The document discusses various types of English texts, including narrative, spoof, recount, procedure, descriptive, report, news item, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, explanation, and discussion texts. Each text type is defined along with its communicative purpose, structure, and examples, illustrating how they engage readers through storytelling, description, or argumentation. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding the characteristics and functions of different text types in written communication.

1. JENIS – JENIS TEXT
DALAM BHS INGGRIS

2. NARRATIVE TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang bercerita mengikuti alur waktu
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman
nyata atau khayal.
 Struktur Teks
 Orientation/ pengenalan : pengenalan tokoh dalam cerita
serta waktu dan tempat kejadiannya.
 Complication: gambaran munculnya krisis atau masalah
yang di alami oleh tokoh pada cerita tersebut yang harus
dipecahkan.
 Resolution: bagaimana tokoh dari cerita tersebut
memecahkan masalah yang ada pada bagian Complication.
Biasanya terdapat lebih dari satu Resolution untuk satu
Complication.
 Coda: berisi perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh dan
pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita tersebut.

3. Contoh Teks:
Snow White
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White.
She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were
dead. One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about
leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to
go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take
Snow White.
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she
decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning
she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were
having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one
answered so she went inside and fell asleep. Meanwhile, the
seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went
inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow
White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “what is
your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”
Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here
with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then
Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and finally Snow
White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

4. SPOOF TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang bersumber dari kejadian faktual
dimasa lampau dengan tujuan menghibur
pendengar atau pembaca
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca.
 Struktur Teks
 Orientation/ pengenalan : pengenalan tokoh
dalam cerita serta waktu dan tempat kejadiannya.
 Event: gambaran munculnya kejadian-kejadian
yang wajar untuk membuat alur cerita.
 Twist: kejadian sebaliknya yang memunculkan
ending yang lucu dan tak diduga sebelumnya.

5. Contoh Text:
Crossed The Street
One day an old man stood up on a bus
halt. He looked waiting something. Then
he asked to a young man near him.
"Excuse me, may I ask you something?"
said the old man. "Yes, what is it?" the
young man replied. "What time is the bus
to Bandung?" asked the old man. "5
minutes later," the young man answered.
"What time is the bus to Semarang?" the
old man asked again. "Around 10
minutes later," the young man answered
briefly. "Where are you going to go, sir?"
"I just want to cross this street. I'm afraid
they hit me," the old man answered then
walked crossing the street.

6. RECOUNT TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang menceritakan kembali kejadian yang
telah terjadi berurutan dengan menggunakan
keterangan waktu yang jelas pada masa lampau
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca.
 Struktur Teks
 Orientation/ pengenalan : pengenalan tokoh
dalam cerita serta waktu dan tempat kejadiannya.
 Event: gambaran munculnya kejadian-kejadian
yang wajar untuk membuat alur cerita.
 Twist: kejadian sebaliknya yang memunculkan
ending yang lucu dan tak diduga sebelumnya.

7. Contoh Teks:
CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic.
First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the
buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating.
When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket,
some played cards but others went for a walk with the
teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic.
Finally, at two o’clock we left for school.
We had a great day.

8. PROCEDURE TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang menjelaskan dengan jelas cara
membuat atau melakukan sesuatu.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Memberi petunjuk cara melakukan sesuatu
melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah.
 Struktur Teks
 Goal/Aim/Tujuan
 Materials/Tools/Bahan/Alat
 Steps/Methods/Langkah

9. Contoh Teks:
How to make Lemonade
 Ingredients:
For each glass use:
- 2 tablespoons of lemon juice.
- 2 tablespoons of sugar.
- 1 glass of water.
 Methods:
1. Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.
2. Take out the seeds.
3. Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.
4. Add sugar.
5. Add water and stir well.
6. Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or
more lemon to make it taste just right.
7. Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make
pink lemonade.

10. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang menggambarkan seseorang, benda atau tempat
tertentu sehingga pembaca dapat membayangkan seolah-
olah yang diceritakan itu benar-benar nyata.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Memberikan informasi tentang ciri-ciri seseorang, benda,
atau tempat tertentu.
 Struktur Teks
 Identification / Pengenalan: ciri-ciri seseorang, suatu
benda atau tempat tertentu yang akan dideskripsikan.
 Description / Deskripsi: menggambarkan ciri-ciri
seseorang, benda atau tempat tersebut, misalnya bentuk,
ukuran, warna, asal, kegemaran dan ciri khusus lainnya.

