This review examines whether unsolicited or non-consensual sexual stimulation can lead to unwanted sexual arousal or orgasm in victims. It concludes that such scenarios can occur, as sexual arousal and orgasm are involuntary physiological responses that do not necessarily indicate consent. A perpetrator's defense that claims evidence of arousal or orgasm proves consent is invalid and should be disregarded. The review discusses definitions of sexual arousal and orgasm, and factors that influence arousal such as individual sensitivity levels and threatening versus non-threatening stimuli. It also outlines how arousal and involuntary orgasm could potentially be induced in unwilling victims through forced sexual acts and stimulation, despite their lack of consent.
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<p>An orgasm in the human female is a variable, transient peak sensation of intense pleasure, creating an altered state of consciousness, usually with an initiation accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the pelvic striated circum- vaginal musculature, often with concomitant uterine and anal contractions, arid myotonia that resolves the sexually induced vasocongestion and myotonia, generally with induction of well-being and contentment. Women's orgasms can be induced by erotic stimulation of a variety of genital end nongenital sites. A.s of yet, no definitive explanations for what triggers orgasm have emerged. Studies of brain imaging indicate increased activation at orgasm, compared to pre-orgasm, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray o( the midbrain, hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Psychosocial factors commonly discussed in relation to female orgasmic ability include age, education. social clans, religion, personality, and relationship issues. findings from surveys and clinical reports suggest that orgasm problems are the second most frequently reported sexual problem in women. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorgasmia focuses on promoting changes in attitudes and sexually relevant thoughts, decreasing anxiety, and increasing orgasmic ability and satisfaction. To date, there are no pharmacological agents proven to be beneficial beyond placebo in enhancing orgasmic function in women.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:heading -->
<h2>Definition of Women's Orgasm</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p><br>More than one author has commented on the extensive literature that exists about the human female orgasm. It has been discussed from clinical, ethological, philosophical, physiological, psychological, sociological, and typological perspectives Levin, 1992). Symons 11979, p. 861 observed that although “the human female orgasm definitely exists it inspires interest, debate, polemics, ideology, technical manuals and scientific and popular literature solely because it is so often absent!” It is clear that natural selection has not favored females who could orgasm easily, hence it is not likely an essential feature of the reproductive process. Even its definition is hard to pin down because<br>enigmatically it has both nomothetic (the study or discovery of general laws) and radiographic (individuals perform- many aspects. Because the exact neural activity of the cerebral neuronal discharge is so poorly understood, most of those defining orgasm use reported or observed physical changes (usually muscular and cardiovascular), with an emphasis that this is the culmination or most intense moment of Sexual arousal. Levin,
Brain development final presentation currieBryanCurrie
Biological factors during fetal development may influence sexual orientation. The maternal immune hypothesis suggests that a mother's immune response to male antigens could affect brain development and increase the likelihood of homosexuality. The hormone wash theory proposes that stress-induced maternal hormones could disrupt the process that masculinizes the male fetus's brain. Studies have also found structural differences in brain regions involved in sexual behavior and attraction between homosexual and heterosexual individuals, such as larger hypothalamic regions in gay men. While both nature and nurture may play a role, biological theories focus on prenatal influences on the formation of the "homosexual brain."
- Diosdado Corial was convicted of qualified rape and sentenced to death for raping his minor granddaughter Maricar Corial.
- Maricar testified that in July 1998, her grandfather raped her while they were alone in the house. She revealed this to her mother during a Christmas visit in 1998.
- Medical examinations of Maricar found genital injuries consistent with sexual abuse. When confronted by police, Corial admitted to "having a taste" of the child.
- Corial claimed the case was fabricated by his daughter as retaliation for not allowing her to live with him. However, the court found Maricar's testimony credible and consistent. It upheld Corial's conviction and death sentence.
This document summarizes a research project examining the transfer and persistence of semen onto different materials. The research aims to detect semen at secondary and tertiary transfer levels using various tests including acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, and microscopy. The introduction provides background on sexual assault statistics in the UK and relevant tests for semen detection. The methods section outlines the materials used, collection of semen samples, assessment of drying time, and transfer between materials. Results of the different tests on various materials and drying times will be analyzed to understand semen detection.
This Thai language document is about applying and taking an exam on the website learn.narenthorn.or.th. It discusses registering for and completing an assessment on the site. In a few sentences it outlines the basic process of signing up and testing on the given online platform.
The document summarizes the timeline and key details of the 2008 Noida double murder case in India, where 14-year-old Aarushi Talwar and domestic help Hemraj were found murdered in the Talwar residence. The investigation was initially handled by the Noida police but was transferred to the CBI due to concerns of a botched investigation. The CBI took over on June 1, 2008 and investigated multiple suspects including Aarushi's parents but was unable to establish a motive or file charges. The case remains unsolved and controversial.
This document provides instructions for completing a forensic medical examination report of sexual assault. It outlines the necessary information to collect, including: patient identification and consent details, history of the alleged assault, physical examination findings, specimen collection, treatment provided, and examiner conclusions. Examiners are directed to be sensitive when eliciting the assault history from the patient and to obtain all relevant details of the incident and any injuries sustained.
The document discusses forensic pathology and autopsy procedures. It describes the role of the forensic pathologist as determining the cause, manner, and time of death through postmortem examination. It outlines the typical steps of an autopsy, including external examination, a Y-shaped incision, examination of organs, and analysis of trauma wounds or other signs that could indicate the cause of death. Key autopsy goals are to examine the body for injuries or diseases that may have led to death.
<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p>An orgasm in the human female is a variable, transient peak sensation of intense pleasure, creating an altered state of consciousness, usually with an initiation accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the pelvic striated circum- vaginal musculature, often with concomitant uterine and anal contractions, arid myotonia that resolves the sexually induced vasocongestion and myotonia, generally with induction of well-being and contentment. Women's orgasms can be induced by erotic stimulation of a variety of genital end nongenital sites. A.s of yet, no definitive explanations for what triggers orgasm have emerged. Studies of brain imaging indicate increased activation at orgasm, compared to pre-orgasm, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray o( the midbrain, hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Psychosocial factors commonly discussed in relation to female orgasmic ability include age, education. social clans, religion, personality, and relationship issues. findings from surveys and clinical reports suggest that orgasm problems are the second most frequently reported sexual problem in women. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorgasmia focuses on promoting changes in attitudes and sexually relevant thoughts, decreasing anxiety, and increasing orgasmic ability and satisfaction. To date, there are no pharmacological agents proven to be beneficial beyond placebo in enhancing orgasmic function in women.</p>
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
<!-- wp:heading -->
<h2>Definition of Women's Orgasm</h2>
<!-- /wp:heading -->
<!-- wp:paragraph -->
<p><br>More than one author has commented on the extensive literature that exists about the human female orgasm. It has been discussed from clinical, ethological, philosophical, physiological, psychological, sociological, and typological perspectives Levin, 1992). Symons 11979, p. 861 observed that although “the human female orgasm definitely exists it inspires interest, debate, polemics, ideology, technical manuals and scientific and popular literature solely because it is so often absent!” It is clear that natural selection has not favored females who could orgasm easily, hence it is not likely an essential feature of the reproductive process. Even its definition is hard to pin down because<br>enigmatically it has both nomothetic (the study or discovery of general laws) and radiographic (individuals perform- many aspects. Because the exact neural activity of the cerebral neuronal discharge is so poorly understood, most of those defining orgasm use reported or observed physical changes (usually muscular and cardiovascular), with an emphasis that this is the culmination or most intense moment of Sexual arousal. Levin,
Brain development final presentation currieBryanCurrie
Biological factors during fetal development may influence sexual orientation. The maternal immune hypothesis suggests that a mother's immune response to male antigens could affect brain development and increase the likelihood of homosexuality. The hormone wash theory proposes that stress-induced maternal hormones could disrupt the process that masculinizes the male fetus's brain. Studies have also found structural differences in brain regions involved in sexual behavior and attraction between homosexual and heterosexual individuals, such as larger hypothalamic regions in gay men. While both nature and nurture may play a role, biological theories focus on prenatal influences on the formation of the "homosexual brain."
