Jason Clay discusses the biggest environmental impacts of the pet food sector and the need for collaborative action.

1. Facing the challenge
Sustainable food for the 21st Century
Jason Clay
SVP Markets & Food
WWF-US

2. “You can’t wake a person
who’s pretending to sleep”
Oromo proverb

3. Food Production
The single largest human impact on the world

4. Biodiversity &
habitat loss 70% of freshwater use
25-30% of GHG
emissions
85% of marine
stocks exploited
Most chemical use 50% loss of top soil

5. issue
identified
Years
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
We are not fast enough
meaningful results
The speed of change ‒
faster than our response

6. 40 years =
8,000 years
Global food

7. x 1 = 7
x2 = 18

8. What are the
results
we can live with?

9. Countries where parks have been downgraded
or taken off the books entirely (1990-2013)
Source: WWF PADDDtracker.org

10. Humans – 30.45%
Livestock and pets – 66.66%
Wild animals – 2.89%
= 1,000,000 tons
Cattle
Pigs
Goats
Sheep
HorsesElephantsData: From Vaclav Smil’s The Earth’s Biosphere: Evolution,
Dynamics, and Change, plus a few other sources
Earth’s land mammals by weight

11. 1 Time to increase GDP per capita (in PPP terms) from 1,300 to 2,600 USD Source: Angus Maddison, University of Groningen
Britain (1700-1855)
US (1820-1873)
India (1989-2006)
China (1983-1995)
Population at start of
growth period
9M
10M
822M
1,023M
Years to double
GDP per capita1
155
53
17
12
The China phenomenon
China doubling of GDP was
12x the speed of Britain
during the
Industrial Revolution at
100x the scale
400 million
lifted out of poverty

12. Source: The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, Advancing Global Food Security in the Face of a Changing Climate, Gerald C. Nelson, March 2014
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
FoodPriceIndex
Burundi (1)
Somalia (5)
India (4)
Mauritania (2)
Mozambique (6)
Yemen (12)
Cameroon (40)
Sudan (3)
Haiti (5), Egypt (3), Cote d’Ivoire (1)
Somalia (5)
Tunisia (1)
India (1)
Sudan (1) Mozambique (13)
Tunisia (300+)
Libya (10000+)
Egypt (800+)
Algeria (4), Arabia (1)
Mauritania (1), Sudan (1),
Yemen (300+) Oman (2), Morocco (5)
Iraq (29), Bahrain (31)
Syria (900+)
Uganda (5)
Bulgaria (5)
Turkey (22)
Food prices & food riots, 2004-13

13. 10%
15%
20%
25%
5%
30%
1930
Source: USDA Economic Research Service, Food Expenditure Series, 2014
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2013
Food as a % of U.S. disposable income

14. Food is cheap, but
800 million
can’t afford it

15. Half of farm families
can’t feed themselves

16. Freeze
the footprint of food

17. We must produce
more with less

18. The issue isn’t
what to think,
it’s how to think

19. Productivity & efficiency
and
waste & consumption

20. On a finite planet,
should consumers
have a choice
about sustainable
products?
Or should
all choices
be more sustainable?

21. 1 out of 3 calories
waste

22. 250 M hectares
by 2030
Rebuild
soils

23. liter of water = calorie1 1

24. Government
regulation
Voluntary
standards
Numberofproducers
Performance shift
Reward the best or move the rest?
Worse Average Better

28. Challenges
for animal protein

29. Chicken – Global improvement evolution
1925 1945 1965 1985 2005 2045*
Conversion – kg feed/kg live 4.7 4.0 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.6
Mortality % 18% 10% 6% 5% 4% 3%
Age (days) 112 84 63 49 42 40
Live commercial weight - kg 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.4 3.2
Source: Dr. Paul Aho, Novus Poultry Roundtable: Feeding the World and the Role of Poultry, January 2010
Poultry – efficiency matters
*projected

30. …to optimizing key ones
Shift from
maximizing one variable…

31. Performanceindicators
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Is Business as Usual (BAU) a stretch goal?
Business as usual (BAU)

32. Cocoa in Cote d’Ivoire, what is continuous improvement?
1945 1965 1985 2005 2015
Yield / hectare Down
Illegal deforestation Up
% pods on a tree that mature for harvest Down
% producers above SDG poverty Down
% trees infected with CSSV Up
% C in soil Down
% farmers under 40 Down
Use of child labor Up
Cocoa – is it “broken?”

