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This document summarizes an experimental and analytical study on composite high-strength concrete beams reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Fifteen concrete beams were tested with variations in steel reinforcement ratio, FRP laminate type (chopped strand mat or uni-directional cloth), and laminate thickness. Finite element models were developed and showed reasonable agreement with test results. The study found that FRP laminates effectively strengthened reinforced concrete beams and provided efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness for upgrading structures.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING, ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION OF THE SHEAR CAPACITY OF RC ...Md. Shahadat Hossain
The document presents research on modeling and analyzing the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams made with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Finite element models were created in ANSYS for plain reinforced concrete beams and SFRC beams. The models were validated against experimental test results. The following were found:
1) Experimental testing showed that the shear strength of beams increased by about 25%, 29%, and 18% for SFRC with steel fibers having aspect ratios of 40, 60, and 80, respectively, compared to plain reinforced concrete beams.
2) Finite element models created in ANSYS using solid elements for the concrete and link elements for reinforcement correlated well with experimental load-deflection curves and failure modes.
3) The
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...Ahmed Ebid
Debonding between CFRP sheets and concrete surface is one of the most important modes of failure. The common solution to
prevent this mode of failure is to extend the CFRP sheets by enough length to avoid debonding. A more advanced technique is to anchor the CFRP sheets to the concrete element using either steel or CFRP anchors. The aim of this research is to study the effect of using CFRP anchors on the capacity of concentric and eccentric RC columns. In order to achieve that goal, ten specimens of RC columns divided into two sets were tested. The first set was tested under concentric load, while the other set was tested under eccentric load. Each set had one control sample, while the other four samples were wrapped with CFRP bands. Two of the wrapped samples were anchored and the others were not. The spacing between CFRP wraps was varied between 80 and 200 mm. The results showed that the concentric and eccentric capacity of the sample increased with decreasing the spacing between CFRP bands as long as the eccentricity is small enough to cause
compression failure mode. But for samples with tension failure caused by large eccentricity, the CFRP bands have no effect on the capacity. It was also noted that anchors have no significant effect on the axial capacity of the samples
1. FRPs are being planned in the potential rehabilitation of a slab-on-girder bridge. The bridge is a one-way slab supported by prestressed concrete girders. Make a recommendation for what type of FRP (e.g., fibre and resin) would be appropriate.
2. Eight different unidirectional FRPs (4 with a fibre volume fraction of 70% and 4 with a fibre volume fraction of 35%) are going to be fabricated. For each FRP, find the modulus in both the fibre direction and the direction perpendicular to the fibres and sketch the stress-strain curve for each FRP.
3. Using the S806 design standard for a building application, calculate the factored moment resistance, Mr, in positive bending, for the precast (φc = 0.70) FRP-reinforced concrete
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING FRP TENDONGirish Singh
Concrete prestressed structural components exist in buildings and bridges in different forms. Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading.
While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. In this paper we used finite element analysis to study behaviour of these components. The use of computer software (Ansys) to model these elements is much faster, and extremely cost- effective. To fully understand the capabilities of finite element computer software (Ansys), we look back to experimental data and simple analysis.
Data obtained from a finite element analysis package is not useful unless the necessary steps are taken to understand what is happening within the model that is created using the software. Also, executing the necessary checks along the way, is key to make sure that what is being output by the Ansys is valid.
This paper is a study of prestressed concrete beams using finite element
analysis to understand the response of prestressed concrete beams due to transverse loading and to analyse the behaviour of FRP material under these circumstances.
This paper also includes the comparison of steel and FRP on the same module and also gives the final load v/s deflection curve under the both linear and non-linear properties of the materials.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1) The document describes an experimental investigation into the flexural fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons.
2) Five beams were tested under cyclic loading at different fatigue load levels and numbers of load cycles. One beam served as an unstrengthened control, while the others were strengthened with CFRP tendons prestressed to varying levels.
3) The test results showed that the strengthened beams had improved fatigue performance compared to the control beam. The fatigue life of the beams was governed by fatigue fracture of the internal steel reinforcing bars. Post-tensioning the CFRP tendons decreased stresses in the steel bars, increasing fatigue life.
The document provides specifications for two surface mounted 4-post lift models, the Q4P12E and extended length Q4P12X, both with a lifting capacity of 12,000 lbs. Key features include solid piece column construction for rigidity, 14 locking positions, oversized pulleys for long life, adjustable runways accommodating various tread widths, and optional accessories like rolling jacks and an alignment kit. Dimensions listed include overall lengths of 20' 4 1/2" for the Q4P12E and 22' 8" for the Q4P12X.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING, ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION OF THE SHEAR CAPACITY OF RC ...Md. Shahadat Hossain
The document presents research on modeling and analyzing the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams made with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Finite element models were created in ANSYS for plain reinforced concrete beams and SFRC beams. The models were validated against experimental test results. The following were found:
1) Experimental testing showed that the shear strength of beams increased by about 25%, 29%, and 18% for SFRC with steel fibers having aspect ratios of 40, 60, and 80, respectively, compared to plain reinforced concrete beams.
2) Finite element models created in ANSYS using solid elements for the concrete and link elements for reinforcement correlated well with experimental load-deflection curves and failure modes.
3) The
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...Ahmed Ebid
Debonding between CFRP sheets and concrete surface is one of the most important modes of failure. The common solution to
prevent this mode of failure is to extend the CFRP sheets by enough length to avoid debonding. A more advanced technique is to anchor the CFRP sheets to the concrete element using either steel or CFRP anchors. The aim of this research is to study the effect of using CFRP anchors on the capacity of concentric and eccentric RC columns. In order to achieve that goal, ten specimens of RC columns divided into two sets were tested. The first set was tested under concentric load, while the other set was tested under eccentric load. Each set had one control sample, while the other four samples were wrapped with CFRP bands. Two of the wrapped samples were anchored and the others were not. The spacing between CFRP wraps was varied between 80 and 200 mm. The results showed that the concentric and eccentric capacity of the sample increased with decreasing the spacing between CFRP bands as long as the eccentricity is small enough to cause
compression failure mode. But for samples with tension failure caused by large eccentricity, the CFRP bands have no effect on the capacity. It was also noted that anchors have no significant effect on the axial capacity of the samples
1. FRPs are being planned in the potential rehabilitation of a slab-on-girder bridge. The bridge is a one-way slab supported by prestressed concrete girders. Make a recommendation for what type of FRP (e.g., fibre and resin) would be appropriate.
2. Eight different unidirectional FRPs (4 with a fibre volume fraction of 70% and 4 with a fibre volume fraction of 35%) are going to be fabricated. For each FRP, find the modulus in both the fibre direction and the direction perpendicular to the fibres and sketch the stress-strain curve for each FRP.
3. Using the S806 design standard for a building application, calculate the factored moment resistance, Mr, in positive bending, for the precast (φc = 0.70) FRP-reinforced concrete
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING FRP TENDONGirish Singh
Concrete prestressed structural components exist in buildings and bridges in different forms. Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading.
While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. In this paper we used finite element analysis to study behaviour of these components. The use of computer software (Ansys) to model these elements is much faster, and extremely cost- effective. To fully understand the capabilities of finite element computer software (Ansys), we look back to experimental data and simple analysis.
Data obtained from a finite element analysis package is not useful unless the necessary steps are taken to understand what is happening within the model that is created using the software. Also, executing the necessary checks along the way, is key to make sure that what is being output by the Ansys is valid.
This paper is a study of prestressed concrete beams using finite element
analysis to understand the response of prestressed concrete beams due to transverse loading and to analyse the behaviour of FRP material under these circumstances.
This paper also includes the comparison of steel and FRP on the same module and also gives the final load v/s deflection curve under the both linear and non-linear properties of the materials.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1) The document describes an experimental investigation into the flexural fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons.
2) Five beams were tested under cyclic loading at different fatigue load levels and numbers of load cycles. One beam served as an unstrengthened control, while the others were strengthened with CFRP tendons prestressed to varying levels.
3) The test results showed that the strengthened beams had improved fatigue performance compared to the control beam. The fatigue life of the beams was governed by fatigue fracture of the internal steel reinforcing bars. Post-tensioning the CFRP tendons decreased stresses in the steel bars, increasing fatigue life.
The document provides specifications for two surface mounted 4-post lift models, the Q4P12E and extended length Q4P12X, both with a lifting capacity of 12,000 lbs. Key features include solid piece column construction for rigidity, 14 locking positions, oversized pulleys for long life, adjustable runways accommodating various tread widths, and optional accessories like rolling jacks and an alignment kit. Dimensions listed include overall lengths of 20' 4 1/2" for the Q4P12E and 22' 8" for the Q4P12X.
