. While there have been some successes, water quality response in many areas has not been as great as expected. This has led many to question the efficacy of these measures and to call for stricter land and nutrient management strategies. In many cases, this limited response has been due to the legacies of past management activities, where sinks and stores of phosphorus along the land-freshwater continuum mask the effects of reductions in edge-of-field losses of phosphorus.
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the southern region o...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72817
The purpose of our work was to determine, within the southern region (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, and TX), the feasibility of using different models to determine potential phosphorus loss from agricultural fields in lieu of phosphorus indices.
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the heartland region ...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72813
Phosphorus (P) indices are a key tool to minimize P loss from agricultural fields but there is insufficient water quality data to fully test them. Our goal is to use the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender Model (APEX), calibrated with existing edge-of-field runoff data, to refine P indices and demonstrate their utility as a field assessment tool capable of protecting water quality. In this phase of the project our goal is to use existing small-watershed data from the Heartland Region (IA, KS, MO and NE) to determine the level of calibration needed for APEX before using the model to generate estimates of P loads appropriate for evaluating a P Index.
Checking ambition with reality the pros and cons of different approaches to s...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72793
The revision of the USDA-NRCS national standard for nutrient management in 2011 was driven, in part, by inconsistencies in state phosphorus (P) indices, rekindling debates over standardizing indices at regional or national scales. Reasonable arguments exist for maintaining the status quo, which allows for state specific site assessment approaches, as well as for regional and national P Indices, which would take advantage of expertise, resources and technologies that may not exist locally. In addition, a diversity of site assessment approaches have now been proposed that differ from the original P Index. Understanding the benefits and limitations provided with these approaches is key to advancing site assessment for P management.
Removing phosphorus from drainage water the phosphorus removal structureLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72839
We constructed a phosphorus (P) removal structure on a poultry farm in Eastern OK; this is a BMP that can remove dissolved P loading in the short term until soil legacy P concentrations decrease below levels of environmental concern. A P removal structure contains P sorbing materials (PSMs) and are placed in a location to intercept runoff or subsurface drainage with high dissolved P concentrations. As high P water flows through the PSMs, dissolved P is sorbed onto the materials by several potential mechanisms, allowing low P water to exit the structure. While they vary in form, P removal structures contain three main elements: 1) use of a filter material that has a high affinity for P, 2) containment of the material, and 3) the ability to remove that material and replace it after it becomes saturated with P and is no longer effective.
Legacy phosphorus in calcareous soils effects of long term poultry litter app...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72864
Livestock manures, including poultry litter, are often applied to soil as crop fertilizer or as a disposal mechanism near livestock housing. Manures can improve soil quality and fertility; however, over-application can result in negative environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of surface waters following runoff of soluble or particulate-associate phosphorus (P). In soil, P exists in many forms (inorganic/organic, labile/stable) and the fate of manure P is highly dependent upon soil properties, including soil texture and microbial activity. The Houston Black series is a calcareous (~17% calcium carbonate), high-clay soil that occupies roughly 12.6 million acres in east-central Texas. These Blackland vertizols are agronomically important for the production of cotton, corn, hay, and other crops, but their high calcium and clay content could lead to accumulation of P in forms that are not readily available for plant utilization. Accumulated P could serve as a source of legacy P if mineralized or otherwise transformed in situ or transported with soil particles in runoff.
Identify and synthesize methods to refine phosphorus indices from three regio...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72867
This project was started to work with regional CIG projects to calibrate and harmonize Phosphorus Indices across the U.S., demonstrate their accuracy in identifying the magnitude and extent of phosphorus loss risk, and provide suggestions to refine or improve existing Indices. This research is important to provide consistency among state Phosphorus Indices and their subsequent recommendations.
Modeling phosphorus runoff in the chesapeake bay region to test the phosphoru...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72795
The revision of USDA-NRCS’s standard for nutrient management coincided with significant assessment of the performance of Phosphorus (P) Indices in the six states that are tied to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 64,000 square mile watershed is the focus of unprecedented activity around nutrient management as a result of a 2011 Total Maximum Daily Load for P, nitrogen (N), and sediment under the Clean Water Act. In addition, the state of Maryland had required updates to it’s original P Index, resulting in broad scrutiny by various interest groups. Within this setting, USDA-NRCS funded a multi-state project to help advance the testing and harmonization of P-based management in the Chesapeake region.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Combustion of Poultry Litter: A Comparison of Using Litter for On-Farm Space Heating Versus Generation of Electricity
1. Combustion of Poultry Litter: A
Comparison of Using Litter for On-Farm
Space Heating Versus Generation of
Electricity
John P. Chastain, Ph.D.
Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer
School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences
Waste to Worth Conference, Denver, Colorado
Grand Hyatt Hotel • April 1-5, 2013
2. Using Manure For Energy Is an Old
Idea
People have used manure as an energy source
for thousands of years.