- Diosdado Corial was convicted of qualified rape and sentenced to death for raping his minor granddaughter Maricar Corial.
- Maricar testified that in July 1998, her grandfather raped her while they were alone in the house. She revealed this to her mother during a Christmas visit in 1998.
- Medical examinations of Maricar found genital injuries consistent with sexual abuse. When confronted by police, Corial admitted to "having a taste" of the child.
- Corial claimed the case was fabricated by his daughter as retaliation for not allowing her to live with him. However, the court found Maricar's testimony credible and consistent. It upheld Corial's conviction and death sentence.
This document summarizes a research project examining the transfer and persistence of semen onto different materials. The research aims to detect semen at secondary and tertiary transfer levels using various tests including acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, and microscopy. The introduction provides background on sexual assault statistics in the UK and relevant tests for semen detection. The methods section outlines the materials used, collection of semen samples, assessment of drying time, and transfer between materials. Results of the different tests on various materials and drying times will be analyzed to understand semen detection.
This Thai language document is about applying and taking an exam on the website learn.narenthorn.or.th. It discusses registering for and completing an assessment on the site. In a few sentences it outlines the basic process of signing up and testing on the given online platform.
The document summarizes the timeline and key details of the 2008 Noida double murder case in India, where 14-year-old Aarushi Talwar and domestic help Hemraj were found murdered in the Talwar residence. The investigation was initially handled by the Noida police but was transferred to the CBI due to concerns of a botched investigation. The CBI took over on June 1, 2008 and investigated multiple suspects including Aarushi's parents but was unable to establish a motive or file charges. The case remains unsolved and controversial.
This document provides instructions for completing a forensic medical examination report of sexual assault. It outlines the necessary information to collect, including: patient identification and consent details, history of the alleged assault, physical examination findings, specimen collection, treatment provided, and examiner conclusions. Examiners are directed to be sensitive when eliciting the assault history from the patient and to obtain all relevant details of the incident and any injuries sustained.
The document discusses forensic pathology and autopsy procedures. It describes the role of the forensic pathologist as determining the cause, manner, and time of death through postmortem examination. It outlines the typical steps of an autopsy, including external examination, a Y-shaped incision, examination of organs, and analysis of trauma wounds or other signs that could indicate the cause of death. Key autopsy goals are to examine the body for injuries or diseases that may have led to death.
Forensic toxicology involves using toxicology and analytical chemistry to aid investigations of death, poisoning, and drug use. A forensic toxicologist analyzes samples like urine, blood, hair, and stomach contents to determine what toxic substances are present and their probable effects. Their analysis considers evidence from the investigation and autopsy to identify substances ingested and concentrations in samples, which can indicate impairment or prior drug exposure. Factors like metabolism, sample dilution, and detection limits complicate determining the original substance ingested.
An autopsy is a medical procedure performed after death to determine the cause and manner of death. It involves a thorough external and internal examination of the body by a pathologist. There are two main types - forensic autopsies which are performed when the cause of death may be criminal, and clinical autopsies which are typically performed in hospitals by order of the attending physician. The autopsy procedure involves an external examination of the body, followed by an internal examination where the chest is opened and organs are removed and examined. Samples may also be taken for analysis. The body is then reconstructed and prepared for burial or cremation. Autopsies provide valuable medical information and help ensure quality of care.
This document outlines a case of dysmenorrhea in a 28-year-old woman. Dysmenorrhea can be primary or secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by increased prostaglandin release during menstruation and usually appears within 1-2 years of menarche. Secondary dysmenorrhea appears later in life and has an underlying pathological cause like endometriosis, adenomyosis, or fibroids. A thorough history, physical exam, and testing is needed to determine the cause. Treatment depends on the underlying etiology but may include NSAIDs, birth control pills, laparoscopy, or in severe cases a hysterectomy.
- The patient is a 25-year-old Thai woman who presented to the emergency room after ingesting an unknown medication belonging to her sister about 1 hour prior due to a severe headache. She experienced nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness.
- On examination, she appeared drowsy with normal vital signs. ECG showed no abnormalities. Laboratory tests revealed no abnormalities except mild anemia. Drug screening of blood and gastric content was negative.
- The leading diagnosis was toxicity from a sodium channel blocking agent. Management included activated charcoal, sodium bicarbonate, and supportive care. The patient's condition improved with treatment.
This document defines and classifies various sexual offences under criminal law. It discusses natural offences like rape, incest and adultery. It also discusses unnatural offences such as sodomy and bestiality. Further, it examines various sexual perversions or paraphilias that do not involve intercourse, such as voyeurism, exhibitionism and fetishism. The document provides detailed definitions and explanations of offenses to help distinguish between different types of illegal sexual acts. It also outlines investigative procedures for collecting forensic evidence in sexual offence cases, including medical examinations of victims and suspects.
The report documents interviews with survivors of widespread and systematic rape of MDC supporters by ZANU-PF members and militias in Zimbabwe after the 2008 elections. Over 300 hours of interviews were conducted with 70 survivors and witnesses, whose consistent accounts indicate the rapes were part of an orchestrated ZANU-PF campaign of intimidation and violence to influence the election results in their favor. The survivors report horrific acts of torture, rape, and sexual violence intended to terrorize communities and undermine political opposition to Mugabe's rule.
The guide is a comprehensive booklet provided to court supporters who assist survivors going through the process of a rape trial.
The Court Support Project was put in place by the Rape Crisis Cape Town Trust in 2007 with the aim of supporting rape survivors so that they take their trials to completion.
Rape survivors often have no prior experience of the court system, are not sure of the processes that will be followed, of who the different role players in court are and, most importantly, what is expected of them when they are called upon to testify.
The court supporter shares all of this information not only with the rape survivor but also any family members that are there to support her or to testify as witnesses in the case.
The booklet forms part of a larger project that includes the training of community based volunteers as court supporters who are then based on site at regional courts.
Rape Crisis offers this service in collaboration with the National Prosecuting Authority and the Department of Social Development and as an adjunct to their three counselling services in Khayelitsha, Observatory and Athlone.
Through the Road to Justice Project Rape Crisis also recruits and trains counsellors based at two Thuthuzela Care Centres in Cape Town seeing in excess of 5 000 rape survivors per year through all of these services combined.
In addition Rape Crisis trains volunteers based at police stations around the province in how to support rape survivors coming to report rapes at their Community Service Centres.
Sexual abuse can take many forms and definitions vary by location. Common types of sexual offenses include rape, unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor, indecent assault, indecent exposure, indecency with children, incest, and certain homosexual acts. Sexual abuse has serious physical and psychological impacts on victims. Forensic evidence collection and treatment of any injuries or sexually transmitted infections is important. Ongoing counseling and support is also needed to help victims process the trauma over time.
