The document discusses the various types and design principles of Japanese gardens, including pond gardens, dry rock gardens, tea gardens, and stroll gardens. It explains the symbolic use of elements like water, rocks, bridges, and plants in Japanese garden design according to principles of miniaturization, asymmetry, and borrowing scenery from the surrounding landscape. The goal of Japanese garden design is to create a peaceful natural environment that incorporates spiritual and philosophical influences from Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism.
3. CONTENTS
Introduction
Essential Aspects
Design Principles
Basic rules in the design of Japanese gardens
Elements of Japanese Garden
Types of Japanese Gardens
Case study
Bibliography
4. INTRODUCTION
The art of gardening is believed to be an important part of Japanese culture for
many centuries.
The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the philosophy and religion of
the country.
Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism were used in the creation of different garden styles in
order to bring a spiritual sense to the gardens and make them places where people
could spend their time in a peaceful way and meditate.
5. ESSENTIAL ASPECTS
• The line between garden and its
surrounding landscape is not distinct.
• Gardens incorporate natural and artificial
elements and thus, fuse the elements of
nature and architecture.
• In the Japanese garden, the viewer
should consider nature as a picture frame
into which the garden, or the man- made
work of art, is inserted.
7. DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Miniaturization: The Japanese garden is a miniature and idealized view of nature. Rocks can
represent mountains, and ponds can represent seas. The garden is sometimes made to appear
larger by placing larger rocks and trees in the foreground, and smaller ones in the background.
Concealment: (miegakure, literally 'hide and reveal.') The Zen Buddhist garden is meant to be seen
all at once, but the promenade garden is meant to be seen one landscape at a time, like a scroll
of painted landscapes unrolling. Features are hidden behind hills, trees groves or bamboo, walls or
structures, to be discovered when the visitor follows the winding path.
Borrowed Scenery :(Shakkei) Smaller gardens are often designed to incorporate the view of
features outside the garden, such as hills, trees or temples, as part of the view. This makes the
garden seem larger than it really is.
Asymmetry: Japanese gardens are not laid on straight axes, or with a single feature dominating
the view. Buildings and garden features are usually placed to be seen from a diagonal, and are
carefully composed into scenes that contrast right angles, such as buildings with natural features,
and vertical features, such as rocks, bamboo or trees, with horizontal features, such as water.
8. BASIC RULES IN DESIGN OF JAPANESE GARDEN
Natural: that should make the garden look as if it grew by itself
Asymmetry: that creates the impression of it being natural
Odd numbers: It supports the effect of the asymmetry
Simplicity: that follows the idea of 'less is more‘
Triangle: that is the most common shape for compositions made of stones, plants, etc.
Contrast: that creates tension between elements
Lines: that can create both tranquility and tension
Curves: that softens the effect
Openness: that indicates interaction between all elements
9. BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDEN
WATER
ROCKSANDSAND
WATERBASIN
STATUES
STONELANNTERN
KOIFISH
GARDENBRIDGES
GARDENFENCES,GATESANDDEVICES
TREESANDFLOWERS
10. Japanese gardens always have water, either a pond
or stream, or, in the dry rock garden, represented
by white sand.
A traditional garden will usually have an irregular-
shaped pond or, in larger gardens, two or more
ponds connected by a channel or stream, and a
cascade, a miniature version of Japan's famous
mountain waterfalls.
In traditional gardens, the ponds and streams are
carefully placed according to Buddhist geomancy,
the art and science of putting things in the place
most likely to attract good fortune.
According to the Sakuteiki, the water should enter
the garden from the east or southeast and flow
toward the west because the east is the home of
the Green Dragon, the west is the home of the
White Tiger, the divinity of the east.
Traditional Japanese gardens have small islands in
the lakes. In sacred temple gardens, there is
usually an island which represents Mount Penglai or
Mount Horai, the traditional home of the Eight
Immortals. RIKUGI-EN-GARDEN IN TOKYO
CASCADE AT NANZEN-JI GARDEN IN KYOTO
11. A flat rock might represent the earth. Sand or gravel can represent a
beach, or a flowing river. Rocks and water also symbolize yin and
yang in Buddhist philosophy; the hard rock and soft water
complement each other, and water, though soft, can wear away rock.
