J O Pi Oid
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The document discusses opioid analgesics and their mechanism of action in reducing pain. It notes that opioids work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Specifically, opioids promote the opening of potassium ion channels and inhibit calcium ion channels in neurons, reducing neurotransmitter release and nerve signal transmission. This leads to analgesic, or pain-relieving, effects. However, opioids can also cause side effects like respiratory depression and dependence with prolonged use.
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detail and complete study of opioids drugs . the study is done under the guidance of faculty member to help the other health care proffessionals
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The document discusses opioid analgesics and their mechanisms of action. It notes that the body has an endogenous analgesic system centered in the brainstem that is stimulated by opioids. Opioids work by binding to mu, delta, and kappa receptors in the brain and spinal cord, inhibiting pain signal transmission. Several opioid analgesics are described, including morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, and methadone. Tolerance, side effects, metabolism, and antagonists are also discussed. The future of opioid analgesics is seen to involve further study of the kappa receptor and endogenous opioid peptides to develop safer drugs.
OPIODS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION WITH IMP POINTS
Opioids are the most potent painkillers and remain central to pain management. They act on opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems to reduce pain sensation and transmission. Opioids can be naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, or synthetic and bind to mu, kappa, or delta receptors. Their analgesic effects are mediated by inhibiting neurotransmitter release in the spinal cord and brain regions involved in pain processing. Peripherally, opioids released from immune cells recruited to inflamed tissues can also directly inhibit pain signaling from sensory neurons.
Y1S2 Synapse NMJ Neurotransmitters
- The document discusses the physiology of synapses, neurotransmitters, and the neuromuscular junction. It describes the basic structure and function of chemical synapses between neurons.
- The key types of neurotransmitters are described, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, glycine, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine. Their receptors and effects on excitation or inhibition are summarized.
- The neuromuscular junction is discussed as a specialized chemical synapse, with acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic receptors and causes muscle fiber depolarization.
Overview of pain, Pharmacology............
This document provides an overview of pain pharmacology and the mechanisms of opioid analgesics. It discusses how pain signals are transmitted from nociceptors to the spinal cord and brain. It describes the roles of glutamate, substance P, and CGRP in pain signaling and how endogenous opioids and opioid receptors modulate pain. It explains how medications like morphine activate mu opioid receptors to reduce pain signal transmission and lists several opioid analgesics and their properties. It also covers topics like opioid tolerance, addiction, and side effects.
Opioid-Teaching
This document summarizes the classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses of opioid analgesic drugs. It discusses:
1) The classification of opioids into strong agonists like morphine and weak agonists like codeine.
2) The sites of action of opioids in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues to reduce pain transmission.
3) The therapeutic indications of opioids for moderate to severe acute and chronic pain.
4) The adverse effects of opioids including respiratory depression, nausea, constipation, and development of tolerance and physical dependence with chronic use.
OPIOIDS.pptx
The document discusses nociception and analgesics. It defines nociception as the neural processes involved in encoding and transmitting noxious stimuli via nociceptors. There are two types of axons - fast conducting Aδ fibers and slow C fibers. The body has an endogenous analgesia system supplemented by analgesic drugs which act on opioid receptors to reduce pain transmission. Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that acts primarily on mu receptors, though it has various other pharmacological effects and side effects that require careful clinical use.
Introduction to neuropharmacology and neurodegenerative diseases
This document discusses the central nervous system (CNS) and how drugs can affect it. It begins by explaining that most drugs that affect the CNS do so by altering neurotransmission. It then covers how the basic functioning of neurons in the CNS is similar to those of the autonomic nervous system, but also highlights some key differences between the two. The document goes on to describe the steps of neurotransmission and different types of postsynaptic potentials. It also discusses specific neurotransmitter pathways and common neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease.
Opioid analgesics
Opioid analgesics work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce pain. There are several types of opioid receptors that endogenous opioid peptides and exogenous opioids can bind to, including mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Opioids are well absorbed orally or parenterally and distributed widely throughout the body. They are metabolized in the liver mainly by conjugation with glucuronic acid and excreted in urine. Opioids produce analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and constipation by acting on central and peripheral opioid receptors. Tolerance and physical dependence may develop with repeated use.
Opioids.pptx
This document provides an overview of opioids and opioid analgesics. It discusses how opioids act in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues to relieve pain. It describes the endogenous opioid system and three families of opioid peptides: endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins. It also discusses the three main types of opioid receptors: mu, kappa, and delta. The rest of the document details specific opioid analgesics including natural alkaloids like morphine and codeine, semi-synthetic opioids like heroin and oxycodone, and synthetic opioids like methadone and tramadol. It provides information on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
Opioid receptors & opioid analgesics
This document discusses opioid receptors and opioid analgesics. It begins by introducing opioids and their interaction with opioid receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. It then describes the three main types of opioid receptors - mu, kappa, and delta - and their locations in the brain and spinal cord. The document outlines various classes of opioid analgesics and antagonists based on their receptor interactions. It explains the mechanisms of action of opioids like morphine at opioid receptors, including their analgesic, sedative, and other effects. The pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of representative opioids like morphine and semi-synthetic derivatives are summarized. Finally, the mechanisms and applications of opioid antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone
Opioids Drugs
The document discusses several key points about opioids:
1. It describes the endogenous opioid systems and receptors in the body, including proenkephalin, prodynorphin, pro-opiomelanocortin, and the mu, kappa, delta, and other receptors.