Dried dung was used as fuel for ovens and
open fires.
More recently:
making biogas from slurries,
Combustion in a furnace, or
using pyrolysis and exhaust-gas reburn.
3. Poultry Litter Contains a Significant
Amount of Energy
Average HHV = 6202 Btu/dry lb
If litter has a moisture content of 24%
the LHV is 4480 Btu/wet lb.
Unfortunately we cannot use all of this
heat.
No method of heating or generating
electricity is 100% efficient.
4. How much litter is in one 42’ x 500’ broiler
house?
Estimate based on measurements in a SC broiler house.
So for a 6-house farm the litter production
= 846.8 tons/year.
Litter Depth = 5.675 in
Moisture Content = 24 %
Bulk density = 28.4 lb/ft3
Floor Area of 1 house = 21000 ft2
Litter volume = 9931.25 ft3
Mass of litter / house = 141.13 tons/yr
5. Can we burn this litter on-farm
to off-set LP gas needs?
Will we have enough?
6. Several groups and companies are
developing poultry litter furnaces
Turkey litter in Missouri
(on-farm heat)
Broiler litter in Arkansas
(Tom Costello, on-farm
heat).
American Heat and Power
(Habetiz and Echols,
power plant)
Brisco Farm, Mo. www. ecoagri.biz
http://www.americanheatandpower.com/PoultryLitterEnergy.html
7. The efficiency of the poultry house
determines how much LPG is needed.
Table 2. Estimates of annual LP gas use for
heating in broiler houses based on house
energy efficiency and number of flocks grown
per year.
Level of Broiler
House Energy
Efficiency
5 Flocks per
Year
5.5 Flocks
per Year
gal LP per year per 1,000
square ft of house
Very efficient 120 132
Efficient 150 165
Average 180 198
Low 200 220
Very low 270 297
8. LP Gas use measured on SC broiler farms:
“Typical” Values
LPG Use Rate = 240 gal LP /1000 ft2
/yr
LPG Use / house = 5040 gal LP /yr
LP Use / 6-house farm = 30240 gal LP /yr
9. Need an estimate of overall heating system
efficiency.
Heating system efficiency takes into account
the efficiency of the furnace and the
efficiency of distributing the heat to the
broiler house.
It can be as low as 20% with 40% being a
reasonable target (Costello, 2007).
So that means for every 1000 Btu of heat in
the litter only 400 Btu will be used to heat the
house!
10. So how much heat is in the litter on a 6-
house farm?
With this heating system 1 ton of litter can
replace 38.75 gal of LP!
litter/6-house farm = 846.8 tons/yr
Heat Value of Wet Litter = 8960000 Btu/ton
Heat Content = 7587309744 Btu/year
Heating System Efficiency = 40 %
Heat delivered to houses = 3034923898 Btu/year
Energy Content of LP = 92,500 Btu/gal LP
LPG equivalence = 32810 LPG Eq./year
LPG Eq./ton of litter = 38.75
11. So would there be enough litter to heat
these houses?
Produce 846.8 tons/year
Need 30,240 gal LP/year
1 ton of Litter replaces 38.75 gal LP
So I need: 30,240 gal LP
÷ 38.75 gal LPG Eq./ton = 780.4 tons
(66.4 tons extra?)
Yes, if heat can be produced and delivered when
needed. Expect 80% to 100% depending on
weather.
12. Need to remember that burning litter will
produce ash that must be managed.
Litter ash cannot be used as a lime
substitute.
Has high concentrations of P, K, and
minor nutrients.
Does not contain N.
Must be spread based on P2O5 or K2O.
13. How much ash and plant nutrients will be
produced?
1 Broiler 6-House
House Broiler Farm
Ash production if 100% of LPGis off-set (ton/yr) 24.4 147
Plant nutrient yield in ash
P2O5 (ton/yr) 2.20 13.2
K2O (ton/yr) 1.90 11.4
Ca (ton/yr) 1.40 8.4
Mg (ton/yr) 0.30 1.8
S (ton/yr) 0.28 1.7
Zn (lb/yr) 35.6 214
Cu (lb/yr) 37.6 226
Mn (lb/yr) 43.5 261
14. How much land is needed?
1 Broiler 6-House
House Broiler Farm
Ash production if 100% of LPG is off-set (ton/yr) 24.4 147
Plant nutrient yield in ash
P2O5 (ton/yr) 2.20 13.2
K2O (ton/yr) 1.90 11.4
Land area needed if ash is spread based on 89 lb P2O5/ac (acre/yr) 49.4 296
Ash application rate (ton/acre) 0.49
Land area needed if ash is spread based on 45 lb K2O (acre/yr) 84.4 506
Ash application rate (ton/acre) 0.29
15. What is the value of the ash if spread based
on P2O5 for a 6-house farm?
