These are slides from my doctoral defense in March 2009. Supply and properties of biomass are discussed. The proposed co-firing and reburing of coal with biomass is then presented. Finally, a conceptualized model of a waste-based biomass disposal system is presented. If you have any interests or questions of this work or if you would like to see this presentation with animated graphics, please e-mail Nicholas Carlin at ncarlin50@hotmail.com.

1. Optimum usage and economic feasibility of animal manure-based biomass in combustion systems Nicholas T. Carlin [email_address] Under the advisement of: Dr. K. Annamalai & Dr. W. Harman Texas A&M University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering March 9, 2009

5. Fuel Analyses

6. Bulk Density of Manure Biomass Data from Chen, 1983, Ag. Wastes 6 Curve fit to Chen’s data

7. Modeling Particle Distribution and Specific Heat Porosity: Specific heat of bone dry biomass solids, adapted from Bohnhoff et al ., 1987. Specific heat of wet biomass solids

8. Thermal Energy Conversion of Manure OPTION 1 : Large-scale combustion OPTION 2 : Small-scale, on-the-farm combustion Drying Grinding and other processing Emission and dollar savings (or costs)? Overall economic feasibility? Waste disposal plus co-benefit of usable energy or thermal commodities Design considerations. Gross economic study. Power Plant

9. Option 1 Large Scale Combustion

10. Transporting Manure Biomass Centralized drying and composting facility <30 km (<20 miles) 80-320 km (50-200 miles) Dairy Dairy Large feedlot or CAFO Power Plant

16. Project time (yrs) Cash Flows (Dollars) 30 15 20 25 5 10 Diesel, natural gas, propane fueling costs Labor & Maintenance Coal savings Avoided CO 2 and NO x emission allowances Annual Cash Flows Capital Costs New plant equipment and retrofit Dryer facility and equipment Transport vehicles

17. Project time (yrs) Cash Flows (Dollars) 30 15 20 25 5 10 Operating cost/revenue Annual Cash Flows Capital Costs Operating cost or revenue New plant equipment and retrofit Dryer facility and equipment Transport vehicles

18. Project time (yrs) Cash Flows (Dollars) 30 15 20 25 5 10 Net Present Value Net Present Worth Net Present Cost OR

19. Project time (yrs) Cash Flows (Dollars) 30 15 20 25 5 10 Annualized cost or revenue Annual Cash Flows

23. Year One Comparison Total Operating Cost @ Y1 = $1.2 million

24. Annual Cash Flow for Base Case NPW = -$22.6 million

26. Effect of Coal Prices

27. Effect of CO 2 Value Co-firing with biomass becomes profitable

28. Cost components of co-firing vs. transport distance 70 – 80% of drying cost due to natural gas

29. Cases where natural gas may not be needed May be the case for dairies and feedlots in the Texas Panhandle Region NPW = -$22.6 million NPW = +$2.1 million Waste heat utilized from power plant

32. Effect of NO x Value

33. Effect of NO x Value

34. Option 2 Small-scale, On-the-farm Combustion

35. Solids Separator Pump Process (e.g. space heating, hot water generator, etc.) Flushed Manure Slurry 90-99% moisture Semi solids 50-70% moisture Vapor Exhaust Biomass Solids 15-30% moisture Bottom Ash Exhaust Products Wastewater 1-6% solids Condensate for continued flushing Recycled wastewater for flushing or treatment lagoon Saturated Steam Remaining solids %M=?? Condensate for continued flushing Proposed Manure Waste Disposal Combustion System for on-the-farm disposal Combustion Air Air Air

36. Disposal Efficiency Mass of flushed manure leaving the animal housings Mass of wastewater not vaporized in the boiler Mass of remaining ash

37. Tracking Results in Spreadsheet

38. Dryer Design

39. Effect of Ash Percentage

40. Additional Fueling

45. Questions? [email_address]