This document outlines procedures for examining a victim of rape. It details obtaining informed consent, examining the victim for signs of struggle or injury, collecting forensic evidence like clothing, swabs, and specimens, and analyzing this evidence for signs of sexual assault like sperm, blood, semen, or STDs. The victim's statement is also recorded in detail regarding the assault. Genital and anal areas are examined closely, as well as other body parts, for injuries. Collected evidence is sent for analysis and DNA profiling to identify the perpetrator. The timeframe that sperm can be detected in vaginal samples is also outlined.
This document contains notes from Dr. Udai Bhan Yadav on forensic medicine topics such as lung tuberculosis, the aging of abrasions and contusions, determination of injury age, and post-mortem findings for conditions like hanging, drowning, burns and poisoning. It provides guidance on the timeline of physical changes seen in injuries and how autopsy observations can aid determining the cause and manner of death.
This document defines and discusses various types of sexual offenses under Indian law. It begins by defining natural offenses (those committed through vaginal penetration) and unnatural offenses (those against the natural order). It then discusses specific offenses like rape, adultery, and unnatural acts. It provides legal definitions and punishments for offenses from sections of the Indian Penal Code like rape, gang rape, sexual assault by persons in authority, disclosure of victim's identity, and unnatural offenses. It also discusses sexual perversions like sadism, masochism, and bestiality. In summary, the document comprehensively outlines Indian laws pertaining to different types of sexual crimes and perversions.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. Some key points include:
- Forensic science began to emerge in the 19th century following advances in chemistry. One landmark was the 1836 Marsh test for detecting arsenic poisoning.
- Early methods for identifying criminals included Bertillonage, which used body measurements, and fingerprint analysis developed in the late 1800s.
- Foundational principles like Locard's exchange principle established that contact between people or objects leaves evidence.
- Forensic science split into medical and crime lab divisions, with medical forensic focusing on determining cause and manner of death through tools like estimating time of death.
This document provides information about the collection and examination of trace evidence and biological samples like blood and semen in medicolegal cases. It defines trace evidence and explains how it can help identify people, objects, or places associated with a crime. Specific instructions are given for the proper collection, preservation, packaging, and dispatch of blood and semen samples to ensure chain of custody. The objectives and types of trace evidence analysis are also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of normal human sexuality including:
1. It defines human sexuality and discusses how it is determined by factors like biology, culture, relationships and life experiences.
2. It describes different cognitive, learning, and physiological perspectives on sexuality and the role of the brain, hormones and nervous system.
3. It discusses Masters and Johnson's four phases of the sexual response cycle including desire, excitement, plateau, and resolution.
Sexual arousal disorders can cause great torment. Historically, theories of sexual disorders have shifted from psychoanalytic to behavioral to current biopsychosocial models. The human sexual response cycle is typically described as having four phases: desire, excitement, orgasm, and resolution. Neurologically, various brain regions and neurotransmitters like dopamine and nitric oxide are involved in sexual arousal and response.
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Yadav discusses sexuality and sexual rehabilitation for people with disabilities. He outlines models of sexual response and defines sexual dysfunctions. Specific disabilities like spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, limb amputation and others can impact sexuality through direct or indirect effects on physiology, perception, mobility and more. Evaluation and treatment of sexual concerns is an important part of rehabilitation.
Forensic toxicology involves using toxicology and analytical chemistry to aid investigations of death, poisoning, and drug use. A forensic toxicologist analyzes samples like urine, blood, hair, and stomach contents to determine what toxic substances are present and their probable effects. Their analysis considers evidence from the investigation and autopsy to identify substances ingested and concentrations in samples, which can indicate impairment or prior drug exposure. Factors like metabolism, sample dilution, and detection limits complicate determining the original substance ingested.
An autopsy is a medical procedure performed after death to determine the cause and manner of death. It involves a thorough external and internal examination of the body by a pathologist. There are two main types - forensic autopsies which are performed when the cause of death may be criminal, and clinical autopsies which are typically performed in hospitals by order of the attending physician. The autopsy procedure involves an external examination of the body, followed by an internal examination where the chest is opened and organs are removed and examined. Samples may also be taken for analysis. The body is then reconstructed and prepared for burial or cremation. Autopsies provide valuable medical information and help ensure quality of care.
This document outlines a case of dysmenorrhea in a 28-year-old woman. Dysmenorrhea can be primary or secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by increased prostaglandin release during menstruation and usually appears within 1-2 years of menarche. Secondary dysmenorrhea appears later in life and has an underlying pathological cause like endometriosis, adenomyosis, or fibroids. A thorough history, physical exam, and testing is needed to determine the cause. Treatment depends on the underlying etiology but may include NSAIDs, birth control pills, laparoscopy, or in severe cases a hysterectomy.
- The patient is a 25-year-old Thai woman who presented to the emergency room after ingesting an unknown medication belonging to her sister about 1 hour prior due to a severe headache. She experienced nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness.
- On examination, she appeared drowsy with normal vital signs. ECG showed no abnormalities. Laboratory tests revealed no abnormalities except mild anemia. Drug screening of blood and gastric content was negative.
- The leading diagnosis was toxicity from a sodium channel blocking agent. Management included activated charcoal, sodium bicarbonate, and supportive care. The patient's condition improved with treatment.
This document defines and classifies various sexual offences under criminal law. It discusses natural offences like rape, incest and adultery. It also discusses unnatural offences such as sodomy and bestiality. Further, it examines various sexual perversions or paraphilias that do not involve intercourse, such as voyeurism, exhibitionism and fetishism. The document provides detailed definitions and explanations of offenses to help distinguish between different types of illegal sexual acts. It also outlines investigative procedures for collecting forensic evidence in sexual offence cases, including medical examinations of victims and suspects.
The report documents interviews with survivors of widespread and systematic rape of MDC supporters by ZANU-PF members and militias in Zimbabwe after the 2008 elections. Over 300 hours of interviews were conducted with 70 survivors and witnesses, whose consistent accounts indicate the rapes were part of an orchestrated ZANU-PF campaign of intimidation and violence to influence the election results in their favor. The survivors report horrific acts of torture, rape, and sexual violence intended to terrorize communities and undermine political opposition to Mugabe's rule.
The guide is a comprehensive booklet provided to court supporters who assist survivors going through the process of a rape trial.
The Court Support Project was put in place by the Rape Crisis Cape Town Trust in 2007 with the aim of supporting rape survivors so that they take their trials to completion.
Rape survivors often have no prior experience of the court system, are not sure of the processes that will be followed, of who the different role players in court are and, most importantly, what is expected of them when they are called upon to testify.
The court supporter shares all of this information not only with the rape survivor but also any family members that are there to support her or to testify as witnesses in the case.
The booklet forms part of a larger project that includes the training of community based volunteers as court supporters who are then based on site at regional courts.
Rape Crisis offers this service in collaboration with the National Prosecuting Authority and the Department of Social Development and as an adjunct to their three counselling services in Khayelitsha, Observatory and Athlone.
Through the Road to Justice Project Rape Crisis also recruits and trains counsellors based at two Thuthuzela Care Centres in Cape Town seeing in excess of 5 000 rape survivors per year through all of these services combined.
In addition Rape Crisis trains volunteers based at police stations around the province in how to support rape survivors coming to report rapes at their Community Service Centres.