Design of FRP Axial Strengthening of RCC Columns -ACI 44 0.2R-08 - تصميم ت...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This study investigates the behavior and failure modes of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete wrapped with different FRP schemes, including fully wrapped, partially wrapped, and nonuniformly-wrapped concrete cylinders. By using the same amount of FRP, this study proposes a new wrapping scheme that provides a higher compressive strength
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study on the performance of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). The objective was to optimize the properties of SFRSCC in both fresh and hardened states. Various materials were used to produce SFRSCC mixes with steel fiber contents ranging from 0% to 3% by volume. Cubes and beams were tested to determine the compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that both strengths generally increased with fiber content up to around 2%, above which the strengths decreased. This suggests the steel fibers can improve the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete if used at an optimal dosage.
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Flexure using Near Surface Moun...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses strengthening of reinforced concrete beams in flexure using near surface mounted steel reinforcement. Near surface mounted reinforcement involves cutting grooves in the concrete member and inserting steel bars or fiber reinforced polymer strips in the grooves, which are then filled with epoxy.
2. An experimental program investigated the flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with NSM steel reinforcement. Beams were strengthened with 10mm and 12mm diameter steel bars placed in grooves. The influence of bar diameter and use of CFRP U-wrapping was examined.
3. Test results showed that NSM strengthening increased the load capacity of beams. Larger diameter bars provided higher increases in load capacity but also increased the risk
Steve Gregan -The Fatigue Performance Assessment of Corrosion Damaged RC Beam...Steve Gregan
The document discusses a study investigating the fatigue performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams that have been strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) after being damaged by corrosion and repaired with cementitious patching. Six large-scale RC beams were tested: two were loaded statically to failure to determine failure loads, and four were subjected to cyclic fatigue loading at varying stress ranges, from low (45% of ultimate static load) to high (67% of ultimate load). The results showed that beams repaired with CFRP experienced far more load cycles before failure at low stress ranges compared to medium and high ranges. Minor steel corrosion pitting did not significantly impact fatigue failure locations. The study concluded that combining cementitious patching and CFR
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
This document analyzes the fatigue behavior of two high-strength steels, HR590 and HR590DP. Low-cycle fatigue testing was conducted to characterize the mechanical properties of each steel and quantify their strain-life relationships. The precipitation strengthened HR590 showed more resistance to plastic deformation than the dual phase HR590DP. Future work is recommended to further study dislocation behavior, establish high-cycle fatigue properties, and test notched specimens and full components under dynamic loading.
Technological Considerations and Constraints in the Manufacture of High Preci...IJERA Editor
Rolling element bearings for application in Aircraft systems are to be manufactured to higher accuracy levels.
Various technology details like raw material, processing stages and facilities such as machining, heat treatment,
grinding, super finishing, assembly and inspection are to be considered for manufacture. However the facilities
available presently in India are inadequate to produce high precision bearings. This paper deals with the
prototype manufacture of bearings for some typical applications.
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
The document describes an experimental study on shear-flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near surface mounted basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars. Five simply supported beams were tested including one control beam and four beams strengthened with different configurations of fully and partially bonded NSM BFRP bars with and without U-stirrups. The objectives were to study the flexural behavior and investigate the effects of FRP area, bonding conditions, and inclusion of U-stirrups. Material properties of concrete, steel, and BFRP were reported. Details of beam fabrication and strengthening techniques were provided.
IRJETI Comparison of RC Beam-Column Joint with GFRC Beam-Column Joint using S...IRJET Journal
This study compares reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints to glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) beam-column joints using finite element analysis in ANSYS. A corner beam-column joint from a two-story building was modeled in SolidWorks and analyzed in ANSYS under 10 N/mm and 20 N/mm loads. The GFRC joint showed significantly less deformation than the RC joint, with deformations reduced by 4-6% when using GFRC. Therefore, using GFRC can improve joint performance by reducing deformations.
Shear and Flexural Behaviour of R.C.C. Beam With Circular Opening Strengthene...IJERA Editor
This paper explores the behavior of R.C.C. beam with circular opening strengthened by CFRP sheets. In this experimental work five beams were casted, one beam without opening (i.e. solid beam) and one with circular post opening and considered as control beams. The remaining three beams were externally strengthened by Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets with different strengthening schemes i.e. around the opening, inside the opening. These beams were simply supported and tested less than two points loading in the loading frame. The behaviors of such beams were studied in terms of load carrying capacity, load-deflection behavior and cracking patterns. From the test results it is concluded that the ultimate load carrying capacity of the R.C.C. beam strengthened with CFRP sheets increased in the range of 13.01% to 55.32%. Among all the strengthening schemes, the strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was found very effective in improving the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam.
This document summarizes research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. It discusses how FRP strengthening has become a popular technique worldwide due to advantages like high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and easy installation. The document reviews literature on strengthening both simply supported and continuous beams. It outlines different FRP strengthening methods and discusses factors that influence the behavior and failure of strengthened beams, such as surface preparation, adhesive type, and concrete strength. The document also discusses design considerations and challenges for FRP strengthening, as well as disadvantages like lack of design codes and fire risk.
Experimental Evaluation of Metal Composite Multi Bolt Radial Joint on Laminat...IJERA Editor
Longitudinal tensile load exerted due to internal hydraulic pressure, on bolted radial joints between large size PAN carbon epoxy filament wound composite cylindrical section and small size 15CDV6 steel cylindrical sections, were simulated and tested on flat laminate level, mainly to check the strength of PAN carbon epoxy helical wound laminate made by wet winding method. Small segmental portion of circumference of cylindrical sections was considered as width of composite laminate and of metallic plates, necessary to accommodate 5 rows of fasteners in transverse direction with specified pitch distance. Bolted radial joints between carbon epoxy helical wound flat laminate and 15CDV6 steel plates were realized with 8 numbers of steel fasteners distributed in 3 longitudinal and 5 transverse rows at each joint. Helical angle of winding, length and thickness of carbon epoxy laminate was ±22.5°, 458mm and 11mm respectively. Length and structural thickness of radial joints, total length and width of assembly test specimen were 98mm, 18mm, 870mm and 169.43mm respectively. Joints were tested under uni-axial tensile load up to failure. Joints failed at 18 tonnes (1.7 times of design load). Failure mode was observed as initiation of bearing failure at all 8, countersink fastener holes in laminate and shear out failure at edge hole. Strains in fibre direction, at 45°and at transverse to fibre direction were found very less. Maximum compressive strain and residual strain, near fastener holes were found as -1423 and -136 micro strain respectively. Test was successful.
Design strengthening of beams slabs with carbon (fiber) FRP تصميم تقوية الج...Dr.Youssef Hammida
FRP Strengthening
Hevilifts is a leading designer and installer of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) products for repair and strengthening of structures. FRP can be used in existing buildings to strengthen floors and walls for larger live loads, to increase strength and ductility of columns, to correct excessive deflections, to increase shear capacity of beams and to repair and strengthen corrosion damage. FRP can be used in bridges to strengthen girders for increased live load, shear and for the repair of corrosion damage.
This document provides the specifications for concrete porous pipes used for under drainage. It outlines the materials, shapes and dimensions, manufacturing requirements, and testing procedures for such pipes. Key points include:
- Cement must conform to Indian Standards IS 269 or IS 455, or high alumina cement if required. Aggregates must pass a 20mm sieve and be retained on a 4.75mm sieve.
- Pipes can have uniform diameters and thicknesses with butt ends, or rebated/ogee ends for joints. Dimensions and tolerances are provided in tables.
- Manufacturing must result in accurate dimensions. Non-porous inverts may be included.
- Tests include a load
IRJET-Performance evaluation of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams with Ba...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams containing bagasse ash. Beams were cast using a mix design of M20 concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.53. Cement in the mix was partially replaced with 10% bagasse ash. Steel fibers of 1% volume fraction were added. Beams were tested under two-point loading. Test results showed that beams containing steel fibers and bagasse ash had a 35% increase in ultimate load capacity and improved ductility compared to conventional concrete beams without fibers or ash. The addition of steel fibers and bagasse ash improved beam stiffness, energy absorption, and cracking resistance. Therefore, the study demonstrated that steel fiber reinforced concrete with bagasse ash can enhance
This document provides an introduction to beams used in structural steel design. It discusses different types of beams classified based on their geometry and support conditions. Common beam types include straight, curved, tapered, constant cross-section, cantilever, simply supported, continuous, and overhanging beams. Beams are also classified based on their application, such as girders, joists, stringers, purlins, and lintels. Common steel sections used for beams include W-shapes, channels, and open web joists. Bending stresses in beams are also introduced, where compressive stresses occur on the top and tensile on the bottom under positive bending moments.