11. Contoh Teks:
Niagara Waterfall
Niagara Falls is a famous area of waterfalls. It is one of the most
beautiful natural wonders of North America. It is on the Niagara
River, about halfway between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The
Niagara River forms part of the border between Canada and the
United States. At Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada is on one side of
the river, and the U.S. state of New York is on the other side.
Niagara Falls really has two waterfalls. The Horseshoe Falls are in
Canada, and the American Falls are in the United States.
The Niagara River drops into a steep gorge or canyon, at the falls.
Most of the water flows over the Horseshoe Falls. They are not as
high as the American Falls, but they are 2,600 feet (792 metres)
wide–about 0.5 mile (0.8 kilometre). The American Falls are
about 1,000 feet (305 metres) wide. Beyond the falls are the
Whirlpool Rapids. There, the powerful swirling water has carved
a bowl out of the rock.
At night, coloured lights shine on the thundering falls. About 10
million people visit Niagara Falls each year.

12. REPORT TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang mendeskripsikan sesuatu merujuk kepada gejala-
gejala alam, hasil karya manusia, dan fenomena sosial
dengan apa adanya. Informasi yang dihadirkan dalam Report
Text adalah hasil dari observasi dan analisis secara
sistematis.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Memberikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai
hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis.
 Struktur Teks
 General Clasification/ Gambaran umum: pengenalan
fenomena/ benda yang akan dibicarakan dengan
menyertakan pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek
laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasi-nya.
 Description / Deskripsi: gambaran dari fenomena/ benda
yang didiskusikan dari bagian ke bagiannya, kebiasaan atau
tingkah laku untuk benda hidup, ataupun kegunaannya
untuk benda secara detail.

13. Contoh Teks:
Mangrove Tree
A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and
salt-filtering tap roots which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish
water is salty but not as salty as sea water. Mangrove trees are commonly
planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves can serve as walls of protection
for natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami. According to BBC News, healthy
mangrove forests had helped save lives in the Asia disaster tsunami and people
tended to respect these natural barriers even more, especially after the tsunami.
There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some
prefer more salinity, while others like to be very-close to a large fresh water
source such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some
species have their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide.
Other species grow on dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of
India reported that rare species of mangrove had been found and was also
known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are silver-coated.
Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet
they also need to be firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by
waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under
water surface. as the soil begin to build up, these roots procedure additional
roots that become embedded in the soil.

14. NEWS ITEM TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang memberi informasi kepada pembaca mengenai
kejadian-kejadian yang terjadi sehari-hari. Kejadian-kejadian
tersebut yang disampaikan kepada pembaca adalah kejadian
yang dianggap penting, hangat dan patut dijadikan berita.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Memberikan kepada pembaca tentang peristiwa atau
kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan.
 Struktur Teks
 Newsworthy Event: berisi berita tentang peristiwa atau
kejadian inti yang biasanya dalam bentuk ringkasan
 Background Event: bagian yang menceritakan atau berisi
tentang latar belakang peristiwa atau kejadian, siapa yang
terlibat dan di mana tempat kejadiannya
 Source: bagian yang menceritakan atau berisi tentang
komentar, saksi kejadian, pendapat para ahli, dsb. mengenai
peristiwa atau kejadian yang diberitakan.

15. Contoh Teks:
Undersea earthquake strikes off Maluku
JAKARTA (AP): A strong earthquake struck in eastern
Indonesian waters on Tuesday, a meteorological agency
said. A local official said there was no threat of a destructive
tsunami, and no damage or causalities were immediately
reported.
The quake, which had a preliminary magnitude of 6.1, was
centered beneath the Banda Sea around 188 kilometers
(117 miles) southwest of Ambon, the capital of Maluku
province, the U.S. Geological Survey said on its Web site.
The tremor was not felt by residents in the region and there
were no reports of damage or casualties, said Aprilianto, an
official at a Jakarta-based local Meteorological and
Geophysics Agency.

16. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang menjelaskan secara menyeluruh tentang suatu masalah
dengan melibatkan pendapat dari penulis tersebut.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Meyakinkan pembaca terhadap 'sesuatu' dengan memberikan
satu sisi pendapat saja.
 Struktur Teks
 Thesis : bagian ini berisi tentang sudut pandang penulis terhadap
suatu permasalah yang ada secara sederhana agar lebih mudah
dipahami.
 Argument : Pada bagian ini berisikan tentang penguatan-
penguatan dari thesis yang masih dalam bentuk sederhana tadi
yang berupa argumen-argumen agar para pembaca lebih yakin
tentang keberadaan dari permasalahan yang diangkat oleh penulis
 Re-iteration : Kesimpulan dari apa yang telah dibahas atau
mengungkapkan kembali apa yang telah dibahas dalam thesis.

17. Contoh Teks:
NUCLEAR POWER
There are three separate source of hazard in the process of supplying energy by
nuclear power. The radioactive material must travel from its place of
manufacture to the power station. Although the power station themselves are
solidity, built, the container used for the transport of the material are not. There
are normally two methods of transport available, namely road or rail.
Unfortunately, both of this involve close contact with the general public, since
the routes are sure to pass near, or even though, heavy populated areas.
Next, there is problem of waste. All nuclear power station produce waste that
the most cases will remain radioactive for thousand of years. It is impossible to
make these wastes non radioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the
inconvenient ways that the scientist have invented. For example, they may be
buried under the ground, or dropped into abandoned mines, or sunk the sea.
However, theses methods do not solve the problem, since the earthquake could
easily crack the containers open.
Finally, there is the problem of accidental exposure due to a leak or an explosion
at the power station. As with the other two hazards, this is not very likely, so
that is does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program.
Nevertheless, it can happen.
Separately, these three types of risk are not great cause for concern. On the
whole through, the probability or disaster is still high.

18. HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang memuat tentang pendapat penulis untuk
memengaruhi pembaca untuk melakukan sesuatu atau
bertindak dalam hal tertentu.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Memaparkan dan memengaruhi pembaca bahwa
seharusnya demikian dan seharusnya tidak demikian.
 Struktur Teks
 Thesis : pengenalan ide pokok penulis tentang suatu
gejala atau kejadian yang akan diangkat atau dibahas.
 Argument : berisi tentang pendapat-pendapat yang
mendukung ide pokok penulis.
 Recomendation: berisi tentang rekomendasi atau ajakan
penulis terhadap pembaca.

19. Contoh Teks:
Corruption
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the
relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is
common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s
just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one
reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in
Indonesia.
The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a
living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok
port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want
to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more
often. They even bribe the officials.
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem
by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to
prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality
caused by corruption.
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I
think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate
corruption. We must not make any distinction.

20. EXPLANATION TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang berisi tentang proses-proses yang berhubungan dengan
fenomena-fenomena alam, soisal, ilmu pengetahuan, budaya dan
lainnya. Sebuah Explanation text biasanya berasal dari pertanyaan
penulis terkait ‘why’ dan ‘how’ terhadap suatu fenomena yang
ada.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Memaparkan atau menerangkan proses-proses yang terjadi dalam
pembentukan atau kegiatan yang terkait dengan fenomena-
fenomena alam, sosial, ilmu pengetahuan, budaya, dan lainnya.
 Struktur Teks
 General statement: berisi tentang penjelasan umum tentang
fenomena yang akan dibahas, bisa berupa pengenalan fenomena
tersebut atau penjelasannya.
 Sequenced of Explanation: berisi tentang penjelasan proses
mengapa fenomena tersebut bisa terjadi atau tercipta.
 Closing: berisi tentang langkah akhir yang dijelaskan pada bagian
squenced of explanation

21. Contoh Teks:
How The Chocolate is Produced
Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing
world of chocolate so we can understand exactly how chocolate is made.
Chocolate is taken from a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial
regions, especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree
produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree's seeds.
They are also known as coco beans.
Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are
shipped to the chocolate makers. The chocolate makers work by roasting the beans to
bring out the flavour. The beans from different places have different qualities and flavour.
So they are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix.
The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of
the cacao beans from the shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to
make liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.
All seeds contain amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are
half fats. They are pure bitter chocolates.