Sexual abuse can take many forms and definitions vary by location. Common types of sexual offenses include rape, unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor, indecent assault, indecent exposure, indecency with children, incest, and certain homosexual acts. Sexual abuse has serious physical and psychological impacts on victims. Forensic evidence collection and treatment of any injuries or sexually transmitted infections is important. Ongoing counseling and support is also needed to help victims process the trauma over time.
This document outlines procedures for examining a victim of rape. It details obtaining informed consent, examining the victim for signs of struggle or injury, collecting forensic evidence like clothing, swabs, and specimens, and analyzing this evidence for signs of sexual assault like sperm, blood, semen, or STDs. The victim's statement is also recorded in detail regarding the assault. Genital and anal areas are examined closely, as well as other body parts, for injuries. Collected evidence is sent for analysis and DNA profiling to identify the perpetrator. The timeframe that sperm can be detected in vaginal samples is also outlined.
This document contains notes from Dr. Udai Bhan Yadav on forensic medicine topics such as lung tuberculosis, the aging of abrasions and contusions, determination of injury age, and post-mortem findings for conditions like hanging, drowning, burns and poisoning. It provides guidance on the timeline of physical changes seen in injuries and how autopsy observations can aid determining the cause and manner of death.
This document defines and discusses various types of sexual offenses under Indian law. It begins by defining natural offenses (those committed through vaginal penetration) and unnatural offenses (those against the natural order). It then discusses specific offenses like rape, adultery, and unnatural acts. It provides legal definitions and punishments for offenses from sections of the Indian Penal Code like rape, gang rape, sexual assault by persons in authority, disclosure of victim's identity, and unnatural offenses. It also discusses sexual perversions like sadism, masochism, and bestiality. In summary, the document comprehensively outlines Indian laws pertaining to different types of sexual crimes and perversions.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. Some key points include:
- Forensic science began to emerge in the 19th century following advances in chemistry. One landmark was the 1836 Marsh test for detecting arsenic poisoning.
- Early methods for identifying criminals included Bertillonage, which used body measurements, and fingerprint analysis developed in the late 1800s.
- Foundational principles like Locard's exchange principle established that contact between people or objects leaves evidence.
- Forensic science split into medical and crime lab divisions, with medical forensic focusing on determining cause and manner of death through tools like estimating time of death.
This document provides information about the collection and examination of trace evidence and biological samples like blood and semen in medicolegal cases. It defines trace evidence and explains how it can help identify people, objects, or places associated with a crime. Specific instructions are given for the proper collection, preservation, packaging, and dispatch of blood and semen samples to ensure chain of custody. The objectives and types of trace evidence analysis are also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of normal human sexuality including:
1. It defines human sexuality and discusses how it is determined by factors like biology, culture, relationships and life experiences.
2. It describes different cognitive, learning, and physiological perspectives on sexuality and the role of the brain, hormones and nervous system.
3. It discusses Masters and Johnson's four phases of the sexual response cycle including desire, excitement, plateau, and resolution.
Sexual arousal disorders can cause great torment. Historically, theories of sexual disorders have shifted from psychoanalytic to behavioral to current biopsychosocial models. The human sexual response cycle is typically described as having four phases: desire, excitement, orgasm, and resolution. Neurologically, various brain regions and neurotransmitters like dopamine and nitric oxide are involved in sexual arousal and response.
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Yadav discusses sexuality and sexual rehabilitation for people with disabilities. He outlines models of sexual response and defines sexual dysfunctions. Specific disabilities like spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, limb amputation and others can impact sexuality through direct or indirect effects on physiology, perception, mobility and more. Evaluation and treatment of sexual concerns is an important part of rehabilitation.
Sex is not just going backs and force, we need to understand its physiology and neural concepts, here is a detailed presentation about the physiology of sexual human response and the intercourse, in addition to the benefits and some clinical aspects
Understanding the self - lecture 5 HAND-OUTShin Chan
The document discusses human sexuality and development from multiple perspectives. It covers how sex chromosomes determine male and female development in the womb. Puberty begins the development of secondary sexual characteristics from ages 10 to 15 due to rising hormone levels. The document also discusses erogenous zones, human sexual behaviors, and the physiology of the human sexual response process. Nervous system factors and potential sexual problems are also addressed from physiological, psychological, and social perspectives.
Marieb. E.N. (2001) explains that gonads begin to form until the eighth week of embryonic development. During the early stages of human development, embryonic reproductive structures of males and females are alike and said to be in indifferent stage.
The presence of male and female structures depends on the presence of testosterone.
Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the embryo results in strange abnormalities.
Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 to 15 years old, when the reproductive -organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone on males and estrogen on females).
In males, as they reach the age of 13, puberty is characterized by the increased in the size of the reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the public area, axillary, and face.
In females, the budding of their breast usually occurring at the age of 11. Menarche is the first menstrual of females which happens two years after the start of puberty.
The document discusses various topics related to human sexuality and sexual development, including:
1) It defines the concept of "sexual self" and discusses factors that influence sexuality such as gender identity, sexual self-esteem, and satisfaction.
2) It describes the development of secondary sex characteristics and the human reproductive system during puberty.
3) It outlines Masters and Johnson's four phase model of the human sexual response cycle - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
4) It discusses the roles of the brain and hormones like oxytocin, testosterone, and estrogen in regulating sexual function and desire.
1) Human sexuality involves the physical, psychological, and social aspects of sexual behavior. It is influenced by biological factors like anatomy and hormones, as well as environmental factors like culture, relationships, and life experiences.
2) Sexual behavior serves both reproductive and non-reproductive purposes. It provides health benefits like stress relief, immune system boosting, and cardiovascular benefits.
3) Normal sexual response involves four phases: desire, excitement, orgasm, and resolution. It is mediated by the central nervous system and hormones. Foreplay involves physical and psychological stimulation to increase arousal.
Loving relationships contribute greatly to happiness, and sexuality influences who we fall in love with and mate with. The document discusses three categories of sexual disorders - paraphilias, gender dysphoria, and sexual dysfunctions. Paraphilias involve recurrent sexual fantasies or behaviors involving nonconsenting persons or harm. Gender dysphoria involves discomfort with one's sex. Sexual dysfunctions involve impaired sexual desire, arousal, orgasm or pain. Causes may be biological or psychological and treatments involve counseling, medication or therapy.
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts related to motivation and emotion. It begins by defining motivation and discussing different theories of motivation, including biological, psychological, and cognitive approaches. It then focuses on specific motivations like hunger, regulating weight, and taste preferences. It also examines theories of sexual motivation and levels of analysis. For emotions, it explains theories like the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, two-factor, and views proposing emotions without cognition. It discusses cultural differences in emotional expression and the role of the autonomic nervous system in embodied emotion.
HUMAN SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS (1).pptxIshneetKaur41
Human Sexuality - Normal sexuality, normal sexual response, sexual identity and orientation and sexual dysfunctions with treatment - female sexual arousal disorder, anorgasmia, ejaculatory dysfunction, male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
This document provides an overview of a presentation on sexuality and sex therapy. It includes:
- Definitions of key terms related to sexuality like sexuality, gender roles, and gender identity.
- Descriptions of the phases of the human sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson and Kaplan.
- Discussions of common sexual dysfunctions like lack of sexual desire, erectile dysfunction, and premature ejaculation.
- Overviews of paraphilias and sexual deviations.
- Brief histories of perspectives on sexuality from Freud, Ellis, Kinsey, and Masters and Johnson.