Strengthening of rc beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers – a reviewUniversity of Malaya
This document reviews research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs). It focuses on the near surface mounted (NSM) technique, in which carbon FRP rods are grouted into slits in concrete. Research shows that prestressing these rods up to 40% of their tensile capacity provides the maximum flexural strength increase for beams. NSM reinforcement protects the FRP from the environment and has various advantages over externally bonded and externally post-tensioned FRP techniques. The review addresses anchorage systems, failure modes, bond behavior, ductility effects, and finite element modeling of prestressed FRP strengthening of RC beams.
This document contains instructions and questions for a Design and Drawing of Steel Structures exam. It includes questions asking students to draw connections between steel beams and columns, draw elevations and details of beam-column connections, and design a welded plate girder and simply supported truss girders. It also provides data needed to answer the questions, such as member sizes, loads, and dimensions.
The document provides exam questions for the subjects of Advanced Concrete Technology, Design and Drawing of Steel Structures, and Industrial Waste Water Treatment. It includes questions ranging from definitions and concepts to calculations and design problems. Students are to answer 5 full questions from each subject area, selecting at least 2 questions from each part within each subject.
Design of FRP Axial Strengthening of RCC Columns -ACI 44 0.2R-08 - تصميم ت...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This study investigates the behavior and failure modes of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete wrapped with different FRP schemes, including fully wrapped, partially wrapped, and nonuniformly-wrapped concrete cylinders. By using the same amount of FRP, this study proposes a new wrapping scheme that provides a higher compressive strength
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study on the performance of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). The objective was to optimize the properties of SFRSCC in both fresh and hardened states. Various materials were used to produce SFRSCC mixes with steel fiber contents ranging from 0% to 3% by volume. Cubes and beams were tested to determine the compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that both strengths generally increased with fiber content up to around 2%, above which the strengths decreased. This suggests the steel fibers can improve the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete if used at an optimal dosage.
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams in Flexure using Near Surface Moun...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses strengthening of reinforced concrete beams in flexure using near surface mounted steel reinforcement. Near surface mounted reinforcement involves cutting grooves in the concrete member and inserting steel bars or fiber reinforced polymer strips in the grooves, which are then filled with epoxy.
2. An experimental program investigated the flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with NSM steel reinforcement. Beams were strengthened with 10mm and 12mm diameter steel bars placed in grooves. The influence of bar diameter and use of CFRP U-wrapping was examined.
3. Test results showed that NSM strengthening increased the load capacity of beams. Larger diameter bars provided higher increases in load capacity but also increased the risk
Steve Gregan -The Fatigue Performance Assessment of Corrosion Damaged RC Beam...Steve Gregan
The document discusses a study investigating the fatigue performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams that have been strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) after being damaged by corrosion and repaired with cementitious patching. Six large-scale RC beams were tested: two were loaded statically to failure to determine failure loads, and four were subjected to cyclic fatigue loading at varying stress ranges, from low (45% of ultimate static load) to high (67% of ultimate load). The results showed that beams repaired with CFRP experienced far more load cycles before failure at low stress ranges compared to medium and high ranges. Minor steel corrosion pitting did not significantly impact fatigue failure locations. The study concluded that combining cementitious patching and CFR
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
This document analyzes the fatigue behavior of two high-strength steels, HR590 and HR590DP. Low-cycle fatigue testing was conducted to characterize the mechanical properties of each steel and quantify their strain-life relationships. The precipitation strengthened HR590 showed more resistance to plastic deformation than the dual phase HR590DP. Future work is recommended to further study dislocation behavior, establish high-cycle fatigue properties, and test notched specimens and full components under dynamic loading.
Technological Considerations and Constraints in the Manufacture of High Preci...IJERA Editor
Rolling element bearings for application in Aircraft systems are to be manufactured to higher accuracy levels.
Various technology details like raw material, processing stages and facilities such as machining, heat treatment,
grinding, super finishing, assembly and inspection are to be considered for manufacture. However the facilities
available presently in India are inadequate to produce high precision bearings. This paper deals with the
prototype manufacture of bearings for some typical applications.
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
The document describes an experimental study on shear-flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near surface mounted basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars. Five simply supported beams were tested including one control beam and four beams strengthened with different configurations of fully and partially bonded NSM BFRP bars with and without U-stirrups. The objectives were to study the flexural behavior and investigate the effects of FRP area, bonding conditions, and inclusion of U-stirrups. Material properties of concrete, steel, and BFRP were reported. Details of beam fabrication and strengthening techniques were provided.
IRJETI Comparison of RC Beam-Column Joint with GFRC Beam-Column Joint using S...IRJET Journal
This study compares reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints to glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) beam-column joints using finite element analysis in ANSYS. A corner beam-column joint from a two-story building was modeled in SolidWorks and analyzed in ANSYS under 10 N/mm and 20 N/mm loads. The GFRC joint showed significantly less deformation than the RC joint, with deformations reduced by 4-6% when using GFRC. Therefore, using GFRC can improve joint performance by reducing deformations.
Shear and Flexural Behaviour of R.C.C. Beam With Circular Opening Strengthene...IJERA Editor
This paper explores the behavior of R.C.C. beam with circular opening strengthened by CFRP sheets. In this experimental work five beams were casted, one beam without opening (i.e. solid beam) and one with circular post opening and considered as control beams. The remaining three beams were externally strengthened by Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets with different strengthening schemes i.e. around the opening, inside the opening. These beams were simply supported and tested less than two points loading in the loading frame. The behaviors of such beams were studied in terms of load carrying capacity, load-deflection behavior and cracking patterns. From the test results it is concluded that the ultimate load carrying capacity of the R.C.C. beam strengthened with CFRP sheets increased in the range of 13.01% to 55.32%. Among all the strengthening schemes, the strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was found very effective in improving the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam.
This document summarizes research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. It discusses how FRP strengthening has become a popular technique worldwide due to advantages like high strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and easy installation. The document reviews literature on strengthening both simply supported and continuous beams. It outlines different FRP strengthening methods and discusses factors that influence the behavior and failure of strengthened beams, such as surface preparation, adhesive type, and concrete strength. The document also discusses design considerations and challenges for FRP strengthening, as well as disadvantages like lack of design codes and fire risk.
Experimental Evaluation of Metal Composite Multi Bolt Radial Joint on Laminat...IJERA Editor
Longitudinal tensile load exerted due to internal hydraulic pressure, on bolted radial joints between large size PAN carbon epoxy filament wound composite cylindrical section and small size 15CDV6 steel cylindrical sections, were simulated and tested on flat laminate level, mainly to check the strength of PAN carbon epoxy helical wound laminate made by wet winding method. Small segmental portion of circumference of cylindrical sections was considered as width of composite laminate and of metallic plates, necessary to accommodate 5 rows of fasteners in transverse direction with specified pitch distance. Bolted radial joints between carbon epoxy helical wound flat laminate and 15CDV6 steel plates were realized with 8 numbers of steel fasteners distributed in 3 longitudinal and 5 transverse rows at each joint. Helical angle of winding, length and thickness of carbon epoxy laminate was ±22.5°, 458mm and 11mm respectively. Length and structural thickness of radial joints, total length and width of assembly test specimen were 98mm, 18mm, 870mm and 169.43mm respectively. Joints were tested under uni-axial tensile load up to failure. Joints failed at 18 tonnes (1.7 times of design load). Failure mode was observed as initiation of bearing failure at all 8, countersink fastener holes in laminate and shear out failure at edge hole. Strains in fibre direction, at 45°and at transverse to fibre direction were found very less. Maximum compressive strain and residual strain, near fastener holes were found as -1423 and -136 micro strain respectively. Test was successful.
Design strengthening of beams slabs with carbon (fiber) FRP تصميم تقوية الج...Dr.Youssef Hammida
FRP Strengthening
Hevilifts is a leading designer and installer of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) products for repair and strengthening of structures. FRP can be used in existing buildings to strengthen floors and walls for larger live loads, to increase strength and ductility of columns, to correct excessive deflections, to increase shear capacity of beams and to repair and strengthen corrosion damage. FRP can be used in bridges to strengthen girders for increased live load, shear and for the repair of corrosion damage.
This document provides the specifications for concrete porous pipes used for under drainage. It outlines the materials, shapes and dimensions, manufacturing requirements, and testing procedures for such pipes. Key points include:
- Cement must conform to Indian Standards IS 269 or IS 455, or high alumina cement if required. Aggregates must pass a 20mm sieve and be retained on a 4.75mm sieve.
