Sexual arousal disorders can cause great torment. Historically, theories of sexual disorders have shifted from psychoanalytic to behavioral to current biopsychosocial models. The human sexual response cycle is typically described as having four phases: desire, excitement, orgasm, and resolution. Neurologically, various brain regions and neurotransmitters like dopamine and nitric oxide are involved in sexual arousal and response.
female sexual dysfunction
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female sexual dysfunction
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Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.It requires a person to feel extreme distress and interpersonal strain for a minimum of 6 months.
MASTURBATION ,SINCE AGES HAS BEEN PRACTICES WITH ALL SOCIAL TABOOS & MYTH. GETTING RID OF MYTH IT IS NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE FACTS ABOUT MASTURBATION IN A MEDICALLY PROCLAIMED WAY.
Disorder of male sexual function mainly Erectile dysfunction
Disorders of ejaculation .Erectile dysfunction (ED) also called impotence, is in inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish intercourse. causes are Psychogenic (psychological) or Organic.Pre mature ejaculation occurs when a man cannot control the ejaculatory reflex and once aroused, reaches orgasm before or shortly after intro mission.
Presentation on Sexual Dyfunctions
Abnormal Psycholoy
Clinical Psychology
DSM-V
It will help clinical Psychologists as well as students so must read and share as well with others.
This one is first compelete presentation on secual dysfunctions.
Its very easy and understandable.
Its purely based on DSM-v.
Sex is not just going backs and force, we need to understand its physiology and neural concepts, here is a detailed presentation about the physiology of sexual human response and the intercourse, in addition to the benefits and some clinical aspects
Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.It requires a person to feel extreme distress and interpersonal strain for a minimum of 6 months.
MASTURBATION ,SINCE AGES HAS BEEN PRACTICES WITH ALL SOCIAL TABOOS & MYTH. GETTING RID OF MYTH IT IS NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE FACTS ABOUT MASTURBATION IN A MEDICALLY PROCLAIMED WAY.
Disorder of male sexual function mainly Erectile dysfunction
Disorders of ejaculation .Erectile dysfunction (ED) also called impotence, is in inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish intercourse. causes are Psychogenic (psychological) or Organic.Pre mature ejaculation occurs when a man cannot control the ejaculatory reflex and once aroused, reaches orgasm before or shortly after intro mission.
Presentation on Sexual Dyfunctions
Abnormal Psycholoy
Clinical Psychology
DSM-V
It will help clinical Psychologists as well as students so must read and share as well with others.
This one is first compelete presentation on secual dysfunctions.
Its very easy and understandable.
Its purely based on DSM-v.
Sex is not just going backs and force, we need to understand its physiology and neural concepts, here is a detailed presentation about the physiology of sexual human response and the intercourse, in addition to the benefits and some clinical aspects
Marieb. E.N. (2001) explains that gonads begin to form until the eighth week of embryonic development. During the early stages of human development, embryonic reproductive structures of males and females are alike and said to be in indifferent stage.
The presence of male and female structures depends on the presence of testosterone.
Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the embryo results in strange abnormalities.
Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 to 15 years old, when the reproductive -organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone on males and estrogen on females).
In males, as they reach the age of 13, puberty is characterized by the increased in the size of the reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the public area, axillary, and face.
In females, the budding of their breast usually occurring at the age of 11. Menarche is the first menstrual of females which happens two years after the start of puberty.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
1. Sexual arousal disorders
“Man survives earthquakes, experiences the horrors of illness, and all of
the tortures of the soul. But the most tormenting tragedy of all time is,
and will be, the tragedy of the bedroom.” - Tolstoy.
Presented by Dr Pavan Kumar K
Chaired by Dr Denzil A Pinto
2. Sexuality and sexual behaviour
Reproduction is a fundamental biological function,
that guarantees the survival of the species.
Due to its evolutionary advantages, most complex
life-forms have evolved methods of sexual
reproduction, which involves the combination of
genetic material from parents of two different
genders.
3. Sexuality and sexual behaviour
Humans are not sexually static reproductively-driven
mammals.
Unlike most animal species, human sexuality is
associated with gratification (pleasure), and not just
reproduction.
Sexual behavior is richly multidetermined.
Human sexuality is shaped not only by biology, but by
social, cultural, interpersonal, and psychological
constraints.
4. History
First attempt at describing and classifying sexual
disorders began with Richard von Krafft-Ebing
and his Psychopathia Sexualis(1898), which
influenced medical and legal practice for more than 3-
quarters of a century.