- Descriptions of common techniques in sex therapy like history taking, sensate focus exercises, and the PL
Notes from class · Sex VS. Gender· Sex = Biology Gender = S.docxcherishwinsland
Notes from class:
· Sex VS. Gender
· Sex = Biology Gender = Social Construction
· Male = XY chromosomes Female = XX chromosomes
· Masculine/ Androgynous/ Feminine:
· Gender Identity:
· A person's perception of having a particular gender, which may or may not correspond with their birth sex.
· Sexual Orientation:
· Who you are attracted to.
· Heterosexual, Bisexual, Pansexual, A- Sexual, Gay/ Lesbian.
· Corpus Callosum:
· a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.
Chapter 2
Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development Knowledge Challenge:
When do most children understand that they are male or female and that their sex is not going to change? How does a person develop a standpoint? Which sex has a documented hormonal cycle? A student of mine named Jenna told me that theory bores her because it has nothing to do with “real life.” But the premier social scientist Kurt Lewin disagreed when he insisted, “There is nothing so practical as good theory.” What he meant, and what I tried to explain to Jenna, is that theories are very practical. They help us understand, explain, and predict what happens in our real lives and in the world around us. Theoretical Approaches to Gender A theory is a way to describe, explain, and predict relationships among phenomena. Each of us uses theories to make sense of our lives, to guide our attitudes and actions, and to predict others’ behavior. Although we’re not always aware of the theories we hold, they still shape how we act, how we expect others to act, and how we explain, or make sense of, what we and others say and do. In this sense, theories are very practical. Among the theories that each of us has are ones we use to make sense of men’s and women’s behaviors. For instance, assume that you know Kevin and Carlene, who are 11-year-old identical twins. In many ways, they are alike; yet they also differ. Carlene is more articulate than Kevin, and she tends to think in more integrative ways. Kevin is better at solving analytic problems, especially ones that involve spatial relations. He also has better-developed muscles, although he and Carlene spend equal time playing sports. How you explain the differences between these twins reflects your implicit theory of gender. If put a lot of trust in biology, you might say that different cognitive strengths result from hemispheric specialization in male and female brains. You might also assume that Kevin’s greater muscle development results from testosterone, which boosts musculature, whereas estrogen programs the body to develop less muscle and more fat and soft tissue. Then again, if you believe socialization shapes development, you might explain the twins’ different cognitive skills as the result of what parents reward. Similarly, you might explain the disparity in their muscle development by assuming that Kevin is more encouraged and more rewarded than Carlene for engaging in activities that build muscles. These are only two of .
1) Chapter 12 discusses motivation and work, covering perspectives on motivation such as instincts, drives, arousal, and hierarchies of needs. It examines the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation.
2) Motivation is explained from four perspectives: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory which proposes that physiological needs create drives, arousal theory which says people seek optimal arousal, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs from basic to complex.
3) The chapter also addresses motivation at work, including the fields of personnel and organizational psychology which study worker selection, evaluation, and workplace influences on motivation.
This document discusses normal and abnormal human sexuality from a psychiatric perspective. It covers the following key points:
1. Normal sexual behavior serves three main functions: procreation, pleasure, and forming relationships.
2. The limbic system and various neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin are involved in regulating sexual functions like libido, erection, and ejaculation.
3. Sexual dysfunctions include low sexual desire, problems with arousal or orgasm, pain with intercourse, premature ejaculation, and paraphilias or abnormal sexual behaviors.
4. Treatment of sexual dysfunctions may involve psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy to treat any underlying psychiatric conditions, or medications specifically for issues like erect
1. Normal sexual behavior serves three main functions: procreation, pleasure, and forming relationships between partners.
2. The limbic system and certain brain neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin are involved in regulating sexual functions like libido, erection, and ejaculation.
3. Sexual dysfunctions include lack of sexual desire, problems with arousal or orgasm, pain with intercourse, and premature ejaculation. They can have physical or psychological causes and are treated through therapy and sometimes medication.
1. J O U R N A L O F
CLINICAL
FORENSIC
MEDICINE
Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 11 (2004) 82–88
www.elsevier.com/locate/jcfm
Review
Sexual arousal and orgasm in subjects who experience forced
or non-consensual sexual stimulation – a review
a,*,1 b
Roy J. Levin , Willy van Berlo
a
Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Westen Bank, Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
b
Rutgers Nisso Groep, Oudenoord 176-178, Postbus 9022, 3506 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Received 18 September 2003; accepted 22 October 2003
Abstract
The review examines whether unsolicited or non-consensual sexual stimulation of either females or males can lead to unwanted
sexual arousal or even to orgasm. The conclusion is that such scenarios can occur and that the induction of arousal and orgasm does
not indicate that the subjects consented to the stimulation. A perpetratorÕs defence simply built upon the fact that evidence of genital
arousal or orgasm proves consent has no intrinsic validity and should be disregarded.
Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd and AFP. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction is divided into three sections, the first part deals with
sexual aspects common to males and females, the second
In normal consensual sex, the sexual arousal and the part deals with female victims. The third part deals with
possible subsequent achievement of orgasm are usually male victims.
the welcomed outcome of the activity. Consensual sex-
ual activity obviously entails a willingness of both par-
ties to partake of the activity and thus the mental state 2. What do we mean by sexual arousal?
of the participants is usually one of happy acceptance of
the sexual arousal and possibly the orgasm induced. In Like all simple questions the answer turns out to be
fact it is often thought that lack of this ‘‘accepting’’ state more complicated than at first thought. Human sexual
can be a hindrance to becoming aroused and orgasmic. arousal occurs as a mental state and as a physical state;
What then of a non-consenting male or female who is in normal sexual arousal both occur simultaneously.
subjected to sexual stimulation either by force, fear or However, it is possible to be mentally sexually aroused
because of an impaired conscious resistance to the without showing any genital manifestations of arousal
stimulation (sleep, drug, alcohol or hypnosis induced), (vaginal/clitoral blood engorgement and vaginal lubri-
can they experience sexual arousal and orgasm invol- cation for women, penile tumescence or erection in
untarily or even against their will? men). Contrarily, it is possible to exhibit these genital
The present review attempts to answer this question manifestations of arousal but not feel mentally aroused.
especially in relation to a perpetrators defence against Indeed, it is even possible to feel disgusted by the genital
an alleged sexual assault that ‘‘they (the victim) must manifestations of arousal if it is thought to be a highly
have consented (and/or enjoyed it) because they became inappropriate response to the inducing sexual stimuli viz
sexually aroused and even had an orgasm’’. The review getting an erection to the naked body of oneÕs mother or
sister or by a violent scenario.