22. DISCUSSION TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang berisi tentang sebuah wacana yang bermasalah. Wacana yang
bermasalah ini adalah wacana yang memiliki dua kubu antara Pro
(mendukung) dan Contra (penentang) dan didiskusikan berdasarkan
kedua sudut pandang.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Untuk mengetengahkan suatu masalah atau isu yang ditinjau paling tidak
dari dua sudut pandang, sebelum sampai pada suatu kesimpulan atau
rekomendasi.
 Struktur Teks
 Issue: berisi tentang penempatan masalah atau isu yang akan
didiskusikan.
 Supporting points: berisi tentang pendapat yang mendukung issue
berupa ide pokok paragraf dan elaborasi atau uraian dari ide pokok
paragraf tersebut.
 Contrasting points: berisi tentang pendapat yang menentang isu atau
permasalahan.
 Conclusion or recomendation: kesimpulan atau bisa juga
rekomendasikan dari isu atau permasalahan yang telah didiskusikan.

23. Contoh Teks:
PROS AND CONS OF SCHOOL UNIFORMS
The use of school uniforms is a topic of hot debate among parents and school administrators.
Some argue the benefits of school uniforms, while others believe that the downsides are far
more numerous. While you probably cannot influence what your school has already
decided, you may have a voice on the issue of school uniforms in PTA meetings. You also have the
choice of sending your child to a school that does or doesn't require school uniforms. If that is
the case, here are a few pros and cons you should keep in mind.
PROS
• Experts believe that children who wear school uniforms do better academically. This is due to
a myriad of reasons, including not wasting time in the morning getting ready, lack of
distractions, and a more formal studying environment.
• School uniforms may significantly reduce peer pressure. With students not having to worry
about their looks, fitting in not longer becomes the main worry in kid's lives. School uniforms
may also provide a way out for poor children who otherwise couldn't keep up with the trends
and would face ridicule or pressure from other children.
• On the same note, while the initial investment to get school uniforms may be high, children
can then wear the same outfit without having to worry about owning a large change of
clothes. Uniforms are usually made out of durable, easy-to-care for materials that do not
require frequent replacement.
CONS
• School uniforms may hinder self expression through clothing, forcing children to find other
ways to put across who they are. Children who wear school uniforms are more likely to use
makeup early, and many resort to extreme accessories or to alter their uniforms to
differentiate themselves from others. For example, many girls shorten their skirts as a way to
rebel against the severity of school uniforms.
• Self expression and individuality is important to a child's development. Wearing school
uniforms may teach children that is OK to conform to standards, even if you don't agree with
them. It also sends the child a mixed message, as the real world does not allow for safe
options such as wearing a uniform.
As the result of this controversy, there are some countries or schools impose their students
to wear school uniform and some others don’t. Indonesian students have to wear school
uniform since they are Kindergarden, elementary to high school, however they are free when
they are in college or university.

24. REVIEW TEXT
 Pengertian
 Teks yang berisi ulasan tentang karya seseorang, seperti lagu, CD,
buku, film, etc.
 Tujuan komunikatif
 Untuk memberi kritik, saran, atau sebuah respon terhadap sebuah
karya agar khalayak ramai bisa ikut menilai.
 Struktur Teks
 Introduction: berisi tentang pengenalan terhadap pokok yang
akan dibahas.
 Evaluation: berisi tentang gambaran detail dari sebuah karya.
Menceritakan tentang apa yang menjadi kelebihan dari sebuah
karya tersebut dan apa yang membuatnya menarik.
 Interpretation: penulis memberikan pendapatnya sendiri
terhadap sebuah karya yang direviewnya. Untuk lebih
meningkatkan kualitas dan hasil reveiwnya penulis bisa
membandingkan dengan karya lainya yang memiliki kesamaan.
 Summary: kesimpulan dan penilaian penulis yang disampaikan
kepada pembaca.

25. Contoh Teks:
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special
place in my heart. I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my favorite.
When the series began it was as much of a "feel good" experience as a huge mug of hot
cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works...you feel a
whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly
moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel.
The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem
long, as if we're reading all about Harry "just hanging out" instead of having his usual
adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example -
housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I'm not very interested in doing it
or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book - the "real" world comes much more in to play rather
than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off
his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a
teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from
being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend's
heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn't fit with his character, like he turned into
a walking cliché of the "angry teen" overnight.
The "real" story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I
actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made
me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would
have been great.

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