Rough volcanic rocks are usually used to represent mountains or as
stepping stones.
Smooth and round sedimentary rocks are used around lakes or as
stepping stones. Hard metamorphic rocks are usually placed by
waterfalls or streams.
Rocks are traditionally classified as tall vertical, low vertical,
arching, reclining, or flat. Rocks should vary in size and color but
from each other, but not have bright colors, which would lack
subtlety.
Rocks with strata or veins should have the veins all going in the same
direction, and the rocks should all be firmly planted in the earth,
giving an appearance of firmness and permanence.
Rocks are arranged in careful compositions of two, three, five or
seven rocks, with three being the most common. In a three-
arrangement, a tallest rock usually represents heaven, the shortest
rock is the earth, and the medium-sized rock is humanity, the bridge
between heaven and earth.
Rock composition at Tōfuku-ji (1934)
12. In ancient Japan, sand (suna) and gravel (jari)
were used around Shinto shrines and Buddhist
temples. Later it was used in the Japanese rock
garden or Zen Buddhist gardens to represent
water or clouds. White sand represented purity,
but sand could also be gray, brown or bluish-
black.
Selection and subsequent placement of rocks
was and still is a central concept in creating an
aesthetically pleasing garden by the Japanese.
Rock placement is a general “aim to portray
nature in its essential characteristics” - the
essential goal of all Japanese gardens.
Negoro-Temple (Negoro-ji),
Prefecture Wakayama.
Ritsurin Garden
13. The bridge symbolized the path to paradise and immortality.
Bridges could be made of stone (ishibashi), or of wood, or
made of logs with earth on top, covered with moss (dobashi);
they could be either arched (soribashi) or flat (hirabashi).
Sometimes if they were part of a temple garden, they were
painted red, following the Chinese tradition, but for the most
part they were unpainted.
when large promenade gardens became popular, streams and
winding paths were constructed, with a series of bridges,
usually in a rustic stone or wood style, to take visitors on a
tour of the scenic views of the garden.
The Flying Geese
Bridge in Kenroku
-en garden
bridge at Byōdō-in temple (1052)
Stone bridge in Koishikawa Kōrakuen
14. Japanese stone lanterns were located only at Buddhist temples, where they
lined the paths and approaches to the temple.
They were introduced to the tea garden by the first great tea masters, and in
later gardens they were used purely for decoration.
In its complete and original form like the pagoda, represents the five elements
of Buddhist cosmology.
The piece touching the ground represents chi, the earth; the next section
represents sui, or water; ka or fire, is represented by the section encasing the
lantern's light or flame, while fū (air) and kū (void or spirit) are represented by
the last two sections, top-most and pointing towards the sky. The segments
express the idea that after death our physical bodies will go back to their
original, elemental form.
Stone water basins, (tsukubai) were originally placed in gardens for visitors to
wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony.
The water is provided to the basin by a bamboo pipe, or kakei, and they usually
have a wooden ladle for drinking the water.
In tea gardens, the basin was placed low to the ground, so the drinker had to
bend over to get his water.
Stone lanterns
Water basins
15. The exterior
wall of
Katsura
Imperial
Villa,
designed,
like all the
garden, for
purity and
simplicity
The
tradition
al garden
gate of
the
Adachi
Museum
of Art
Gate of
the
Urakue
n tea
garden,
seen
from
inside.
A shishiodoshi is garden
device, made of bamboo and
wood, designed to scare away
birds. As the bamboo tube
fills with water, it clacks
against a stone, empties, then
fills with water again.
16. Each plant is chosen according to aesthetic principles, either to hide undesirable
sights, to serve as a backdrop to certain garden features, or to create a picturesque
scene, like a landscape painting or postcard.
Trees are carefully chosen and arranged for their autumn colors.
Flowers are also carefully chosen by their season of flowering.
Formal flowerbeds are rare in older gardens, but more common in modern gardens.