- Pipes can have uniform diameters and thicknesses with butt ends, or rebated/ogee ends for joints. Dimensions and tolerances are provided in tables.
- Manufacturing must result in accurate dimensions. Non-porous inverts may be included.
- Tests include a load
IRJET-Performance evaluation of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams with Ba...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams containing bagasse ash. Beams were cast using a mix design of M20 concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.53. Cement in the mix was partially replaced with 10% bagasse ash. Steel fibers of 1% volume fraction were added. Beams were tested under two-point loading. Test results showed that beams containing steel fibers and bagasse ash had a 35% increase in ultimate load capacity and improved ductility compared to conventional concrete beams without fibers or ash. The addition of steel fibers and bagasse ash improved beam stiffness, energy absorption, and cracking resistance. Therefore, the study demonstrated that steel fiber reinforced concrete with bagasse ash can enhance
This document provides an introduction to beams used in structural steel design. It discusses different types of beams classified based on their geometry and support conditions. Common beam types include straight, curved, tapered, constant cross-section, cantilever, simply supported, continuous, and overhanging beams. Beams are also classified based on their application, such as girders, joists, stringers, purlins, and lintels. Common steel sections used for beams include W-shapes, channels, and open web joists. Bending stresses in beams are also introduced, where compressive stresses occur on the top and tensile on the bottom under positive bending moments.
Strengthening of rc beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers – a reviewUniversity of Malaya
This document reviews research on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs). It focuses on the near surface mounted (NSM) technique, in which carbon FRP rods are grouted into slits in concrete. Research shows that prestressing these rods up to 40% of their tensile capacity provides the maximum flexural strength increase for beams. NSM reinforcement protects the FRP from the environment and has various advantages over externally bonded and externally post-tensioned FRP techniques. The review addresses anchorage systems, failure modes, bond behavior, ductility effects, and finite element modeling of prestressed FRP strengthening of RC beams.
This document contains instructions and questions for a Design and Drawing of Steel Structures exam. It includes questions asking students to draw connections between steel beams and columns, draw elevations and details of beam-column connections, and design a welded plate girder and simply supported truss girders. It also provides data needed to answer the questions, such as member sizes, loads, and dimensions.
The document provides exam questions for the subjects of Advanced Concrete Technology, Design and Drawing of Steel Structures, and Industrial Waste Water Treatment. It includes questions ranging from definitions and concepts to calculations and design problems. Students are to answer 5 full questions from each subject area, selecting at least 2 questions from each part within each subject.
Cable Layout, Continuous Beam & Load Balancing MethodMd Tanvir Alam
This document provides information on cable layout and load balancing methods for prestressed concrete beams. It discusses layouts for simple, continuous, and cantilever beams. For simple beams, it describes layouts for pretensioned and post-tensioned beams, including straight, curved, and bent cable configurations. It also compares the load carrying capacities of simple and continuous beams. The document concludes by explaining the load balancing method for design, using examples of how to balance loads in simple, cantilever, and continuous beam configurations.
The document contains information about a semester examination for Pavement Design. It includes:
1. The exam asks students to answer any five full questions selecting at least two from each part, which covers topics like layers of flexible pavements, design differences between airport and highway pavements, wheel load distribution, and California Bearing Ratio method of flexible pavement design.
2. One question provides pavement thickness design data for a four lane road and asks to design the pavement thickness for a given traffic and subgrade condition.
3. Another question asks to design the pavement for a new carriageway of an existing highway, given data on initial traffic, construction period, design period, subgrade CBR, and traffic growth
ANALYSIS & DESIGN ASPECTS OF PRE-STRESSED MEMBERS USING F.R.P. TENDONSGirish Singh
The purpose of this investigation is mainly a brief explanation about the advantages of FRP over steel. The various uses and advantages of FRP are explained in this project. In this project, we have taken a section of 3m length, 200mm width and 300mm depth and using a parabolic tendon of eccentricity 100mm at the centre. We have design the section for FRP as well as steel with the above data. The final stresses obtained is being verified with the help of Ansys software. We have shown the result of steel straight tendon only in this mini project.
The document discusses various topics related to concrete technology and pavement design. It contains questions regarding factors affecting concrete mix design, designing a concrete mix of M25 grade, alkali aggregate reaction, sulphate attack, types of fibers used in concrete, self-compacting concrete, ferrocement, lightweight and high performance concrete, tests on hardened concrete, and more. It also contains questions related to pavement design strategies, flexible and rigid pavements, Boussinesq's theory, pavement failures, and maintenance of joints in rigid pavements. The document tests knowledge across different aspects of concrete and pavement engineering.
Remote accident report system for highways using rfPRADEEP Cheekatla
This document describes a remote accident reporting system for highways that uses RF technology. The system aims to monitor accidents on highways and report them. It uses a microcontroller, RF transmitter and receiver, LCD, buzzer, and other components. When an accident is detected by a sensor, the transmitter sends a signal via RF to the receiver. The receiver is connected to a buzzer and LCD to alert authorities and display accident details remotely. The system allows for remote monitoring and control of vehicle accidents on highways.
This report compares design codes for hollow block and ribbed slabs. It includes:
- A comparison of limitations between Egyptian, British, Euro and American codes on rib spacing, slab thickness, and other parameters.
- Solved examples for one-way and two-way slabs according to different codes, finding the Egyptian code most economical.
- Analysis of using one or two cross-ribs, determining one rib at midspan is sufficient.
- Different modeling methods for the slabs in structural analysis software, with minor differences in results.
- Case studies presented for one-way, cantilever, two-way hollow block slabs, and ribbed slabs using
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
The document discusses precast concrete buildings. It begins with an introduction to precast construction and its advantages over conventional construction. It then describes various precast elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls, and connections. It discusses construction methodology, design considerations, cost comparison to cast-in-situ, standards, and provides case studies of precast buildings in India and abroad.
Design of overhead RCC rectangular water tankShoaib Wani
1) The document presents the design of a rectangular overhead water tank using reinforced concrete.
2) Rectangular tanks are used for smaller storage capacities, while circular tanks are used for larger capacities.
3) The designed RCC rectangular tank presented can store up to 240,000 liters of water.
4) Both theoretical design calculations and STAAD Pro modeling were used to analyze and design the tank.
Precast concrete construction involves casting concrete structural elements at a manufacturing facility rather than on site. This allows for rapid construction, high quality control, and easy incorporation of prestressing. Precast concrete provides advantages like speed of erection, durability, and economy, but also has disadvantages such as weight, limited flexibility in design, and need for skilled workmanship and lifting equipment on site. Common precast concrete elements include walls, slabs, beams, and structural framing using techniques like welded plates and rebar splicing.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
Armtec Ltd. specializes in the construction of precast concrete steps and precast concrete decks. This tutorial gives insight into the process from start to finish, explaining the intricate stages in deciding on the perfect precast steps and decks for you. Concrete steps are a fast, durable and cost-effective way of providing access to residences, apartments and condominiums.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
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IRJET- Effect of GFRP Rebars in RC BeamsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rebars as a replacement for steel reinforcement. 6 beam specimens were tested under four-point bending. The results showed that GFRP reinforced beams experienced 40-50% more deflection compared to steel reinforced beams. GFRP beams also exhibited cracking at lower loads compared to steel beams. The failure of GFRP beams was by concrete crushing in the compression zone rather than sudden failure, as was observed in some other studies. The study concluded that GFRP reinforcement can be used with some modifications to design compared to steel, but design is governed more by deflection and cracking due
The document provides an introduction to fiberglass rebar technology. It discusses the pultrusion process used to manufacture FRP rebar and the composition of FRP rebar including fibers, resins, and additives. The functions of these different constituents are described. The document then compares the features of FRP rebar to other materials like steel and aluminum in terms of tensile strength, density, fatigue resistance, and other properties. Applications of FRP rebar in bridges, marine structures, and corrosion resistant structures are presented. A case study compares the life cycle costs of different bridge deck designs using various reinforcing materials.
The document compares the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams and prestressed concrete beams. It discusses the materials and specifications used, including concrete grades of M20 for reinforced concrete and M35 for prestressed concrete. An experimental program is described that involved casting and testing beams of both types with the same cross-section but different reinforcement. The results showed that prestressed concrete beams had 12.4% higher moment resistance and 60% less ultimate deflection compared to reinforced concrete beams. Prestressed beams also had a higher cracking moment and shear failure rather than flexural failure. Overall, the prestressed concrete beams exhibited better structural behavior than the reinforced concrete beams.