2. It summarizes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioids like morphine and meperidine, how they work in the body to produce analgesia and other effects.
3. The main effects of opioids discussed are analgesia, respiratory depression, nausea/vomiting, and other central nervous system effects. Their use in anesthesia is also covered.
central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because it integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals
Drugsandthe Brain Part1 Review
This document provides an overview of major neurotransmitters in the brain and how drugs can affect them. It discusses the 5 most studied neurotransmitters - norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and GABA. It then explains several ways drugs can influence neurotransmitters, such as by blocking synthesis, interfering with storage or release, inhibiting breakdown, or blocking receptors. The location in the brain where a drug acts is also important, as each neurotransmitter has multiple effects throughout the brain.
Opioids
This document summarizes opioids, including their history, endogenous opioid system, classification, mechanisms of action, metabolism, and pharmacogenetics. It discusses major opioids like morphine, fentanyl, methadone and their metabolic pathways. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia, tolerance, and respiratory depression are also covered. The endogenous opioid system includes receptors like mu, kappa, and delta. Opioids are classified as natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic and range from weak to strong. Their mechanisms of analgesia involve spinal and supraspinal sites. Metabolism and genetics influence individual responses.
Narcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesics
A presentation on Analgesics which includes basic terminologies, mechanisms and pathway for pain, pharmacology of pain receptors and synthesis of related medicinal compounds.
Neuromodulation
Physiology of Neuromodulation and neuromodulators. Difference between neuromodulation and synapse. Recent advances in neuromodulation, clinical application of neuromodulation.
presentation on Endorphin hormone
Endorphin is the body's natural analgesic hormone. It is produced when the body experiences physical or emotional stress and binds to the same opioid receptors as exogenous opioids like morphine. There are different types of endorphin including beta-endorphin, which is one of the most potent analgesics. Endorphin production varies between individuals and functions to reduce both physical and emotional pain by increasing pleasure and suppressing pain signals in the brain. Understanding the endogenous opioid system and how endorphin interacts with receptors provides insights into developing future analgesic treatments.
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Introduction to neuropharmacology and neurodegenerative diseases
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Pharmanalgesics
The document discusses various classes of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat pain and inflammation. It covers the mechanisms of action and examples of opioid analgesics like morphine, codeine, and fentanyl; non-opioid analgesics like acetaminophen; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and naproxen. It also discusses the selective COX-2 inhibitor Vioxx, which was later voluntarily withdrawn due to evidence linking it to increased cardiovascular risk.
analgesics
The document discusses various analgesic drugs used to treat pain, including opioid agonists like morphine, codeine, and oxycodone; opioid antagonists like naloxone; salicylates like aspirin; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen; corticosteroids; and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). It describes how these drugs work, their uses, side effects, characteristics, and nursing considerations when administering them to patients.
OpioidAnalgesics2008
The document discusses opioids and their history. It describes how opium poppies contain morphine and other alkaloids. It discusses the development of the hypodermic syringe allowing injection of pure morphine in the 19th century. Morphinism became widespread after the US Civil War due to injured soldiers' opioid use. Morphine works by agonizing mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors, preferring mu receptors. Side effects include respiratory depression, dependence, and addiction. Heroin is converted from morphine and crosses the blood-brain barrier faster, causing addiction. Codeine is converted to morphine in the liver and is used as a cough suppressant.
3978 S1 04 Lipman
The document discusses issues around balancing the risks and benefits of opioid use for pain management. It notes that while opioids carry risks like addiction and side effects, untreated pain also has physiological, psychological and immunological impacts that can impair quality of life. The document reviews guidelines from organizations that advocate for the safe and effective use of opioids to treat acute, cancer and chronic pain when non-opioid options are insufficient.
3873 S1 08 Katz
The document discusses several major concerns regarding the long-term use of opioids to treat chronic pain, including addiction, tolerance, and neuropsychological and endocrine effects. It notes that while some retrospective studies have suggested addiction is rare, no published studies have prospectively evaluated addiction rates using standardized definitions. It also summarizes several studies that have investigated tolerance, side effects, and endocrine impacts but have not systematically addressed these issues. The document concludes that while opioids may be generally safe, more research is still needed to fully understand long-term risks and benefits.
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J O Pi Oid
- 3. Reticular formation in brain stem Target area for opioid analgesia
- 9. Synapses between afferent nociceptive neurons and secondary ascending neurons relay pain signals to the brain. The entry of Ca 2+ into the pre-synaptic primary neuron and the release of K + from the post-synaptic secondary neuron are processes involved in signal transmission across the synapse .
- 11. Opioids binding to ion channel associated receptors inhibit the influx of calcium ions into the pre-synaptic terminal and increase the outflow of potassium ions from the post-synaptic membrane. This has the effect of reducing the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate and hyperpolarising the post-synaptic membrane. Synaptic transmission is inhibited.