This document describes optimization of nutrient components for tacrolimus production by Streptomyces tsukubaensis using statistical experimental designs. Plackett-Burman design identified dextrine white, cotton seed meal, and polyethylene glycol as significant factors affecting tacrolimus yield. Central composite design further optimized these components, determining optimal levels of 173.94 g/L dextrine white, 19.83 g/L cotton seed meal, and 24.72 g/L polyethylene glycol, achieving a maximum tacrolimus yield of 1.08 mg/g. Validation experiments confirmed the adequacy of the statistical model.
Development and Validation of an RP HPLC Method for Analysis of Sitagliptinijtsrd
Sitagliptin is a drug used against type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is a member of class of anti diabetic drugs known as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors or gliptins . A simple, sensitive and accurate RP HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Sitagliptin in bulk formulation. The max of the Sitagliptin was found to be 267nm in Methanol phosphate buffer 10mM pH 4.8 60 40 v v . The method shows high sensitivity with linearity 10 to 50µg ml regression equation y = 45765x 239272 r2 = 0.9996 . The various parameters according to ICH guidelines and USP are followed for validating and testing of this method. The Detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 0.743 µg ml-1 and 2.25µgml-1 respectively. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, specific and reproducible RSD 2 , and also being simple, cheap and less time consuming and appropriate for the determination of Sitagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Pradnya Lokhande "Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for Analysis of Sitagliptin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29214.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/29214/development-and-validation-of-an-rp-hplc-method-for-analysis-of-sitagliptin/pradnya-lokhande
LC-MS compatible stability indicating RP-UPLC method for the estimation of es...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
58. G. Venkata Narasimha Rao, Muralee Krishna, Ravi Kumar Bellam and R. Venkata Nadh, LC-MS compatible stability indicating RP-UPLC method for the estimation of ester prodrug of mycophenolic acid in injection formulation, Asian Journal of Chemistry, (SCOPUS indexed, ISSN: 0970-7077 (Print), 0975-427X (Online)), 30(8) (2018) 1915-1924, DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2018.21445
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Development and Validation of an RP HPLC Method for Analysis of Sitagliptinijtsrd
Sitagliptin is a drug used against type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is a member of class of anti diabetic drugs known as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors or gliptins . A simple, sensitive and accurate RP HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Sitagliptin in bulk formulation. The max of the Sitagliptin was found to be 267nm in Methanol phosphate buffer 10mM pH 4.8 60 40 v v . The method shows high sensitivity with linearity 10 to 50µg ml regression equation y = 45765x 239272 r2 = 0.9996 . The various parameters according to ICH guidelines and USP are followed for validating and testing of this method. The Detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 0.743 µg ml-1 and 2.25µgml-1 respectively. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, specific and reproducible RSD 2 , and also being simple, cheap and less time consuming and appropriate for the determination of Sitagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Pradnya Lokhande "Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for Analysis of Sitagliptin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29214.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/29214/development-and-validation-of-an-rp-hplc-method-for-analysis-of-sitagliptin/pradnya-lokhande
LC-MS compatible stability indicating RP-UPLC method for the estimation of es...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
58. G. Venkata Narasimha Rao, Muralee Krishna, Ravi Kumar Bellam and R. Venkata Nadh, LC-MS compatible stability indicating RP-UPLC method for the estimation of ester prodrug of mycophenolic acid in injection formulation, Asian Journal of Chemistry, (SCOPUS indexed, ISSN: 0970-7077 (Print), 0975-427X (Online)), 30(8) (2018) 1915-1924, DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2018.21445
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
Formulation and Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Medicinal Plants for A...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The aim of the paper is to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal plants using two rat models. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet extraction approaches utilized to separate the constituents of interest. Quantitative analysis has been performed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content. Three plants extract employed for the ointment formulation by addition of the extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH), Murraya koenigii (MK), and Punica granatum (PG) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) ointment base, a blend of PEG 600 and PEG 4000, and ratio 7:3, respectively. Two rat models based on chemical induced animals employed for the anti-inflammatory potential. Results and Discussion: All three plants including AH Lam., MK Linn., and PG Linn. extracted for the major component and have shown the gallic acid and quercetin as major component for flavonoid and phenol content. The ointment formulation F3 has showed maximum inhibition (80.95%) at 50 mg/kg dose of carrageenan-induced edema and 83.33% inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose. The ointment formulation F3 has showed maximum inhibition (78.57%) at 50 mg/kg dose of histamine persuade edema and 83.33% inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose. F3 ointment formulation is better than the F2 and F1 formulation in inhibition and in all phases showing its reserve of kinins as well as arachidonic acid. Conclusion: Quantitative and pharmacological evaluation indicated that ointment formulations of AH, MK, and PG have exploit for anti-inflammatory activity. The normal extract has shown the least activity but ointment formulations have shown the better result. The ointment formulations containing plant extracts in 10% amount have better wound healing potential.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