STUDY ON BOND MECHANISM OF PSWC BARS WITH CONCRETEShoaib Wani
PSWC- Plain surface with wave-type configuration, a rebar for durable concrete construction at zero cost addition and much more. The yield strength & the bond strength of HYSD bars > plain round mild steel straight bars. The durability issues related to the use of HYSD bars in RCC & problems of early distress.
Early corrosion due to the provision of surface protrusions in HYSD bars for achieving the higher bond strength.
Alternative solution : A new type of reinforcing steel bar (named as PSWC-bar) with normal plain round surface and deformed axis is proposed.
Characteristics of aluminiom_components_analysiskarthick p
This document discusses composite materials made of aluminum reinforced with silicon carbide particles (7075Al/SiCp composites). It outlines the objectives to fabricate these composites using stir casting, and study their tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and microstructure. Tables show results from impact testing, hardness testing, and tensile testing of composites with 10%, 15%, and 20% SiC additions. Micrographs show the microstructures of the different composites. Applications of aluminum matrix composites include brake rotors, braking systems, engine pushrods, and electrical conductors. They offer benefits like greater strength, stiffness, lower density, and improved thermal and wear properties compared to other materials.
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on modeling and analyzing a 15-story steel building with and without reduced beam sections (RBS) using time history analysis. The study found that using RBS increased the building's time period by 25% and increased deflections and drifts compared to a building with regular beams. However, base shear was nearly identical between the two buildings. While RBS increased deformations, it also reduced the total steel material needed by about 11.5 tons, providing a cost savings of around $7,480. Therefore, RBS can improve seismic performance by shifting plastic hinging away from beam-column connections while also offering a cost benefit from reduced material.
The Study of Flexural and Ultimate Behavior of Ferrocement Lightweight Beam b...IRJET Journal
1. The study examines the flexural and ultimate behavior of ferrocement lightweight beams using autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks.
2. Six beams were tested - three reinforced concrete beams and three ferrocement beams. Testing involved applying a single point load until failure and recording the first crack load, ultimate load, and deflections.
3. Test results found that ferrocement beams gave early warning of failure through initial cracking compared to sudden failure in reinforced concrete beams. Ferrocement beams also experienced greater deflections than reinforced concrete beams under the same loads.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
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CHARACTERIZATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY FOR VIBRATION ATTENUATION IN SMART STR...Kandhan Siva
The document discusses the characterization of shape memory alloy (SMA) properties and the development of a virtual control system for monitoring SMA-based smart structures. Key points include:
- An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between Young's modulus of Nitinol wire and actuation current by applying cyclic loads at different currents. This provided an empirical equation to model SMA stiffness as a function of current.
- An SMA wire was embedded in a glass fiber reinforced polymer beam to create a smart beam. Testing found the beam's natural frequency increased by up to 4.2% with current due to increased SMA and beam stiffness. A 28% reduction in vibration amplitude was also achieved.
- Anal
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (GFRP) STRENGTHENED CONCRE...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to evaluate the performance of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) strengthened concrete columns under eccentric compression loading. 48 numerical models of reinforced concrete columns were created with variations in length, cross section, eccentricity, end condition, and stirrup spacing. The analysis found that GFRP strengthening improved load capacity and reduced displacement, with greater benefits for shorter columns under smaller eccentric loads. Optimal performance resulted from smaller cross sections, fixed ends, and varied stirrup spacing along the column length. The findings demonstrate GFRP strengthening enhances column behaviour under eccentric loading.
IRJET- Numerical Study on FRP Retrofitted RC Beam Suffering from IC Debon...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study on fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofitted reinforced concrete (RC) beams suffering from intermediate crack (IC) debonding. The study used ANSYS Workbench 16.2 to model an RC beam, a cracked RC beam, an FRP plated cracked RC beam, and FRP plated beams with U-jacket end anchorage of varying widths and heights. The results show that U-jacket anchorage is effective at increasing load capacity and reducing deflection compared to FRP plating alone. Specifically, a model with a 90 degree U-jacket at 200mm width and 250mm height performed best, increasing load capacity by 1% over the base RC beam model
Non-Linear Analysis of Steel Domes Coated with GFRP having Circular CutoutsIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a study analyzing different models of steel domes with circular cutouts coated with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) using finite element analysis software.
2) Five models were analyzed: a steel dome without cutouts, steel domes with three circular cutouts and GFRP coating with two different fiber stacking sequences, and models with the cutouts radially restrained.
3) The results show that radially restraining the cutouts reduces deflection under load compared to unrestrained cutouts. Models with a particular stacking sequence and restrained cutouts showed the highest load capacity and lowest deflection.
The document discusses a solution to strengthen a transmission line conductor where the original dead end sleeve failed due to being the wrong material. The proposed solution involves applying a helical reinforcing layer and dead end grip directly to the conductor to provide sufficient mechanical strength without needing a sleeve. Experimental tests showed this design passed load tests and corona/RIV testing, providing an effective fix for the transmission line issue.
Cable cleats are designed to support and restrain cables within cable tray systems. They help protect cables, personnel, and systems during short circuit events by preventing cable breaks that could cause damage or injury. The National Electrical Code requires adequate cable restraint. Cable cleats come in various sizes to accommodate different cable diameters and are selected based on cable type and size, available short circuit current, and tray type. They are installed at regular intervals and bends according to specifications to maximize protection.
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminum based metal matrix composite and then studying its mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In this conditions Aluminum Alloy (LM6) –Boron Carbide and graphite metal matrix composite were fabricated by liquid metallurgy technique with different particulate weight fraction ( Gr 2% and B4C 3 %, 5%). Mechanical properties such as hardness test and compression strength are determined and tribological behavior of the composite is studied using wear test. The composite were characterized by Hardness and tensile strength tests. With the increase the amount of boron carbide, the density of the composite decreased whereas the hardness is increased. The tensile strength of the composite was increased with increase in the weight percentage of the boron carbide and Gr in the composite.
Seismic and premature failure enhancement study in Jumbo beams and columns un...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of jumbo beams and columns with different types of reduced beam section (RBS) connections through numerical modeling and simulation. It finds that using RBS connections can increase the load capacity of jumbo sections compared to no RBS. Among the RBS connection types modeled (flange cut, web cut, holes in flange, slit in flange), the flange cut with slit connection resulted in the lowest equivalent plastic strain in both the beam and column, indicating it optimizes plastic hinge relocation and reduces premature failure under seismic loading.
IRJET - Flexural Retrofitting of RCC Beam using BFRPIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a study on retrofitting reinforced concrete beams with basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) to improve load capacity.
2) Five beams were cast and tested - two control beams, one beam wrapped with a single BFRP layer, one with double layers, and one with triple layers.
3) Results showed that BFRP wrapping increased the load capacity of the beams. Beams with more BFRP layers showed higher increases in first crack and ultimate loads compared to the control beams.
IRJET - Strengthening of Beam using Engineered Cementitious CompositesIRJET Journal
1) The document studies the flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC).
2) Five beam specimens were tested - one control beam and four beams strengthened with different ECC mixes. The ECC improved the load capacity and deformability of the beams.
3) The beam strengthened with ECC containing 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag showed the highest flexural strength and load capacity, demonstrating the benefits of ECC confinement for reinforced concrete beams.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Development of Low Weight Magnesium Composite and its CharacterisationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into developing a low-weight magnesium composite material and characterizing its properties. Magnesium alloy AZ91D was processed with silicon carbide as reinforcement using stir casting. Specimens with varying silicon carbide composition from 3-12% were tested. Tensile testing showed that yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, and toughness increased with higher silicon carbide content. Microstructural analysis found smaller grain sizes and better reinforcement distribution with smaller silicon carbide particle sizes. X-ray diffraction testing identified the crystal structures and confirmed no stress concentration in the composites.
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This document discusses the impact of data mining on business intelligence. It begins by defining business intelligence as using new technologies to quickly respond to changes in the business environment. Data mining is an important part of the business intelligence lifecycle, which includes determining requirements, collecting and analyzing data, generating reports, and measuring performance. Data mining allows businesses to access real-time, accurate data from multiple sources to improve decision making. Using business intelligence and data mining techniques can help businesses become more efficient and make better decisions to increase profits and customer satisfaction. The expected results of applying business intelligence include improved decision making through accurate, timely information to support organizational goals and strategic plans.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based GSM-controlled car security system. The system uses a DTMF decoder and GSM module to allow a car to be remotely controlled and secured from a mobile phone. It works by sending DTMF tones from the phone through calls to the GSM module in the car. The decoder interprets the tones and a microcontroller executes commands to disable the ignition or control other devices. The system was created to improve car security and accessibility through remote monitoring and control with DTMF and GSM technology.