* What comes first, (i) the central state of sexual
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: R.J.Levin@sheffield.ac.uk (R.J. Levin).
arousal that then activates genital arousal which acti-
1
Honorary Research Fellow, Porterbrook Clinic, Sheffield NHS, vates a heightening of the central state of arousal by
CHS, Nether Edge, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. positive genital feedback, or (ii) the genital stimulation
1353-1131/$ - see front matter Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd and AFP. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jcfm.2003.10.008
2. R.J. Levin, W. van Berlo / Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 11 (2004) 82–88 83
that activates a central state of arousal which then fur- 3. What is an orgasm?
ther activates genital arousal by positive feedback from
the central arousal? The answer is that either can occur When human beings of either sex are sexually stim-
first depending on the manner of the initiation of the ulated and if the stimulus is maintained it can lead to a
sexual activity. Unexpected but acceptable genital/body peak or culmination of the induced sexual arousal that
caressing can lead to a near-instantaneous central causes certain mental (subjective) and physical mani-
arousal while sexual stimuli from any of the non-haptic festations (body changes) that are normally described as
senses (hearing, vision, smell) and fantasy can initiate the experience of an orgasm. It represents the ultimate
the central aroused state. human ecstatic state without recourse to drugs. The
How would a perpetrator of the alleged sexual assault degree to which these changes vary between individuals,
know or infer that the assaulted was sexually aroused/ especially females, is extensive; some can have orgasms
and or having an orgasm? so intense and overpowering that they become mo-
In the case of females the sexual stimulation (if suc- mentarily unconscious1 yet others may have difficulty in
cessful) would create physical changes in the body of the recognising the changes from those of high sexual
aroused subject as indicated by: arousal. It is not unknown for subjects to make mistakes
(i) increased pulse (heart) rate, about their body reactions at orgasm even in the labo-
(ii) increased blood pressure, ratory.2;3 Males have little or no difficulty in identifying
(iii) increased respiration (breathing rate), that they have experienced an orgasm (see orgasms in
(iv) increased blood flow to breasts, engorgement of men below) but in women, the achievement of orgasm
breasts and engorgement of areolae (pigmented appears to be less facile and recognising that it has oc-
area around nipple), curred and is different from a high peak of sexual
(v) nipple erection, arousal can be difficult for some. Consciousness is not a
(vi) increased blood flow to vagina and labia, requirement for orgasm to be generated because they
(vii) increased engorgement (trapping of blood) of pel- can occur in men4 and women during sleep.5;6 Although
vic area with blood, the mental activity that takes place at orgasm is highly
(viii) clitoral tumescence (engorgement with blood), subjective, when written descriptions of the feelings
(ix) increased formation of vaginal fluid (lubrication) made by males and females with obvious gender cues
possibly leaking out onto labia and inner thighs, removed are compared by independent judges no obvi-
(x) irregular contractions of pelvic muscles around va- ous differentiations between the male and female ones
gina (circumvaginal muscles), could be identified.7 This suggests that the mental ac-
(xi) regular pelvic muscle contractions at orgasm, tivity of orgasm that occurs in males and females is
(xii) involuntary vocalizations at or during orgasm probably more similar than different. This conclusion
(cries, grunts, groans, gasps,, exclamations, has also been reached from the study of Mah and Bli-
screams) or involuntary spoken self-report (viz nik8 who asked the question in men and women ‘‘Do all
‘‘IÕm coming’’). orgasms feel alike?’’
Those changes that would be most obvious to the Because the exact neural activity of the mental (ce-
sexual stimulator of a female would likely be i, iii, v, viii, rebral) occurrence and discharge of the orgasm is still so
but especially ix, x, xi and xii. poorly understood current definitions use the reported
In the case of males the changes that occur would or observed physical changes that occur (usually pelvic
normally include: muscular and cardiovascular) with an emphasis that it is
(i) increased pulse (heart) rate, the culmination or most intense pleasurable moments of
(ii) increased blood pressure, the sexual arousal.
(iii) increased respiration (breathing rate),
(iv) nipple erection,
(v) tumescent to fully erect penis, 4. Can an involuntary orgasm be induced?
(vi) elevation of testicles by contracted scrotum to per-
ineum, In one sense all orgasms are involuntary in that they
(vii) rhythmic contractions of pelvic muscles, normally cannot be created by the will alone but need a
(viii) ejection of seminal fluid, sexual stimulus. Sexual stimulation, from whatever
(ix) involuntary vocalisations at ejaculation/orgasm source, activates the brain and then if excitatory enough
(cries, grunts, groans, gasps, exclamations) or in- induces a brain response – the orgasm. The cerebral ac-
voluntary spoken self-report (viz ‘‘IÕm coming’’). tivation is not under direct conscious control per se but it
The most obvious changes to the sexual stimulator of can be facilitated (viz by use of fantasy) or it can be re-
a male would be i, iii, v, vii, viii and ix. In males, the pressed (viz in posttraumatic stress syndrome). Allowing
experience of viii would clearly identify that an orgasm physical sexual stimuli to occur and continue would
had taken place. normally be under direct conscious control, the subject
3. 84 R.J. Levin, W. van Berlo / Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 11 (2004) 82–88
(especially females) usually being the ‘‘gate controller’’ of always confirm that genital muscular contractile activity
such activity. But in situations where there was threat or occurred.2;14
violence, hypnosis, the possible influence of alcohol, Notwithstanding all these difficulties, an operational
medication, drugs or their combination the normal so- definition for females would be thus:
cio-sexual control becomes inoperative. However, the ‘‘An orgasm in the human female is a variable,
question as posed can also be interpreted to mean ‘‘Can transient peak sensation of intense pleasure creating an
an orgasm be induced in a subject despite their not altered state of consciousness usually with an initiation
wanting one?’’ Looking at all the available evidence (see accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of
this review) the answer appears to be ‘‘yes’’ but it will be the pelvic striated circumvaginal muscles often with
partly dependent on the responsitivity of the individual concomitant uterine and synchronous anal contractions
to inhibit sexual stimuli. This varies over a wide relatively and myotonia (tonic muscular spasms) that resolves the
normal distribution. sexually induced pelvic vasocongestion (sometimes only
Bancroft and his co-workers9 have postulated a ‘‘dual partially) and the myotonia usually with an induction of
control’’ of sexual response. The description initiated feelings of well-being, contentment and lassitude’’.15
from studies with males but the concept has obvious Although the range of activities that can initiate or-
application also in women. The proposal is that there gasm in individuals is extensive (Kinsey et al.1 quote
are excitatory and inhibitory systems in operation and subjects being brought to orgasm by having their eye-
the balance of these determines what occurs in any brows stroked, or by having the hairs on their body
specific situation. Stimuli assessed as sexual and non- gently blown or by having pressure applied to their teeth
threatening activate the excitatory, those that are ap- alone!) a non-violent programme carried out with the
praised as a threat activate the inhibitory reducing the aim of making a female engage in sexual activity (pas-
chance of sexual arousal. Individuals, however, will vary sive or active) despite her unwillingness to do so, would
in their ability for excitation and inhibition. The pro- usually entail the following hierarchical behaviour:
pensity for these traits can be measured by question- (i) initiation of sexual arousal created by words, cud-
naire.10 Thus a person with a low propensity for dling, kissing (lips and with tongue),
inhibition may become sexually aroused even by (ii) manual manipulation/stimulation of breasts/areo-
threatening sexual stimuli. Someone, however, with a lae/nipples,
high propensity for inhibition may be unable to become (iii) pelvic area stimulation involving caressing of inside
aroused even in relatively unthreatening situations of thighs, perineum (area between bottom of vagi-
which may lead to sexual dysfunction. A further and nal opening and anus), labia (vaginal lips), clitoris,
important aspect of the concept is that arousal induced (iv) insertion of finger(s) into vagina, stroking of vagi-
by one type of stimulus can become recruited to activate nal walls, repeated insertion/removal of finger(s)
the arousal response to another stimulus, a process de- into/out of the vaginal introitus (entrance),
scribed as ‘‘excitation transfer’’.11 A threatening situa- (v) repeated stroking of labia, clitoris with fingers lubri-
tion could enhance the response to a coexisting sexual cated with vaginal fluid. A more extreme arousal
stimulus in individuals with a low ability to inhibit may also use,
sexual responses. (vi) insertions/withdrawals of lubricated finger into
Kime12 reviewed the response to aberrant sexual be- anus, stroking of rectal walls.
haviour that caused stress and concluded that sexual These activities would normally create sexual arousal
arousal and orgasm can occur. in a subject (indicated by the various body changes listed
in the previous section – What is Sexual Arousal?).