PEPTIDOMIMETICS , HERE WE HAVE INCLUDED THE INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES, ITS METHODS PREPARATION, PRINCIPLES OD DRUG DESIGN, ITS CHEMISTRY. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
Intranasal delivery of drug loaded thiolated co-polymeric microparticles for...Gaurav Patil
E-Presentation at Two days 15th Indo-US virtual International Conference
on “Global advances in Pharmaceutical and Allied Science”
In collaboration with
APP Gujarat State branch, AAP American International branch,
AAP Pharmedu Healthcare Manag Division
This presentation deals with the brief study of functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles for the delivery of model anticancer drug. It represents benefits of targeted drug delivery over the conventional drug delivery,
It is one of the remingtons journal club seminar which is part of masters degree progam in pharmacy.
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
Formulation and Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Medicinal Plants for A...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The aim of the paper is to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal plants using two rat models. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet extraction approaches utilized to separate the constituents of interest. Quantitative analysis has been performed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content. Three plants extract employed for the ointment formulation by addition of the extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH), Murraya koenigii (MK), and Punica granatum (PG) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) ointment base, a blend of PEG 600 and PEG 4000, and ratio 7:3, respectively. Two rat models based on chemical induced animals employed for the anti-inflammatory potential. Results and Discussion: All three plants including AH Lam., MK Linn., and PG Linn. extracted for the major component and have shown the gallic acid and quercetin as major component for flavonoid and phenol content. The ointment formulation F3 has showed maximum inhibition (80.95%) at 50 mg/kg dose of carrageenan-induced edema and 83.33% inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose. The ointment formulation F3 has showed maximum inhibition (78.57%) at 50 mg/kg dose of histamine persuade edema and 83.33% inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose. F3 ointment formulation is better than the F2 and F1 formulation in inhibition and in all phases showing its reserve of kinins as well as arachidonic acid. Conclusion: Quantitative and pharmacological evaluation indicated that ointment formulations of AH, MK, and PG have exploit for anti-inflammatory activity. The normal extract has shown the least activity but ointment formulations have shown the better result. The ointment formulations containing plant extracts in 10% amount have better wound healing potential.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
PEPTIDOMIMETICS , HERE WE HAVE INCLUDED THE INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES, ITS METHODS PREPARATION, PRINCIPLES OD DRUG DESIGN, ITS CHEMISTRY. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
Intranasal delivery of drug loaded thiolated co-polymeric microparticles for...Gaurav Patil
E-Presentation at Two days 15th Indo-US virtual International Conference
on “Global advances in Pharmaceutical and Allied Science”
In collaboration with
APP Gujarat State branch, AAP American International branch,
AAP Pharmedu Healthcare Manag Division
This presentation deals with the brief study of functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles for the delivery of model anticancer drug. It represents benefits of targeted drug delivery over the conventional drug delivery,
It is one of the remingtons journal club seminar which is part of masters degree progam in pharmacy.
Submerged fermentation of laccase producing Streptomyces chartreusis using bo...IOSR Journals
Response surface methodology was engaged for the optimization of diverse nutritional and physical parameters for laccase production by Streptomyces chartreusis strain NBRC 12753 in the submerged fermentation process. Screening of production parameters was executed using Plackett–Burman design and the variables with statistically momentous effects on laccase production were recognized. Variables such as Cupric sulphate, Pyrogallol and Yeast extract were selected for further optimization studies using Box-Behnken design. The multiple regression coefficients (R2) had a value of 0.9606, indicating that the model could explain up to 96.06 % of the variability of the response. This methodology facilitated analysis of the experimental data to establish the optimum conditions for the process and understand the contribution of individual factors to evaluate the response under optimal conditions. Thus application of Box-Behnken approach appears to have potential usage in process application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...bioejjournal
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration. The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production
Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...bioejjournal
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration.