This document presents an algorithm for imperceptibly embedding a DNA-encoded watermark into a color image for authentication purposes. It applies a multi-resolution discrete wavelet transform to decompose the image. The watermark, encoded into DNA nucleotides, is then embedded into the third-level wavelet coefficients through a quantization process. Specifically, the watermark nucleotides are complemented and used to quantize coefficients in the middle frequency band, modifying the coefficients. The watermarked image is reconstructed through inverse wavelet transform. Extraction reverses these steps to recover the watermark without the original image. The algorithm aims to balance imperceptibility and robustness through this wavelet-based, blind watermarking scheme.
1) The document analyzes the dynamic saturation point of a deep-water channel in Shanghai port based on actual traffic data and a ship domain model.
2) A dynamic channel transit capacity model is established that considers factors like channel width, ship density, speed, and reductions due to traffic conditions.
3) Based on AIS data from the channel, the average traffic flow is calculated to be 15.7 ships per hour, resulting in a dynamic saturation of 32.5%, or 43.3% accounting for uneven day/night traffic volumes.
The document summarizes research on the use of earth air tunnels and wind towers as passive solar techniques. Key findings include:
- Earth air tunnels circulate air through underground pipes to take advantage of the stable temperature 4 meters below ground for cooling in summer and heating in winter. Testing showed the technique can reduce ambient temperatures by up to 14 degrees Celsius.
- Wind towers circulate air through tall shafts to cool air entering buildings at night and provide downward airflow of cooled air during the day.
- Experimental testing of an earth air tunnel system over multiple months found maximum temperature reductions of 33% in spring and minimum reductions of 15% in summer.
The document compares the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) thin films and sheets reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. LDPE/graphene thin films were produced via solution casting, while sheets were made by compression molding. Testing showed that the thin films had enhanced tensile strength, lower melt flow index, and higher thermal stability compared to sheets. The tensile strength of thin films increased by up to 160% with 1% graphene, while sheets increased by 70%. Melt flow index decreased more for thin films, indicating higher viscosity. Thin films also showed greater improvement in glass transition temperature. These results demonstrate that processing technique affects the properties of LDPE/graphene nanocomposites.
The document describes improvements made to a friction testing machine. A stepper motor and PLC control system were added to automatically vary the load on friction pairs, replacing the manual method. Tests using the improved machine found that the friction coefficient decreases as the load increases, and that abrasive and adhesive wear increased with higher loads. The improved machine allows more accurate and convenient testing of friction pairs under varying load conditions.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the steady, two-dimensional Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a stationary wedge with momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions. The flow considers a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity in the presence of a porous medium and viscous dissipation. Governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The equations are highly nonlinear and cannot be solved analytically, so a numerical solver is used. Numerical results are presented for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity and temperature profiles for varying parameters like the Falkner-Skan parameter and Eckert number.
An improvised white board compass was designed and developed to enhance the teaching of geometrical construction concepts in basic technology courses. The compass allows teachers to visually demonstrate geometric concepts and constructions on a white board in an engaging, hands-on manner. It supports constructivist learning principles by enabling students to observe and emulate the teacher. The design process utilized design and development research methodology to test educational theories and validate the practical application of the compass. The improvised compass was found to effectively engage students and improve their performance in learning geometric constructions.
The document describes the design of an energy meter that calculates energy using a one second logic for improved accuracy. The meter samples voltage and current values using an ADC synchronized to the line frequency via PLL. It calculates active and reactive power by averaging the sampled values over each second. The accumulated active power for each second is multiplied by one second to calculate energy, which is accumulated and converted to kWh. Test results showed the meter achieved an error of 0.3%, within the acceptable limit for class 1 meters. Considering energy over longer durations like one second helps reduce percentage error in the calculation.
This document presents a two-stage method for solving fuzzy transportation problems where the costs, supplies, and demands are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In the first stage, the problem is solved to satisfy minimum demand requirements. Remaining supplies are then distributed in the second stage to further minimize costs. A numerical example demonstrates using robust ranking techniques to convert the fuzzy problem into a crisp one, which is then solved using a zero suffix method. The total optimal costs from both stages provide the solution to the original fuzzy transportation problem.
1) The document proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to improve voltage regulation and power quality in a transmission system.
2) A DPFC is placed at a load bus in an IEEE 4 bus system and its performance is compared using a PI controller and ANFIS controller.
3) Simulation results show the ANFIS controller provides faster convergence and better voltage profile maintenance during voltage sags and swells compared to the PI controller.
The document describes an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve vehicle routing problems. It introduces concepts of leptons and hadrons to particles in the algorithm. Leptons interact weakly based on individual and neighborhood best positions, while hadrons (local best particles) undergo strong interactions by colliding with the global best particle. When stagnation occurs, particle decay is used to increase diversity. Simulations show the improved algorithm avoids premature convergence and finds better solutions compared to the basic particle swarm optimization.
This document presents a method for analyzing photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals using correlative analysis. The method involves calculating the autocorrelation function of the PPG signal, extracting the envelope of the autocorrelation function using a low pass filter, and approximating the envelope by determining attenuation coefficients. Ten PPG signals were collected from volunteers and analyzed using this method. The attenuation coefficients were found to have similar values around 0.46, providing a potentially useful parameter for medical diagnosis.
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
This document presents a numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of ventilated disc brake rotors using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two types of rotor configurations are considered: circular pillared (CP) and diamond pillared radial vane (DP). A 20° sector of each rotor is modeled and meshed. Governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy are solved using ANSYS CFX. Boundary conditions include 900K and 1500K isothermal rotor walls for different speeds. Results show the DP rotor has 70% higher mass flow and 24% higher heat dissipation than the CP rotor. Velocity and pressure distributions are more uniform for the DP rotor at higher speeds, ensuring more uniform cooling. The
This document describes the design and testing of an automated cocoa drying house prototype in Trinidad and Tobago. The prototype included automated features like a retractable roof, automatic heaters, and remote control. It aims to address issues with the traditional manual sun drying process, which is time-consuming and relies on human monitoring of changing weather conditions. Initial testing with farmers showed interest in the automated system as a potential solution.
This document presents the design of a telemedical system for remote monitoring of cardiac insufficiency. The system includes an electrocardiography (ECG) device that collects and digitizes ECG signals. The ECG signals undergo digital signal processing including autocorrelation analysis. Graphical interfaces allow patients and doctors to view ECG data and attenuation coefficients derived from autocorrelation analysis. Data is transmitted between parties using TCP/IP protocol. The system aims to facilitate remote monitoring of cardiac patients to reduce hospitalizations through early detection of health changes.
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1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com
Volume 1, Issue 4 (September2012) PP: 58-67
An Experimental and Analytical Study On Composite High
Strength Concrete – Fibre Reinforced Polymer Beams
R.S.Ravichandran1, K. Suguna2 and P.N. Raghunath3
1
Assistant professor, 2Professor and 3Professor
1,2,3
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram-608 001, India
Abstract––This paper presents the results of a nonlinear Finite Element (FE) analysis conducted on Reinforced High
Strength Concrete (HSC) beams strengthened with Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates. Modeling the
complex behavior of reinforced concrete, which is both non-homogeneous and anisotropic, is a difficult confront in the
finite element analysis of civil engineering structures. The accuracy and convergence of the solution depends on factors
such as mesh density, constitutive properties of concrete, convergence criteria and tolerance values etc., Three-
dimensional finite element models were developed using a smeared crack approach for concrete and three dimensional
layered elements for the FRP composites. The results obtained through finite element analysis show reasonable
agreement with the test results.
Keywords–– Reinforced Concrete, Nonlinear Analysis, Finite Element Analysis and GFRP.
I. INTRODUCTION
Strengthening or upgrading becomes necessary when the structural elements cease to provide satisfactory strength
and serviceability. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites can be effectively used as an external reinforcement for
upgrading such structurally deficient reinforced concrete structures. The most common types of FRP are aramid, glass, and
carbon; AFRP, GFRP, and CFRP respectively. Many researchers have found that FRP composites applied to reinforced
concrete members provide efficiency, reliability and cost effectiveness in upgradation[4,5,9]. The use of FEA has been the
preferred method to study the behaviour of concrete. Wolanski[2] studied the flexural behavior of reinforced and prestressed
concrete beams using finite element analysis. The simulation work contains areas of study such as Behavior at First
Cracking, Behavior at Initial Cracking, Behavior beyond First Cracking, Behavior of Reinforcement Yielding and Beyond,
Strength Limit State, Load-Deformation Response of control beam and Application of Effective Prestress, Self-Weight, Zero
Deflection, Decompression, Initial Cracking, Secondary Linear Region, Behavior of Steel Yielding and Beyond, Flexural
Limit State of prestressed concrete beam. Arduini, et al.[3] used finite element method to simulate the behaviour and failure
mechanisms of RC beams strengthened with FRP plates. The FRP plates were modeled using two dimensional plate
elements. However the crack patterns were not predicted in that study. Kachlakev, etal.[7] studied the finite element
modeling of reinforced concrete structures strengthened with FRP Laminates with ANSYS and the objective of this
simulation was to examine the structural behaviour of Horsetail creek bridge with and without FRP laminates and establish a
methodology for applying computer modeling to reinforced concrete beams and bridges strengthened with FRP laminates.