Value of P2O5 = 13.2 ton/year x 2000 lb/ton x
$0.69/lb = $18,216/year
Value of K2O = 11.4 ton/year x 2000 lb/ton x
$0.50/lb = $11,400/year
Total value = $29,616/year
Can this be used for the poultry producer’s
cropping enterprise?
16. What would the savings be if litter replaced
LP? – Scenario 1: Use ash on own land.
LP gas for a 6-house farm = 30,240 gal/year
Assume price is $1.90/gal
Value of LP savings = $57,456
However all N was lost in the litter that was burned
– 780.4 tons burned.
PAN = 44 lb PAN/ton @ $0.71/lb
N-lost was worth $24,380
P & K Value = $29,616/year
Net gain = $62,692/year (LP saved – N lost + P&K)
17. What would the savings be if litter replaced
LP? – Scenario 2: No land - brokerage
LP gas for a 6-house farm = 30,240 gal/year
Assume price is $1.90/gal
Value of LP savings = $57,456
Brokerage payments lost on the 780.4 tons burned.
Litter price = $15/ton
Loss of Brokerage Payment = $11,706
P & K Value = ($29,616/year x 0.33) = $9,773
Net gain = $55,523/year (LP saved – Loss + P&K/3)
18. The big questions is…
Can annual savings of $55,523 to $62,692
per year pay for the heating system fast
enough?
Cost to produce an LPG Eq. is about $0.55 to
$0.65/LPG Eq. in other systems studied.
Assume we can make a LPG Eq. for $0.65.
30,240 gal LPG Eq. x $0.65 = $19,656/year
Annual savings is closer to $35,867 to
$43,036 per year.
19. Value per ton of litter
Burned 780.4 tons of litter
Annual savings $35,867 to $43,036 per
year.
Value of litter =$46 to $55/ton
20. Electricity use based on data collected on
SC broiler farms
Cost per kWh = $0.077 to $0.122
kWh Use Rate = 2326 kWh/1000 ft2
/yr
kWh Use / house = 48846 kWh/yr
kWh Use / 6-house farm = 293076 kWh/yr
21. Can litter be burned to generate electricity?
Yes – but may not be cost-effective on-farm
Need a steam boiler and turbine. Cost to
produce a kWh is high for small units.
Smallest units are on the order of 1000 kW.
22. Average overall efficiency for coal-fired,
steam power plants in the US is 32%.
(Beer, 2012)
Most of the energy in the fuel is lost as
heat.
23. To run a 1 MW plant requires (Chastain et
al., 2012)…
Biomass fuel feed rate = 2381 lb litter /hr
Need 10,429 tons of litter / year!
Gross energy production
= 8,759,891 kWh/year
Gross kWh/ton of litter = 840
Need 74, 42’ x 500’ broiler houses
24. Net kWh for a 1 MW plant (Chastain et al.,
2012)…
Gross energy production
= 8,759,891 kWh/year
Gross kWh/ton of litter = 840
Need 74, 42’ x 500’ broiler houses
Electrical use by houses
= 3,614,604 kWh/year
Net energy to grid = 5,145,287 kWh/year
Net kWh/ton of litter = 493 (59%)
25. So only 590 kW of a 1000 kW power
plant would be available to supply
energy to something besides the farms
that generate the litter.
Not horrible, but needs to be considered!
Nothing is 100% efficient!
Makes co-firing of coal & litter look attractive.
26. A 1 MW litter powered plant will
produce…
1957 tons of litter ash.
176 tons of P2O5.
152 tons of K2O
Using our previous price assumptions the ash
has a value of at least $394,880.
Seems like a larger power plant would be
needed to justify construction of a fertilizer
plant.
27. Results for a Single Farm with Best
Assumptions
1 broiler house can support 13.5 kW.
A 6-house farm could operate a 80 kW generator.
The on-farm generator could produce 711,312
kWh/year
293,076 kWh per year could be used on-farm.
Excess would be 418,236 kWh/year
Potential value = $0.12 x 293,076 + $0.045
x 418,236 = $53,990/year
28. Are you lowering your costs in this case?
Value of electricity = $53,990/year
The lowest price to produce a kWh in this system is
about $0.08/kWh.
Lowest cost to produce = 711,312 kWh/year
x $0.08/kWh = $56,905 /year
Are you making money for your trouble?
No. Loss of at least $3000 / year or $3.54/ton of
litter (-$3000/846.8 tons/year).
29. Conclusion
Using litter for heating is the only on-farm
alternative that makes sense at this time.
Value of litter (100% use) will range from $46 to
$55/ton
Matching heat demand is tough and will prevent
100% utilization of litter for combustion.
Need large scale to be in the electric power business.
Key is to understand cost to produce energy on farm
which will vary greatly.