Depending on the individual sensitivity to sexual
5. Orgasms in females stimulation the activities if continued can create enough
arousal to induce orgasm with its attendant mental and
Definitions of female orgasm have been attempted in physical sequelae described in the previous section.
numerous scientific publications; Levin13 tabled some 13 According to Masters and Johnson16 whatever the
from authors of a variety of backgrounds while more sexual stimuli applied, if successful in eliciting an orgasm,
recently Mah and Binik8 repeated the exercise with a the orgasmic response was the same. Thus vaginal stim-
doubling of authorÕs definitions. Despite the increased ulation was said to create the same orgasmic response as
numbers the latter authors had to conclude that a sat- clitoral stimulation. With more specific measurement
isfactory universal definition of orgasm could not be techniques, unavailable to Masters and Johnson, it is
accomplished. A major problem in defining orgasm in becoming clear that stimuli focussed on the upper (an-
women compared to men is the greater emphasis that is terior) vaginal wall creates a different balance of muscular
given to the subjective or self-report as opposed to activity at orgasm than does stimuli focussed solely on the
physiological signs. This is because observations in some clitoris.17 Moreover strong digital stimulation of the up-
women who claim to have experienced an orgasm do not per vaginal wall (which includes the so-called ‘‘G-spot’’18 )
4. R.J. Levin, W. van Berlo / Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 11 (2004) 82–88 85
can induce rapid sexual arousal to orgasm in subjects similar situation occurs in males who are sexually stim-
especially sensitive to such stimulation.19 ulated under threat (see section on males).
While there are a number of objective signs of female
orgasm that have been observed under laboratory con-
ditions (see Meston et al.18 for references) none can be 7. Clinicians reports
completely relied on. Other than the female reporting
that she has had an orgasm there is at the moment no A manual search of the literature in Pubmed under
known validated forensic test to show that a woman has the headings sexual assault, unsolicited sexual arousal,
had an orgasm. Subjects however, are often aware at did not recall any dedicated papers on the subject of
orgasm of a racing pulsing heartbeat, pelvic flutterings/ sexual assault victims becoming aroused and/or orgas-
contractions and the sudden surge of orgasmic pleasure mic. A brief study by Ringrose24 however, about the
usually followed by a physical and mental relaxation. elicitation of pelvic reflexes in rape victims, reported that
in 25 cases of rape only one reported orgasm as a result
of the sexual assault, an incidence of 4%. The low inci-
6. If the subject had an orgasm does it mean that she dence may be due to embarrassment or the shame of
consented? giving a positive answer.
Anecdotal reports (personal communications ob-
Induction of sexual arousal and orgasm by unsolicited, tained by e-mail) from three clinicians and a senior nurse
non-consensual sexual stimulation is likely to be therapist all involved in treating/counselling victims of
under-reported by victims because of the obvious em- sexual assault described unsolicited sexual stimuli cre-
barrassment of succumbing to the stimulation and thus ating sexual arousal and even orgasm.
appearing to others to have accepted and enjoyed it. Clinician A sent the following comments:
There is a case series in the literature about this occurring
‘‘I (have) met quite a lot of victims (males) who had the full sex-
in male victims who were in extremely threatening situa- ual response during sexual abuse.’’
tions (Sarrel and Masters,20 see section on males) but re- ‘‘I (have) met several female victims of incest and rape who had
markably little published material in relation to females. lubrication and orgasm.’’
However, it is known from laboratory studies with wo-
men who are visually exposed to sexually explicit videos Clinician B replied:
that they can show increased blood flow to their vaginas
‘‘I have heard from some of my female patients that they have
(indicating effective genital sexual arousal) despite the fact lubricated during rape, but not achieve orgasm. It does not
that their subjective reports or conscious perception of the mean that they could not have an orgasm.’’
stimuli indicates that they were not excited or aroused.21
There thus appears to be an autonomous mechanism that Clinician C replied:
creates sexual arousal at a sub-cortical level (i.e., not
‘‘.... many of us occasionally see women who experience orgasm
perceived) to activate an increase in genital blood flow. during abusive sex. . ..’’ and are told by the abused that a com-
This increase in vaginal blood flow would lead to an in- ment from the abuser was ‘‘you must have enjoyed it – so whatÕs
crease in the production of vaginal lubricating fluid.22 It the problem?’’
may well be a basic mechanism to create automatically the
conditions (a lubricated vagina) for painless penile pene- The senior nurse-therapist said when interviewed by
tration without genital abrasion if enforced coitus sub- one of the authors (R.J.L.):
sequently occurs. Thus ‘‘genital arousal’’ can occur in a ‘‘Approximately 1 in 20 women who come to the
sexually stimulated female even though she perceives/ clinic (an established NHS, CHS Sexual and Marital
reports no ‘‘conscious central (brain) sexual arousal’’. Relationships clinic in a large provincial English city)
It was expected that fear or fright which activates the for treatment because of sexual abuse report that they
sympathetic nervous system and causes the release of have had an orgasm from previous unsolicited sexual
adrenaline into the blood circulation and the release of arousal. It is not detailed in the (professional) literature
the neurotransmitter nor-adrenaline at the sites of the because the victims usually do not want to tell/talk
sympathetic nerve endings (both acting as vasoconstric- about it because they feel guilty, as people will think that
tors of blood vessels in most non-genital areas) would if it happened they must have enjoyed it. The victims
also cause a reduced blood flow to the vagina but in fact often say, ‘‘My body let me down’’. Some however,
the laboratory evidence is that activation of the sympa- cannot summon the courage to say even that.’’
thetic system can actually enhance such blood flow fa- The incidence of orgasm from unsolicited sexual
cilitating genital arousal and the resultant lubrication.23 arousal of approximately 5% quoted in the above in-
Thus a female subject who is afraid or frightened during terview is remarkably similar to the 4% reported by
a sexual assault would not necessarily have unresponsive Ringrose24 but both sources believe that these figures are
genitals to the sexual manipulations of her violator. A probably underestimates due to embarrassment.
5. 86 R.J. Levin, W. van Berlo / Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 11 (2004) 82–88
In an Internet Forum for (professional) clinical and Out of 58 victims, 12 (21%) answered ‘‘yes’’ to this
scientific discussion about female sexual problems (Au- question although they experienced (mentally) the as-
gust 2000) a question was raised about a marital rape/ sault as dreadful. The mean age of these 12 victims was
kidnapping case where an estranged husband kidnapped 32 (range 19–44 years). Ten were penetrated vaginally
his wife and forcibly performed sex on her during which during the assault and 9 were asaulted by someone they
activity she had an orgasm, namely ‘‘does orgasm in this knew. Six victims felt attracted to the perpetrator before
sort of context equal consent?’’. Four replies were re- the rape. Eight of the rapists tried to sexually arouse the
ceived from clinicians of whom three answered that in woman. The assaults took place between one month and
their opinion orgasms can occur in women in this type three years before the interview (mean: 10.7 months).
of rape experience without consent. The fourth however, Eleven out of the twelve rapists used violence to affect
a female doctor specialising in womenÕs sexual matters, the assault which was excessive in two cases.