II. EXPERIMENTAL BEAMS
2.1Materials used
The concrete used for all beam specimens had a compressive strength of 64MPa. The concrete consisted of 450
kg/m3 of ordinary Portland cement, 780 kg/m3 of fine aggregate, 680 kg/m3 of coarse aggregate, 450 kg/m3 of medium
aggregate, 0.36 water/cement ratio and 0.8% of hyperplasticizer. The longitudinal reinforcement consisted of high yield
strength deformed bars of characteristic strength 456MPa. The lateral ties consisted of mild steel bars of yield strength
300MPa. The specimens were provided with 8mm diameter stirrups at 150 mm spacing. Two types of GFRP laminates were
used for the study, namely, Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) and Uni-directional Cloth (UDC) of 3mm and 5mm thickness. The
properties of GFRP are shown in Table 1.
TABLE1 Properties of GFRP Laminates
Type of Thickness Elasticity Modulus Tensile Strength
Ultimate Elongation (%)
GFRP (mm) (MPa) (MPa)
3 7467.46 1.69 126.20
Chopped Strand
Mat
5 11386.86 1.37 156.00
3 13965.63 3.02 446.90
Uni-Directional
Cloth
5 17365.38 2.60 451.50
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2. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
2.2 Details of Beams
A total of 15 beams were tested. The main test variables considered in the study were steel reinforcement ratio,
type of GFRP laminate and thickness of GFRP laminate. The beams were 150 x 250 mm in cross-section and 3000 mm in
length as shown in Figs.1-3. The beams of A series were reinforced with two numbers of 10 mm diameter bars giving a steel
ratio of 0.419%. The beams of B series were reinforced with three 10 mm diameter bars giving a steel ratio of 0.628%. The
beams of C series were reinforced with three 12 mm diameter bars giving a steel ratio of 0.905%. Stirrups of 8 mm diameter,
at a spacing of 150 mm, were used for the beams. Out of fifteen beams, three served as control beams and the remaining
beams were strengthened with GFRP laminate. The details of beams are presented in Table.2
Fig.2 Details of ‘B’ Series Beams Fig.3 Details of ‘C’ Series Beams
Fig.1 Details of ‘A’ Series Beams
TABLE 2 Specimen Details
GFRP Laminate
% Steel Reinforcement
Type Thickness
Beam Designation
Composite Ratio
Beam series
A RA 0.419 - - -
RAC3 0.419 CSM 3 2.864
RAC5 0.419 CSM 5 4.774
RAU3 0.419 UDC 3 2.864
RAU5 0.419 UDC 5 4.174
B RB 0.628 - - -
RBC3 0.628 CSM 3 1.909
RBC5 0.628 CSM 5 3.183
RBU3 0.628 UDC 3 1.909
RBU5 0.628 UDC 5 3.183
C RC 0.905 - - -
RCC3 0.905 CSM 3 1.909
RCC5 0.905 CSM 5 3.183
RCU3 0.905 UDC 3 1.909
RCU5 0.905 UDC 5 3.183
2.3 GFRP Laminate Bonding Technique
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminates were used for strengthening the beams. The soffit of the beam
was well cleaned with a wire brush and roughened with a surface-grinding machine. Two part epoxy adhesive consisting of
epoxy resin and silica filler was used to bond the GFRP laminates. The adhesive was spread over the beam soffit with the
help of a spread. The GFRP laminate was applied gently by pressing the sheet from one end of the beam to the other along
the length of beam.
2.4 Experimental Test Set-up
All the beams were tested under four point bending in a loading frame of 750 kN capacity. The effective span of
the beam was 2800 mm with 100 mm bearing at the ends. The deflections were measured at mid-span and load-points using
59
3. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
dial gauges of 0.01 mm accuracy. The crack widths of beams were measured using a crack detection microscope with a least
count of 0.02 mm. Figure.4 shows the loading arrangement and instrumentation adopted for the test.
Fig.4 Experimental Test Set-up
III. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
3.1 Element types
3.1.1 Reinforced Concrete
Solid65 element was used to model the concrete. This element has eight nodes with three degrees of freedom at
each node – translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. This element is capable of plastic deformation, cracking in three
orthogonal directions, and crushing. A schematic of the element is shown in Figure 5 [6]. Smeared cracking approach has
been used in modeling the concrete in the present study [8].
3.1.2 Reinforcement
The geometry and node locations for Link 8 element used to model the steel reinforcement are shown in Figure 6.
Two nodes are required for this element. Each node has three degrees of freedom, translations in the nodal x, y, and z
directions. The element is also capable of plastic deformation.
3.1.3 FRP Composites
A layered solid element, Solid46, was used to model the FRP composites. The element has three degrees of
freedom at each node and translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. The geometry, node locations, and the coordinate
system are shown in Figure 7.
Fig.5 Solid65 element geometry. Fig.6 Link 8 – 3-D spar element
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4. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
Fig. 7 Solid46 – 3-D layered structural solid
For concrete, ANSYS requires input data for material properties as follows:
Elastic modulus (Ec ) MPa
Ultimate uni-axial compressive strength (f’c) Mpa
Ultimate uni-axial tensile strength (modulus of rupture, fr) Mpa
Poisson’s ratio (=0.2 )
Shear transfer coefficient (βt) which is represents conditions of the crack face. The value of βt ranges from 0.0 to
1.0, with 0.0 representing a smooth crack (complete loss of shear transfer) and 1.0 representing a rough crack (no
loss of shear transfer) [1]. The shear transfer coefficient used in present study varied between 0.3 and 0.4
Compressive uni-axial stress-strain relationship for concrete
For steel reinforcement stress-strain curve for the finite element model was based on the actual stress-stain curve obtained
from tensile test.
Material properties for the steel reinforcement are as follows:
Elastic modulus (Es) Mpa
Yield stress(fy) Mpa
Poisson’s ratio ( )
Material properties for the GFRP laminates are as follows:
Elastic modulus
Shear modulus
Major Poisson’s ratio
Fig.8 Simplified Uniaxial Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete Fig.9 Stress-Strain Curve for Steel
Reinforcement
3.2 Cracking of Concrete
The tension failure of concrete is characterized by a gradual growth of cracks, which join together and finally
disconnect larger parts of the structure. It is a usual assumption that crack formation is a brittle process and the strength in
the tension-loading direction abruptly goes to zero after big cracks or it can be simulated with gradually decreasing strength.
The cracked concrete material is generally modeled by a linear-elastic fracture relationship. Two fracture criteria are
commonly used, the maximum principal stress and the maximum principal strain criterions. When a principal stress or strain
exceeds its limiting value, a crack is assumed to occur in a plane normal to the direction of the principal stress or strain. Then
this crack direction is fixed in the next loading sequences. In this study the smeared-crack model was used. A three-
dimensional failure surface for concrete is shown in Figure 9.
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5. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
Fig.9 3-D Failure surface for concrete
3.3 Finite element discretization
The finite element analysis requires meshing of the model. For which, the model is divided into a number of small
elements, and after loading, stress and strain are calculated at integration points of these small elements. An important step in
finite element modeling is the selection of the mesh density. A convergence of results is obtained when an adequate number
of elements is used in a model. This is practically achieved when an increase in the mesh density has a negligible effect on
the results.
3.4 Non-linear solution
In nonlinear analysis, the total load applied to a finite element model is divided into a series of load increments
called load steps. At the completion of each incremental solution, the stiffness matrix of the model is adjusted to reflect
nonlinear changes in structural stiffness before proceeding to the next load increment. The ANSYS program (ANSYS 2010)
uses Newton-Raphson equilibrium iterations for updating the model stiffness. Newton-Raphson equilibrium iterations
provide convergence at the end of each load increment within tolerance limits. In this study, for the reinforced concrete solid
elements, convergence criteria were based on force and displacement, and the convergence tolerance limits were initially
selected by the ANSYS program. It was found that convergence of solutions for the models was difficult to achieve due to
the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete. Therefore, the convergence tolerance limits were increased to a maximum of 5
times the default tolerance limits in order to obtain convergence of the solutions.