The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will
surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production.
Cloning and Extracellular Expression of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activa...bioejjournal
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration.
The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will
surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production.
Optimizing the medium conditions for production of tetracycline by solid stat...bioejjournal
properties. Statistical based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface
methodology (RSM) were occupied to screen and optimize the medium conditions for the
production of tetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens NCIM 2417, using solid state fermentation.
pineapple peel waste was used as both the curious solid support and carbon and nitrogen sources and
inorganic salts for the growth of Streptomyces aureofaciens NCIM 2417. Based on the positive
influence of the half normal plot obtained from PBD on tetracycline production, three medium
conditions – peanut meal, incubation period and soluble starch were screened. Central composite
design (CCD) was occupied using these three medium conditions at five levels, for advance
optimization, and the second order polynomial equation was derived, based on the experimental
data. Response surface methodology showed that the conditions of peanut meal (0.4%), incubation
period (day 2) and soluble starch (2%) were the optimal levels for maximal tetracycline production
(17.98 mg/g substrate) which were validated through experiments
Optimizing the medium conditions for production of tetracycline by solid stat...bioejjournal
Tetracycline belongs to one of the extracellular produced polyketide antibiotics having hydrophilic
properties. Statistical based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface
methodology (RSM) were occupied to screen and optimize the medium conditions for the
production of tetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens NCIM 2417, using solid state fermentation.
pineapple peel waste was used as both the curious solid support and carbon and nitrogen sources and
inorganic salts for the growth of Streptomyces aureofaciens NCIM 2417. Based on the positive
influence of the half normal plot obtained from PBD on tetracycline production, three medium
conditions – peanut meal, incubation period and soluble starch were screened. Central composite
design (CCD) was occupied using these three medium conditions at five levels, for advance
optimization, and the second order polynomial equation was derived, based on the experimental
data. Response surface methodology showed that the conditions of peanut meal (0.4%), incubation
period (day 2) and soluble starch (2%) were the optimal levels for maximal tetracycline production
(17.98 mg/g substrate) which were validated through experiments.
Optimization Of The Possibility Synthetic Nattokinase In Soybean Substrates T...inventionjournals
Nattokinase is an enzyme with strong fibrinolytic activity that can be used for preventing thrombolytic diseases. In this study, we make survey the effect fermentation conditions to B.subtilis natto strain on the soybean substrate to enhance the nattokinase activity and optimization biosynthesis capabilities of nattokinase by Plackett-Burman experimental combined with response surface methodology RSM-CCD. The optimal results received nattokinase activity 136.6 FU/g. We also try to create dried products by freeze drying process in the conditions -80°C, 24 hours, 6-7 Pa. After that we examined moisture and nattokinase activity in these product. The results of experiments show that moisture was 4.3%, nattokinase activity was 515 FU/g. This research help expand application for creating soybeans powder products with hight nattokinase activity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Cloning and Extracellular Expression of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activa...bioejjournal
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration.
The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will
surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production.
CLONING AND EXTRACELLULAR EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVA...bioejjournal
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
This slide is about grape seed extract and their structures, along with the extraction methods of grape seed oils. explains about the uses and side effects.Their antioxidant property.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
J047066075
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP. 66-75
66
Optimization of Nutrient Components for Tacrolimus Production by
Streptomyces tsukubaensis using Plackett-Burman followed by Response
Surface Methodology
1,
Archana R.Tripathi, 2,
Nishtha K.Singh, 3,
Umesh luhtra*
ABSTRACT: Tacrolimus belongs to macrolide lactone groups isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, is used
to prevent organ transplantation rejection. The aim of this study was to enhance the production of Tacrolimus by
optimizing the nutrient components in fermentation media. Nutrient components play a significant role in the
production of secondary metabolites. Many optimization techniques are available for this study and each
optimization techniques has its own advantages. Plackett-Burman multifactorial design was employed to
evaluate the significant nutrient factor in the medium using high and low levels of the factors where Dextrine
white, Cotton seed meal (CSM) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 were found most important components
among eight variables. These screened components were further optimized by central composite design with
response surface methodology. A central composite design was based on second order polynomial used to
determine the optimal levels of screened variables. The optimal level of each variable obtained from polynomial
model was 173.94 g/l dextrine white, 19.83 g/l Cotton seed meal (CSM) and 24.72 g/l Polyethylene glycol
(PEG)-400 respectively. Tacrolimus yield i.e., 1.08 mg/g was achieved with the combination of these optimal
values. Validation experiments were performed to verify the adequacy and accuracy of the model.