Maple combined
at Tenryū-ji
Garden in Kyoto
Topiary plant sculpture known as
o-karikomi in Chionin Garden.
O-karikomi sculpted trees and
bushes at Chiran Samurai
Residence.
17. The use of fish, particularly goldfish as a decorative element in gardens was borrowed from
the Chinese garden.
Koi are domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are selected or culled for color.
18. TYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS
Chisen-shoyū-teienor pond garden
The ParadiseGarden
Karesansui dry rock gardens
Roji, or teagardens
Kaiyū-shiki-teien, or promenadegardens
Tsubo-niwacourtyardgarden
Hermitagegarden
19. The chisen-shoyū-teien, literally "lake-spring-boat
excursion garden", was imported from China.
It is also called the shinden-zukuri style, after the
architectural style of the main building.
It featured a large, ornate residence with two long wings
reaching south to a large lake and garden.
Each wing ended in a pavilion from which guests could
enjoy the views of the lake. Visitors made tours of the lake
in small boats.
These gardens had large lakes with small islands, where
musicians played during festivals and ceremonies
worshippers could look across the water at the Buddha. No
original gardens of this period remain, but reconstructions
can be seen at Heian-jingū and Daikaku-ji Temple in Kyoto.
20. The Paradise Garden appeared
in the late Heian Period,
created by nobles belonging to
the Amida Buddhism sect.
They were meant to
symbolize Paradise or the Pure
Land (Jōdo), where
the Buddha sat on a platform
contemplating a lotus pond.
These gardens featured a lake
island called Nakajima, where
the Buddha hall was located,
connected to the shore by an
arching bridge.
21. These gardens have white
sand or raked gravel in
place of water, carefully
arranged rocks, and
sometimes rocks and sand
covered with moss.
Their purpose is to
facilitate meditation, and
they are meant to be
viewed while seated on the
porch of the residence of
the hōjō, the abbot of the
monastery.
22. The style of garden takes its name from the roji, or
path to the teahouse, which is supposed to inspire
the visitor to meditation to prepare him for the
ceremony.
There is an outer garden, with a gate and covered
arbor where guests wait for the invitation to enter.
They then pass through a gate to the inner garden,
where they wash their hands and rinse their
mouth, as they would before entering a Shinto
shrine, before going into the teahouse itself.
The path is always kept moist and green, so it will
look like a remote mountain path, and there are no
bright flowers that might distract the visitor from
his meditation.
Early tea houses had no windows, but later
teahouses have a wall which can be opened for a
view of the garden.
23. These gardens were designed to complement the
houses in the new sukiya-zukuri style of
architecture, which were modeled after the tea
house.
These gardens were meant to be seen by following
a path clockwise around the lake from one
carefully composed scene to another.
These gardens used two techniques to provide
interest;shakkei, or "borrowed scenery", which
took advantage of views of scenery outside the
garden, such as mountains or temples,
incorporating them into the view so the garden
looked larger than it really was; and miegakure, or
"hide-and-reveal," which used winding paths,
fences, bamboo and buildings to hide the scenery
so the visitor would not see it until he was at the
best view point.
24. These small gardens were originally found in
the interior courtyards of Heian Period and
palaces, and were designed to give a glimpse
of nature and some privacy to the residents of
the rear side of the building.
They were as small as one tsubo, or about 3.3
square meters. During the Edo Period,
merchants began building small gardens in
the space behind their shops, which faced the
street, and their residences, located at the
rear.
These tiny gardens were meant to be seen,
not entered, and usually had a stone lantern,
a water basin, stepping stones and a few
plants.
Today, tsubo-niwa are found in many
Japanese residences, hotels, restaurants, and
public buildings.
25. A hermitage garden is a small garden
usually built by a
Samurai or government official who wanted
to retire from public life and devote himself
to study or meditation.
It is attached to a rustic house, and
approached by a winding path, which
suggests it is deep in a forest.
It may have a small pond, a Japanese rock
garden, and the other features of traditional
gardens, in miniature, designed to create
tranquility and inspiration.