TABLE 3. Material Models for the Calibration
Material Model Element Type Material Properties
Number
1 Solid 65 Linear Isotropic
Ex 40000Mpa
PRXY 0.3
Multi Linear Isotropic
Stress Strain
Point 1 19.2 0.00048
Point 2 39.68 0.0019
Point 3 54.01 0.0027
Point 4 58.56 0.0029
Point 5 64 0.0032
Concrete
ShfCf-Op 0.3
ShfCf-Cl 1
UnTensSt 5.6
UnCompSt -1
BiCompSt 0
HrdroPrs 0
BiCompSt 0
UnTensSt 0
TenCrFac 0
2 Solid46 Linear Isotropic
Ex 7467.46Mpa
PRXY 0.3
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6. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
3 Link8
Linear Isotropic
Ex 2.0E-05
PRXY 0.3
Bilinear Isotropic
Yield Stress 456Mpa
Tang. Mod 0
Figs. 10-17 show the finite element modeling of reinforced high strength concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates.
Fig.10. Modeled Steel Reinforcement Fig.11. Modeled Concrete and Steel
Fig.12. Modeled Concrete, Steel and FRP Fig.13.Full Scale Mesh Modeled Concrete, Steel and
FRP
Fig.14. Flexural Crack Pattern Fig.15. Flexural Crack Pattern
63
7. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
Fig.16. Flexural Crack Signs Fig.17. Concrete Crack Signs
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Experimental Test Results
Table.4 summarizes the test results at first crack, yield and ultimate stage of non-strengthened and strengthened beams.
TABLE 4 Principal Results of Tested Beams
Beam Designation Loading Stages of Beams
First Crack Stage Yield Stage Ultimate Stage
Pcr (kN) Δ (mm)
cr Py (kN) Δ (mm)
y Pu (kN) Δ (mm)
u
RA 14.39 1.26 29.42 7.91 41.68 21.05
RAC3 16.52 1.41 36.77 9.02 51.48 33.46
RAC5 21.28 3.67 46.58 10.1 66.19 46.81
RAU3 32.94 7.98 51.48 11.42 71.09 53.26
RAU5 36.81 9.23 53.7 10.74 78.45 57.21
RB 28.32 3.68 39.22 8.11 53.93 31.28
RBC3 30.95 4.71 51.48 11.35 61.29 36.23
RBC5 32.17 4.97 53.24 12.41 63.74 56.91
RBU3 33.69 9.35 58.8 12.85 88.25 61.04
RBU5 39.41 11.14 63 12.69 100.51 65.59
RC 30.37 4.45 44.13 10.19 58.84 37.89
RCC3 31.88 3.85 44.73 12.34 66.19 51.42
RCC5 34.14 1.94 53.95 13.95 98.10 55.28
RCU3 34.33 4.41 76.02 15.28 102.81 62.38
RCU5 36.78 4.36 78.14 15.90 112.62 65.00
64
8. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
The first crack loads were obtained by visual examination. At this stage, the strengthened beams exhibit a
maximum increase of 174% compared to the control beams. The yield loads were obtained corresponding to the stage of
loading beyond which the load-deflection response was not linear. At the yield load level, the GFRP strengthened beams
showed an increase upto 166% compared to the control beams. The ultimate loads were obtained corresponding to the stage
of loading beyond which the beam would not sustain additional deformation at the same load intensity. At the ultimate load
level, the strengthened beams showed a maximum increase of 170% when compared with the control beams. From the
experimental results, it can be observed that, at all load levels, a significant increase in strength was achieved by externally
bonded GFRP laminates. This increase may be attributed to the increase in tensile cracking strength of Concrete due to
confinement by the laminates. For the A series beams of steel ratio 0.419%, the ultimate load increased by 23.51% and
58.81% for 3mm and 5mm thick CSMGFRP laminated beams. For beams strengthened with 3mm and 5mm thick
UDCGFRP laminates, the ultimate load increased by 70.56% and 88.22%. The CSMGFRP strengthened HSC beams
exhibited an increase in deflection which varied from 58.95% to 122.38% at ultimate load level. The UDCGFRP
strengthened HSC beams exhibited an increase in deflection which varied from 153% to 171% at ultimate load level.
For the B series beams of steel ratio 0.628%, the ultimate load increased by 13.65% and 18.19% for 3mm and 5mm thick
CSMGFRP laminated beams. For beams strengthened with 3mm and 5mm thick UDCGFRP laminates, the ultimate load
increased by 63.64% and 86.37%. The CSMGFRP strengthened HSC beams exhibited an increase in deflection which varied
from 15.82% to 170.36% at ultimate load level. The UDCGFRP strengthened HSC beams exhibited an increase in deflection
which varied from 189.98% to 211.59% at ultimate load level. For the C series beams of steel ratio 0.905%, the ultimate
load increased by 12.49% and 66.72% for 3mm and 5mm thick CSMGFRP laminated beams. For beams strengthened with
3mm and 5mm thick UDCGFRP laminates, the ultimate load increased by 74.72% and 91.40%. The CSMGFRP
strengthened HSC beams exhibited an increase in deflection which varied from 144.27% to 162.61% at ultimate load level.
The UDCGFRP strengthened HSC beams exhibited an increase in deflection which varied from 196.34% to 208.78% at
ultimate load level.
4.2 Ductility of beams
TABLE 5 Ductility Indices of Tested Beams
Ductility
Beam Designation Deflection Energy
RA 2.66 4.16
RAC3 3.71 6.82
RAC5 4.63 7.81
RAU3 4.66 7.98
RAU5 5.33 9.27
RB 3.86 6.97
RBC3 3.19 7.58
RBC5 4.59 7.65
RBU3 4.75 7.78
RBU5 5.17 8.80
RC 3.72 6.82
RCC3 4.17 7.86
RCC5 3.96 8.06
RCU3 4.08 7.89
RCU5 4.09 9.32
Ductility is considered as an important factor in designing of structures especially in the seismic prone areas. The
ductility of a beam can be defined as its ability to sustain inelastic deformation without loss in load carrying capacity, prior
to failure. The ductility values for the beams were calculated based on deflection and energy absorption. The deflection
ductility values were calculated as the ratio between the deflection at ultimate point to the deflection at yield point. The
energy ductility values were calculated as the ratio of the cumulative energy absorption at ultimate stage to the cumulative
energy absorption at yield. The ductility indices for the tested beams are presented in Table 5. The deflection ductility for the
strengthened beams showed a maximum increase of 94.36%.
65
9. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
4.3 Comparison of Experimental Results with FEM Results
The load - deflection response for tested beams is presented in Figs.18-20. The general behaviour of the finite
element models show good agreement with observations and data from the experimental tests. The failure mechanism of a
reinforced concrete beam is modeled quite well using FEA and the failure load predicted is very close to the failure load
measured during experimental testing.
90
EXP RA
80
70 EXP RAC3
60 EXP RAC5
Load in kN
50 EXP RAU3
40 EXP RAU5
30
FEM RA
20
10 FEM RAC3
0 FEM RAC5
0 20 40 60 80 FEM RAU3
Deflection in mm FEM RAU5
Figure 18. Load – Deflection Response of ‘A’ Series Beams
120
EXP RB
100
EXP RBC3
80
Load in kN
EXP RBC5
60 EXP RBU3
40 EXP RBU5
20 FEM RB
0 FEM RBC3
0 20 40 60 80 FEM RBC5
Deflection in mm FEM RBU3
Figure 19. Load – Deflection Response of ‘B’ Series Beams
140
EXP RC
120
EXP RCC3
100
Load in kN
EXP RCC5
80
EXP RCU3
60
EXP RCU5
40
FEM RC
20
FEM RCC3
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 FEM RCC5
FEM RCU3
Deflection in mm
Figure 20. Load – Deflection Response of ‘C’ Series Beams
66
10. An Experimental And Analytical Study On Composite High Strength Concrete…
V. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental results the following conclusions are drawn:
Strengthening of HSC beams using GFRP laminates resulted in higher load carrying capacity. The percentage
increase in ultimate load varied from 23.51% to 88.22% for GFRP strengthened HSC beams.
The percentage increase in deflection at ultimate stage varied from 15.82 % to 211.59% for HSC beams
strengthened with GFRP laminates.
The GFRP strengthened HSC beams show enhanced ductility. The increase in deflection ductility varied from
17.36% to 100.38%.
GFRP strengthened beams failed in flexural mode only.
The general behaviour of the finite element models show good agreement with observations and data from the
experimental tests. The failure mechanism of a reinforced concrete beam is modeled quite well using FEA and the
failure load predicted is very close to the failure load measured during experimental testing.
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