33. Climate change &
food production

34. Source: Armando Isaac Martinez, a.i.martinez@cgiar.org; Narioski Castro
Good
Marginal
Barely
Suitability
Very good
Excellent
Current
Suitability of cocoa production

35. Source: Armando Isaac Martinez, a.i.martinez@cgiar.org; Narioski Castro
Less suitable
Much less
Suitability change
No change
More suitable
2030
Suitability of cocoa production

36. Sustainability of raw materials,
from niche to norm
Photo: Pelooyen / Thinkstock

37. Salmon
aquaculture

38. Growing the success of Irish food & horticulture

39. risk
both availability and reputation
The issue is

40. 1975 1985 1995 2005 2009
17%
83%
32%
68%
68%
32%
80%
20%
81%
19%
Tangible assets Intangible assets
Source: Ocean Tomo
Components of S&P 500 market valuePercent
0
20
40
60
80
100

41. Illegally in food
NON-FOOD CROPS
pulp
cotton
rubber
FOOD CROPS
palm oil
soy
cocoa
LIVESTOCK
swine
poultry
cattle
AQUACULTURE
salmon
shrimp
tilapia
FISHERIES
bluefin tuna
demersal fishes
shrimp and prawns

42. Illegality ‒ key issues
• Resource rights, concessions
• Social issues
• Other laws and regulations
• Fraud
• Corruption

43. Labor
violations
Health &
safety
violations
Labor
violations
Lacking or
exceeding
permit
Fraud
Health &
safety
violations
Labor
violations
Fraud Smuggling Tax
evasion Theft
Fraud
Resource
rights
Corruption Corruption Corruption
Labor
violations
Corruption
Packaging
Labor
violations
Labor
violations
Illegality can occur throughout the supply chain

44. Research ‒ Is illegality
important for you?
• 8 companies’ supply chains
• 9 commodities, 8 countries
• All data in the public domain
• White paper drafted in September
• Goal: make illegality pre-competitive
Photo: Romeo Gacad/AFP/Getty Images

45. What the research suggests
• 5 to 44% of target globally traded
commodities are produced illegally
• Even greater % of domestic
consumption produced illegally
• Using only one source of illegality, one
country and data in the public domain

46. If a product is produced illegally,
can it be legal?

47. If a raw material is produced
illegally,
can a product made with it be
legal?

48. If a feed ingredient is produced
illegally,
can animal protein made from it be
legal?

49. Specific challenges
& opportunities for pet food

50. 6%Tetra Pak
direct emissions
Carbon emissions in Tetra Pak supply chain
brands, retailers,
consumer use
38%
raw materials,
production, processing
45%
end of
life
10%
2020 Goal = 10.8 MT CO₂

51. Source: Vale, Robert, and Brenda Vale. Time to Eat the Dog?: The Real Guide to Sustainable Living. London: Thames & Hudson, 2009. Print.
Ecological footprint of pets
Amount of land (ha) required to generate pet food
1.1
0.84
0.76
0.67
0.15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Large dog Medium dog Vietnamese Ethiopian House cat
Hectares

52. Sources: PBL, 2009; CGIAR/CCAFS
Tonnes(millions)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1970 2003 2030
India
Other countries
China
United States
EU-15
Global demand for animal proteins

53. “The drop” is not enough
• Animal protein demand up
• What is seen as “the drop” is down
• International trade reduces by-products
• Aquaculture in direct competition
• The need: find alternatives
Photo: Wichita Eagle

54. Sustainable and
responsible sourcing
• Full legal compliance
• Traceability and transparency
• Value added throughout the value chain
• Livable incomes & workers treated fairly
• Farm animals treated humanely

55. Principles for responsible
seafood sourcing
• Use by-products, not human grade seafood
• Source from certified suppliers or those who are
moving towards certification
• Shift from wild caught to aquaculture sources
• Source seafood from lower trophic levels
• Encourage development of non traditional sources
of seafood, e.g. fishmeal/oil substitutes, tuna blood
• Support ISSF ‒ the power of the drop

56. The impact of packaging ‒
aluminum from Brazil
• The Tucurui dam generates energy to smelt
aluminum
• 660.6 liters of water for each 12-oz can
• The dam reduces river flow by >83%
• 3 cm2 or .465 in2 of rainforest is flooded for
each can
• Recycling uses < 10% of the energy of virgin
aluminum and doesn’t destroy forests

57. Product
Credit
Long-term Contract
IFC
Credit$
Other
Credit$
Processors
Global Buyer of
Hamburger
Other Meat
Markets
Producers
Use long-term contracts

58. How to think differently
• Reputation is a “commons” issue
• Sustainability is precompetitive
• Focus on results, not practices (BMPs)
• The biggest gains – moving the bottom,
not rewarding the top
• Continuous improvement is key to 2050
• Use the market to change it

59. How to think differently
• Reputation is a “commons” issue
• Sustainability is precompetitive
• Focus on results, and continuous
improvement, not practices (BMPs)
• The biggest gains – moving the bottom,
not rewarding the top
• Use the market to change it

60. Current food realities
• 7.4 B food experts
• Social media vs. science
• Extremes dominate discussions
• Transparency and traceability
• Distrust ‒ trade, globalization, experts

61. Think about it.
Jason.clay@wwfus.org