Seminal contributions of Havelock Ellis and Albert
Kinsey (sexual behavior in human male and female)
5. Prior to
1950
late
1950s
psychoanalytical concepts guided clinicians
in understanding and treatment of sexual
problems
Sexual symptoms were linked to
unresolved, unconscious conflicts
occurring during specific developmental
periods.
behavioural perspective gained
ascendancy; sexual problems were
understood to be learned (conditioned)
6. In
1966
Masters and Johnson.
described the physiology of phases of
sexual functioning, and
later highlighted the deleterious influence
of performance anxiety, the impact of
relationship factors, and the significance
of biological factors on the development
of sexual dysfunctions.
Their work foreshadowed the later
integration of medical and psychological
interventions.
7. The
neo-
Masters
and
Johnson
era
heralded by the publication of
Helen Singer Kaplan's book,
The New Sex Therapy.
Integrated psychoanalytical theory with
Masters & Johnson's cognitive-behavioral
understanding of sexual dysfunction.
Distinguishing between recent and
remote etiological causations, she
recommended behavioral approaches for
the former and reserved traditional
psychodynamic methods for the latter.
8. The
mid-
1980s
current psychobiological era.
This period is distinguished by the
medicalization of treatment approaches,
primarily for male sexual dysfunction.
Scientific investigations of cellular
chemistry have elucidated the
pathophysiology of male sexual arousal
problems and have led to the
introduction of new oral treatments,
such as sildenafil.
9. Components of sexuality
Sexual identity: is a pattern of patient’s biological
sexual characteristics
Gender identity: individual sense of maleness/
femaleness, from infinite clues derived from experiences
with family members, peers, teachers & cultural
phenomenon. Established by age of 2 or 3 yrs.
Sexual orientation: describes the object of person’s
sexual impulses. Heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Sexual behaviour: includes desire, fantasies, pursuit of
partners, auto-erotic activities & activities engaged in to
express & gratify sexual needs.
10. Modelling the human sexual response cycle
Models have been constructed of the normal
sequence of changes during sexual arousal and coitus.
The first models described a simple sequence of
increasing arousal and excitement culminating in
rapid discharge by orgasm, displayed graphically as an
ascent, peak, and then descent.
11. The EPOR model
formulated by Masters and Johnson
four-phase linear, sequential, and incremental model
of the human sexual response cycle
excitation (E) phase (stimuli from somatogenic or
psychogenic sources raise sexual tensions),
plateau (P) phase (sexual tensions intensified),
orgasmic (O) phase (involuntary pleasurable climax),
and finally
resolution (R) phase (dissipation of sexual tensions).
12. Modifying the EPOR model into the DEOR model
currently accepted model
Robinson concluded convincingly that the P phase was
simply the final stage of the E phase.
Helen Kaplan, proposed that before the E phase there
should be a ‘desire phase' (D phase).
came from her work with women who professed to have
no desire to be sexually aroused, even by their usual
partners.
13. EPOR replaced by the desire, excitation, orgasmic,
and resolution phase (DEOR) model.
Sexual desire that appears to be spontaneous should
obviously be placed at the beginning of the model but
what of sexual desire created when the person is
sexually aroused by another?
14. (a) the original EPOR model of Masters and Johnson
(b) the DEOR model of Kaplan
(c) the proposed modification with desire phase 1 (before initiation of the excitation
phase and desire phase 2 during excitation phase) and
(d) with added courtship behaviour
15. Phase I: Desire
Psychological phase
Characterised by sexual fantasies & conscious
desire to have sexual activity.
Can be biologically driven or result from a wish to
bond sexually with a particular partner.
Dysfunction: hypoactive sexual desire disorder,
sexual aversion disorder, hypoactive sexual desire
disorder due to general medical condition (man/
woman), substance induced sexual dysfunction
with impaired arousal.
16. Phase II: Excitement
Brought on by psychological stimulation (fantasy
or presence of love object), physiological
(stroking/ kissing) or combination.
Consists of subjective sense of pleasure &
objective signs of sexual excitement.
Dysfunction: female sexual arousal disorders,
male erectile disorders, male erectile disorder due
to general medical condition, substance induced
17. Phase III: Orgasm
Consists of peaking sexual pleasure, with release of sexual
tension, & rhythmic contraction of perineal muscles &
pelvic reproductive organ.
Lasts for 3-15sec
Dysfunction: female & male orgasmic disorders, premature
ejaculation
18. Phase IV: Resolution
Consists of disgorgement of blood from genitalia, which
brings body back to its resting position.