KEYWORDS: Plackett-Burman design, Response surface methodology, Streptomyces tsukubaensis,
submerged fermentation, Tacrolimus.
I. INTRODUCTION
Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug, inhibit the activity of patient’s immune system. It is produced
biosynthetically as secondary metabolites [1][2]. It is 23-membered macrocyclic lactone.. It belongs to the group of
polyketide and synthesized by type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) [3]. Tacrolimus was first isolated from the fermentation
broth of Japanese soil sample and reported as a macrolide antibiotic by Kino et al. in 1984 [4].
It is also known as FK-506 (Fermentek catalogue number 506) and fujimycin [5][6]. This drug is suppress immune
system and used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. The immunosuppressive activities are due to its effect to
reduce the activity of enzyme peptidyl-propyl isomerase and to interact the protein immunophilin FKBP12 (FK 506 binding
protein). The FK 506-FKBP12 complex then acts on a target protein calcineurin by inhibiting its phosphatase activity [7].
In 1994, FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved Tacrolimus for liver transplantation. It also has been used
in patients for heart, kidney and bone marrow transplantation. It is also useful in the treatment of various autoimmune
disease. Tacrolimus has been shown to be effective in treating a number of disease such as asthma,(PCT Application No
WO90/14826) inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin disease and cutaneous manifestations of immunologically induced
illness (Euoropean Patent No 315, 978). As an immunosuppressive agent, tacrolimus is 100 times more potent than
cyclosporin [8].
2. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
67
It is produced by a type of soil bacterium Streptomyces tsukubaensis [9]. The name is derived from
Tsukuba macrolide immunosuppressant [10]. Tacrolimus was discovered by Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals Co.,
which merged with Astellas Pharma in 2004. The commercial product of tacrolimus are Prograf, for the
prevention of graft rejection in bone marrow and organ transplantation and Protopic, for the topical treatment.
To enhance the production of Tacrolimus it is necessary to optimize the culture conditions and media
ingredients. Medium optimization by the traditional method is not only time consuming but also expensive due
to large number of variables. Plackett-Burman design was used to screen the significant variables from the large
number of variables. The screened variables were further employed for the optimization of nutrient components.
Response surface methodology is an effective statistical technique to verify the screened variables.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Microorganisms :In this study, Streptomyces tsukubaensis was used for the production of Tacrolimus by
submerged fermentation. The culture was maintained on the growth medium (YMA) containing yeast extract
4.0g/l. Malt extract 10.0g/l, dextrose 4.0g/l and Agar 15g/l with pH 7.0. The culture media was incubated at
28o
C for 7 days.
Fermentation of Tacrolimus:Seed culture was prepared by inoculating 50 ml seed media (starch 5.0 g/l,
peptone 5.0 g/l, glycerol 5.0 g/l, yeast extract 2.0 g/l and malt extract 2.0 g/l) with loopful of grown culture and
incubated at 28o
C for 24 hrs. The grown seed was transferred to production media (Dextrine white 50 g/l, soya
peptone 5.0 g/l, cotton seed meal 5.0 g/l, glycerol 5.0 g/l, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 20.0 g/l, Soya flour
7.0 g/l, dextrose 12.5 g/l , soluble starch7.0 g/l) and incubated at 28o
C and 200 rpm for 10 days.
HPLC Analysis : The productivity of Tacrolimus in the fermentation broth was analyzed by HPLC
method. Acetone was used to extract the fermentation broth. Ascentis express 100 X 4.6mm, 2.6µ column was
used to estimate Tacrolimus concentration. 0.1% triflouro acetic acid and acetonitrile was used as a mobile
phase. The flow rate was set at 0.8 ml/min. Tacrolimus concentration was calculated by comparing the obtained
peak area with standard area.
III. Experimental Design and Data Analysis
Identification of suitable variables using Plackett-Burman (PB) Design: Robin L. Plackett and J.P.