opined that ‘‘reflex responses to vaginal penetration and
stimulation (lubrication) are one thing but an orgasm is
entirely different. This is not typically a reflex response 9. Orgasms in males
in women, in particular if the experience is not at all
pleasurable. Given that this is not documented in the Unlike females the recognition that a male has ex-
literature, I personally believe, that for a woman to have perienced an orgasm is usually not a problem because
an orgasm, she needs to be at least on some level, although orgasm and the ejaculation of semen are ac-
mentally and emotionally invested in the experience. . . tually created by distinct mechanisms27 it is extremely
Fear, repulsion and pain are not conducive to orgasm. rare for the former not to accompany the latter. An
Psychological acquiescence or complacency does not operational definition of orgasm in males is similar to
mean the woman did not enjoy the experience, and on that already given for the female except for the addition
some level, love her husband.’’ of the ejaculatory events thus:
A number of aspects in this unique reply need com- ‘‘An orgasm in the human male is a variable, tran-
ment. First, orgasms arise from sexual arousal just like sient peak sensation of intense pleasure creating an al-
vaginal lubrication and if the subject being aroused has tered state of consciousness usually with an initiation
weak powers of inhibiting arousal (see section above on accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of
the dual control model of sexual arousal) then orgasm the pelvic striated muscles that forcefully eject the semen
may occur. Secondly, according to Sipski25 there is ev- often with concomitant and synchronous anal contrac-
idence from women with spinal cord injury supporting tions and myotonia (tonic muscular spasms) that re-
the hypothesis that orgasm is a reflex response of the solves the sexually induced penile vasocongestion and
autonomic nervous system. Thirdly, while fear, repul- the myotonia usually with an induction of feelings of
sion and pain may not be conducive to orgasm in most well-being, contentment and lassitude’’.
in some individuals they can facilitate and cause arou-
sal. Fourthly, speculation about any possible residual
subconscious love for the husband without an in 10. If the male has an erection does it indicate consent?
depth psychological examination is just that, mere
speculation. The penile erectile mechanism is created early in
foetal life: ultrasound images of erections have been
obtained as early as 16 weeks of foetal development.
8. A study of female victims of sexual assault Erections occur without any sexual stimulation in
babies.28;29 Erection and orgasm are induced more easily
Ensink and Van Berlo26 interviewed female victims in pre- and early adolescent boys than in older males.
about the traumatic sequelae of their sexual assault. In Slight physical stimulation of the genitals, a general in-
this study, one of the questions asked was about phys- crease in stress and body tension and generalised emo-
ical response and/or lubrication during the assault (this tional situations can create erections even though no
part of the study has not yet been published). The specific sexual stimulation is present.4 There is a long list
wording of the question was ÔIt sometimes happens that of stimuli that can bring about erections in pre-adoles-
women physically respond to sexual assault. This means cent boys including punishment, fear of punishment,
that it seems that they are physically aroused or become boxing and wrestling, being scared, anger, harsh words,
lubricated, although they find the experience dreadful. being yelled at and fear of big boys.30 Because of the
Physically responding definitely does not mean that the extensive stimuli that could cause erections in young
assault experience is sexually exciting for you. It could males4 Kinsey et al.Õs interpretation was that pre-ado-
also be a reaction of anxiety. Rapists sometimes exploit lescent boys erect indiscriminately to a whole array of
this and say: ÔShe enjoyed it herself!Õ emotional response (anger, fright, pain, etc.) but that by
ÔDid you experience a physical response?Õ their late teens they have normally become conditioned
6. R.J. Levin, W. van Berlo / Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 11 (2004) 82–88 87
by experience to respond only to direct physical genital powerlessness far from simple. If powerlessness does
stimulation or to psychic stimulation of sexual content. occur but cannot be proven the perpetrator may use the
Thus boys subjected to enforced or non-consensual subjectÕs lack of ability to refuse or reject the sexual
sexual stimuli either because of force or fear will become advances as evidence of consent.
erect especially if they are frightened by the scenario. Hypnotism can and has been used to facilitate re-
Sarrel and Masters20 collected a case series where moval of clothing, to allow sexual access to a subjectÕs
adult males molested by women who used forced as- body and to create misperceptions of reality in the
saults, physical restraint or believable threats of physical subject so that the sexual abuse is masked or disguised
violence, responded sexually with an erection and were as something else.41 The perpetrator can use suggestions
forced to undertake coital activity. More recently of a very hot day on the beach or that they are going
Struckman-Johnson and Struckman-Johnson31 gave a swimming to get the subject to undress and put on a
questionnaire to 204 college men who were predomi- bathing costume.36 Another ploy is to suggest that the
nantly heterosexual asking about pressured or forced imposed sexual behaviour was part of a therapy, in one
sexual touch or intercourse since age 16. Some 34% had case the alleged perpetrator directly told the hypnotised
experienced coercive sexual contact, 24% from women patient (number 5 in the paper) to masturbate (pre-
and 4% from men. This was achieved in 88% of the re- sumably in front of him) and although the subject did
ported incidents either by persuasion, bribery, intoxi- not want to she was talked ‘‘through’’ it.36
cation, threat of love withdrawal or by force (12%). The creation of orgasm by mental imagery alone
Interviews with 10 of the respondents revealed that the without any genital or physical stimulation has been
fear of telling others about the event was a problem. A reported to occur in the laboratory in just 10 female
laboratory study32 showed that anxiety-inducing threats subjects (see Levin42 for references). The actual induc-
of an electric shock actually enhanced erectile responses tion of sexual arousal to orgasm in a woman by hyp-
to erotic stimuli. It is clear that both young and adult notic commands alone is even rarer credited in one
males can have maintained erections not only to non- patient by Hoenig and Hamilton43 and by Macvaugh44
consensual sexual stimulation but even to such stimu- in a therapeutic manual aimed to help non-orgasmic
lation when they are exposed to fearsome scenarios. women patients. An attempt however to induce noc-
turnal emissions (which would create ejaculations/or-
gasms) by post-hypnotic suggestion in 3 males was a
11. Hypnotism and non-consensual sexual activity failure.45
Published cases in which subjects have allegedly been
hypnotised and then sexually assaulted or were told to
undertake sexual activities are infrequent and have 12. Conclusion
produced complex scientific and legal arguments. Most
involve male hypnotists abusing female patients/sub- The review has examined whether unsolicited or non-
jects33–37 but a case exists of a possible use of hypnotism consensual sexual stimulation of either males or females
to facilitate homosexual seductions.38 The contentious can create unwanted sexual arousal even to the induc-
area is whether or not a hypnotised subject can be co- tion of an orgasm. Despite a limited published literature,
erced into doing something he or she does not wish to case and anecdotal reports the conclusion from them is
do. that such scenarios can occur and that the induction of
This problem has been discussed over many years by arousal and even orgasm does not permit the conclusion
a number of authors35;36;39;40 and the majority opinion that the subjects consented to the stimulation. A per-
appears to be that hypnotism cannot be used to induce pertratorÕs defence against the alleged assault built solely
people to commit wrongful acts against themselves or on the evidence that genital arousal or orgasm in the
others viz non-consenting acts cannot be coerced. victim proves consent has no intrinsic validity and
Another way of looking at the problem is whether should be disregarded.
‘‘powerlessness’’ occurs in hypnotised subjects. Again
this has been a much debated subject without a defini-
tive answer. Lynn et al.40 reviewed the literature and
their own research and came to the conclusion that it is References
idiosyncratic and that as many factors are involved it
may occur in some subjects but not in others. Both 1. Kinsey AC, Pomeroy WB, Martin CE, Gebhard OH. Sexual
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