Burman were presented this experimental design in 1946 [11]. It is a powerful screening method to recognize
the most important factors using as few number of experiments. This design is valuable in the initial phase of
experiments to identify the active factors when full philosophy about the process is missing. In the first
optimization step, Plackett-Burman design was used to identify the critical factors of media having significant
effect on the Tacrolimus production. The medium components were dextrine white, soy-flour, polyethylene
glycol (PEG)-400, glycerol, cotton seed meal (CSM), dextrose, soy peptone and soluble starch. Twelve
experiments were developed with eight assigned and three unassigned variables. The factors were examined at
two levels -1 for low level and +1 for high level [12]. The name of variables, its code and actual value was
demonstrated in “Table 1”.
3. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
68
Plackett-Burman design experiment is based on the first order model as shown in equation (1).
Y = β0 + Ʃ βi Xi .............................................(1)
Where, Y is the response, β0 is the intercept coefficient, βi is the variable estimates and Xi is the
independent variable.
All the experiments were carried out in triplicate and its average were taken as response.
Table 1: Experimental codes and level of factors in the Plackett-Burman design
Code Variables Low level (-) High level (+)
A Glycerol 5 15
B Dextrine white 80 150
C CSM 7 15
D PEG 10 20
E Soy flour 7 15
F Dextrose 10 15
G Soya Peptone 5 10
H Soluble Starch 5 10
Central Composite Design (CCD)
Response optimization method was used to enhance the production of Tacrolimus by using RSM. Three critical
variables for Tacrolimus production were screened on the basis of previous knowledge. The screened three
factors (Dextrine white, PEG-400 and CSM) were further employed for optimization via CCD. Seventeen
experiments were generated with three factors at five different levels (-ɑ, -1, 0, +1, +ɑ) that include 8 trials of
factorial design, 6 trials of axial points (2 for each variables) and 3 trials of centre points [13]. “Table 2” show
the variables and their levels. CCD was based on second degree polynomials which include all significant
interaction terms. The relationship of three factors was elucidated by quadratic model.
Y = β0 + Ʃ βi Xi + Ʃ βii Xi
2
+ Ʃ βi j Xi Xj ....................................(2)
Where, Y is response variables, β0 is the interception coefficient, βi is the linear coefficient, βii is the
quadratic coefficient, βi j is the interaction coefficient and X is coded independent variables.
Obtained data from CCD was subjected to statistical analysis. Design-Expert 8.0 Software was used to
determine the regression analysis.
F-test was used to determine the significance of the model [14][15]. The optimum values of screened
variables were achieved by solving regression equation and by analyzing the 3D surface plots [16].
4. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
69
Table 2: Experimental code and levels of factors in CCD
Code Variables -ɑ -1 0 1 +ɑ
A Dextrine white 11.59 120 150 180 200.45
B PEG 9.27 12 16 20 22.73
C CSM 11.59 15 20 25 28.41
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Statistical evaluation of factors by Plackett-Burman design: The design for twelve runs with two levels
of concentration for each variable with the response were shown in table 3. The result of statistical analysis were
shown in table 4. Plackett-Burman design is a powerful tool for screening of media components. The
Plackett-Burman result showed variation in the activity of Tacrolimus in its twelve runs ranging from 0.213 to
0.742 mg/g. Dextrine white, Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 and Cotton seed meal (CSM) showed significant
effect on the Tacrolimus production as represented in Pareto chart, “Fig.1”. The obtained significant factors
were further optimized by central composite design.
Table 3: Plackett-Burman experimental design for evaluation of medium components for Tacrolimus
production by S. tsukubeansis and its response
Run A B C D E F G H Tacrolinus mg/g
1 + + - + + + - - 0.304
2 - + + - + + + - 0.388
3 + - + + - + + + 0.229
4 - + - + + - + + 0.331
5 - - + - + + - + 0.465
6 - - - + - + + - 0.524
7 + - - - + - + + 0.742
8 + + - - - + - + 0.598
9 + + + - - - + - 0.416
10 - + + + - - - + 0.213
11 + - + + + - - - 0.305
12 - - - - - - - - 0.685
5. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
70
Table 4: Statistical analysis of Plackett-Burman:
[SS= sum square, df= degree of freedom, MS= mean square, *= significant]
Factors SS df MS F-value p-value
Model 0.320 8 0.040 10.42 0.0399
A 1.200E-005 1 1.200E-005 3.129E-003 0.989
B 0.041 1 0.041 10.65 0.0470*
C 0.11 1 0.11 29.64 0.0122*
D 0.16 1 0.16 41.86 0.0075*
E 1.408E-003 1 1.408E-003 0.37 0.5873
F 2.821E-003 1 2.821E-003 0.74 0.4541
G 3.00E-004 1 3.00E-004 0.078 0.7979
H 1.613E-004 1 1.613E-004 0.042 0.8506
R2
= 96.53%, Adj R2
= 87.27%
Figure 1: Pareto chart of main effects
Central Composite Design Result
Three variables were screened on the basis of Plackett-Burman design experiment. These screened variables
were further employed for optimization via central composite design. Seventeen experiments were generated
using different combinations of these three factors- Dextrine white, Cotton seed meal (CSM) and Polyethylene
glycol (PEG-400 ) to determine the optimal levels as in “Tabl 5”.
D
C
A
Design-Expert® Software
R1
A: A
B: B
C: C
D: D
E: E
F: F
G: G
H: H
J: J
K: K
L: L
Positive Effects
Negative Effects
Pareto Chart
t-Valueof|Effect|
Rank
0.00
0.89
1.78
2.66
3.55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Bonferroni Limit 3.55083
t-Value Limit 2.20099
B
L
F
E K J
HG
Factor
s
6. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
71
Table 5: CCD experimental design and its responses
Run A B C Tacrolimus (mg/g)
1 - - - 0.687
2 + - - 0.968
3 - + - 0.754
4 + + - 0.720
5 - - + 0.654
6 + - + 0.859
7 - + + 0.985
8 + + + 1.014
9 -1.68 0 0 0.686
10 1.68 0 0 0.982
11 0 -1.68 0 0.727
12 0 1.68 0 0.955
13 0 0 -1.68 0.748
14 0 0 1.68 0.985
15 0 0 0 0.768
16 0 0 0 0.795
17 0 0 0 0.745
Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data and polynomial equation derived from
regression analysis for Tacrolimus production was shown in equation (3).
Y = 0.77 + 0.072A + 0.050B + 0.057C - 0.061AB - 0.00163AC + 0.083 BC + 0.018A2
+ 0.021B2
+
0.030C2
................................................................(3)
Where, Y is response of Tacrolimus production, A is dextrine white, B is CSM and C is PEG-400.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the adequacy of the model “Table 6”. The F-value
15.58 of the model was and p-value 0.0008 was represents the model was significant. The smaller p-value
indicates the significance of the level. The determination coefficient (R2
) was used to check the goodness of the
model [17]. The R2
values always lies between 0 to 1. The R2
values closer to 1 denotes better correlation
between observed and predicted values. The multiple correlation coefficient (R2
= 0.9524) and adjusted
coefficient (adjusted R2
= 0.8913) were high which indicates the significance of the model. The coefficient of
variation (CV) show the degree of precision to which the experiments are compared. The lower value of CV
(5.09) shows higher reliability of the experiments. The optimum level of variables and interaction effects were
found out by 3D surface plots.
7. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
72
Table 6: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quadratic polynomial model
[SS= sum square, df= degree of freedom, MS= mean square, *= significant]
Variables SS df MS F-value p-value
Model 0.2500 9 0.02700 15.5800 8.0E-04
A 0.070 1 0.07000 39.7400 4.0E-04
B 0.035 1 0.03500 19.6600 3.0E-03
C 0.045 1 0.04500 25.3400 1.5E-03
AB 0.030 1 0.030 17.0700 4.4E-03
AC 2.11E-05 1 2.11E-05 0.0120 9.2E-01
BC 0.056 1 0.056 31.5000 8.0E-04
A2 0.004 1 0.004 2.08 0.1928
B2 0.005 1 0.005 2.69 0.1453
C2 0.010 1 0.010 5.57 0.0504
R2
= 95.24%, Adj R2
= 89.13%
The 3D surface plots and their corresponding contour curves were shown in “Fig.2-4”. It explained the
interaction between variables and the optimum concentration of each factor involved in Tacrolimus production.D e s i g n - E x p e r t ® S o f t w a r e
F a c t o r C o d i n g : A c t u a l
R1
Design points above predicted value
Design points below predicted value
1.014
0.654
X1 = A: Dextrine white
X2 = B: CSM
Actual Factor
C: PEG-400 = 20.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
120.00
126.00
132.00
138.00
144.00
150.00
156.00
162.00
168.00
174.00
180.00
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
R1
A: Dextrine whiteB: CSM
Design-Expert® Software
Factor Coding: Actual
R1
Design Points
X1 = A: Dextrine white
X2 = B: CSM
Actual Factor
C: PEG-400 = 20.00
120.00 126.00 132.00 138.00 144.00 150.00 156.00 162.00 168.00 174.00 180.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
R1
A: Dextrine white
B:CSM
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
3
Figure 2: 3D surface plot and 2D contour graph of Tacrolimus production showing interaction between dextrine
white and CSM.
Tacrolimus Activity (mg/g)
TacrolimusActivitymg/g
8. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
73
D e s i g n - E x p e r t ® S o f t w a r e
F a c t o r C o d i n g : A c t u a l
R1
Design points above predicted value
Design points below predicted value
1.014
0.654
X1 = A: Dextrine white
X2 = C: PEG-400
Actual Factor
B: CSM = 16.00
15.00
17.00
19.00
21.00
23.00
25.00
120.00
126.00
132.00
138.00
144.00
150.00
156.00
162.00
168.00
174.00
180.00
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
R1
A: Dextrine whiteC: PEG-400
Design-Expert® Software
Factor Coding: Actual
R1
X1 = A: Dextrine white
X2 = C: PEG-400
Actual Factor
B: CSM = 16.22
120.00 126.00 132.00 138.00 144.00 150.00 156.00 162.00 168.00 174.00 180.00
15.00
17.00
19.00
21.00
23.00
25.00
R1
A: Dextrine white
C:PEG-400
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
Figure 3: 3D surface plot and contour fraph of Tacrolimus production showing interaction between dextrine
white and PEG-400.D e s i g n - E x p e r t ® S o f t w a r e
F a c t o r C o d i n g : A c t u a l
R1
Design points above predicted value
Design points below predicted value
1.014
0.654
X1 = B: CSM
X2 = C: PEG-400
Actual Factor
A: Dextrine white = 150.00
15.00
17.00
19.00
21.00
23.00
25.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
R1
B: CSMC: PEG-400
D e s i g n - E x p e r t ® S o f t w a r e
F a c t o r C o d i n g : A c t u a l
R1
Design Points
X1 = B: CSM
X2 = C: PEG-400
Actual Factor
A: Dextrine white = 180.00
12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
15.00
17.00
19.00
21.00
23.00
25.00
R1
B: CSM
C:PEG-400
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.9
0.95
1
Figure 4: 3D surface plot and 2D contour graph of Tacrolimus production showing interaction between CSM
and PEG-400.
Each figure represents the effect of two factors on Tacrolimus production while the third factor was held
at zero level. The interaction between Cotton seed meal (CSM), Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 and dextrine
white, Cotton seed meal (CSM) was significant for Tacrolimus production. Synergetic effect of dextrine white,
Cotton seed meal (CSM) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 showed enhancement in the production of
Tacrolimus. The optimal level of each variable obtained from polynomial model was 173.94 g/l dextrine white,
19.83 g/l CSM and 24.72 g/l PEG-400 respectively.
TacrolimusActivitymg/g
Tacrolimus Activity (mg/g)
TacrolimusActivitymg/g
Tacrolimus Activity (mg/g)
9. Optimization of Nutrient Components…
74
Validation of Model
To verify the adequacy of the model obtained from CCD for tacrolimus production, three sets of experiments
were performed. The optimum level of media components were 173.94 g/l dextrine white, 19.83 g/l CSM and
24.72 g/l PEG-400 respectively. The mean value for tacrolimus production was seen 1.08 mg/g, which was in
agreement with the predicted value.
Conclusion
Statistical technique is a major tool for the enhancement of metabolite production. In this study, Plackett
Burman and central composite design with response surface methodology were employed for the optimization
of nutrient components in a medium for the production of tacrolimus by S. tsukubeansis. Dextrine white, CSM
and PEG-400 were chosen as a critical factor in Plackett-Burman design. These components played a major role
for the enhancement of Tacrolimus production. The screened factors were further optimized by central
composite design. The obtained optimal concentration for maximum production of tacrolimus were 173.94 g/l
dextrine white, 19.83 g/l CSM and 24.72 g/l PEG-400 respectively. Under such conditions, the highest
Tacrolimus production was achieved 1.08 mg/g. Thus it is concluded that the statistical technique is an effective
tool for improving the microbial fermentation technology. This technique will also be useful for developing the
fermentation process by reducing the cost of expensive raw materials and maximizing the yield of products.
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