If orgasm occurs resolution is rapid, if not may take 2-6hrs
& be associated with irritability & discomfort.
Through orgasm it is characterised by sense of well being,
general relaxation, muscular relaxation.
Men have refractory period (mins-hrs), they can’t be
stimulated to further orgasm. This does not exist in
females.
Dysfunction: postcoital dysphoria, postcoital headache.
20. organ Excitement phase
mental Several mins-hrs, heightened excitement before orgasm, 30sec-3min
skin Inconsistent Sexual flush, maculopapular rash on abdomen spreads to ant
chest wall, face& neck & include shoulders & forearm
breasts Nipple erection (2/3rd
), venous congestion & areolar enlargement, size
increases by 1/4th
clitoris Enlargement in diameter of glans & shaft, just before orgasm shaft retracts
into prepuce
Labia majora Nullipara- elevate & flatten against perineum
Multipara- congestion & edema
Labia
minora
Size increase 2-3 times normal, change to pink, red, deep red before
orgasm
vagina Colour change to dark purple, transudate appears 10-30 sec after arousal,
elongation & ballooning, lower third constricts before orgasm
uterus Ascends into false pelvis, labor like contractions begin in heightened
excitement just before orgasm
others Myotonia
Mucoid secretion from bartholin’s gland during heightened excitement
Cervix swells slightly & is passively elevated with uterus
21. organ Excitement phase
Mental Several mins-hrs, heightened excitement before orgasm
30sec-3min
Skin Just before orgasm, inconsistent Sexual flush, maculopapular rash on
abdomen spreads to ant chest wall, face& neck & include shoulders &
forearm
Penis Erection in 10-30 sec caused by vasocongestion in erectile bodies of
corpus cavernosa of shaft, loss of erection may occur with introduction
of asexual stimulus ( loud noise), with heightened excitement size og
glans & diameter of penile shaft increase further
Scrotum & testes Tightening & lifting of scrotal sac & elevation of testes, 50% increase in
size of testes over unstimulated state & flattening against perineum,
signalling impending ejaculation
Cowper’s gland 2-3 drops of mucoid fluid that contain viable sperm are secreted
during heightened excitement.
other Breasts- inconsistent nipple erection
Myotonia- semispastic contractions of facisl, abdominal & intercostal
muscles
Tachycardia- upto 175 beats/min
BP- rises to 20-80mm systolic & 10-40 diastolic
Respiration - increased
22. Sexual
stimulation
Nitric oxide synthesized in nerve
and vascular tissue of penis/clitoris
Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase
GTP cGMP
cGMP relaxes smooth muscles of corpus cavernosum
and arterioles in penile/clitoral tissue
Vasocongestion of penile/clitoral tissues
23.
24. Neuroanatomy: Central
Cortical: orbitofrontal (sexual emotions), left
anterior cingulate (hormone control and sexual
arousal)
Subcortical: right caudate (sexual activity)
Limbic: Hippocampus, amygdala, septum, medial
preoptic area, fimbria, anterior thalamic nuclei,
mammillary bodies (Chemical or electrical
stimulation elicited penile erection)
25. Brainstem: nucleus paragigantocellularis, other
serotonergic nuclei
exert inhibitory and excitatory control over spinal sexual
reflexes
projects directly to pelvic efferent neurons in the
lumbosacral spinal cord, apparently causing them to
secrete serotonin, which is known to inhibit orgasms
Spinal cord: receives sensory inputs; reflex centre in
lumbosacral area. sexual arousal and climax are ultimately
organized at the spinal level.
27. Neurochemistry
Dopamine: increases libido and sexual activity
Acetylcholine: important for erection
Norepinephrine: erection, ejaculation, orgasm
Serotonin: complex role. produced in the upper pons
and midbrain is presumed to have an inhibitory effect
on sexual function.
Oxytocin: orgasm, reinforce pleasurable activities
29. Endocrinology
Testosterone: libido in both genders In men, stress
is inversely correlated with testosterone blood
concentration. Other factors, such as sleep, mood,
and
lifestyle, influence circulating levels of the hormone.
Oxytocin: enhances sexual activity and levels in both
sex increase during orgasm
Oestrogen: maintains the integrity of the female
genital tract
GnRH (LHRH): pulsatile release
Others: prolactin, thyroid hormones, adrenal
steroids
30. A more simple classification
Pleasure inhibitors, or sexual dysfunctions – disorders
occurring in the context of a “normal” sexual response
or behaviour.
Pleasure facilitators, or paraphilias – in which
deviations from normal erotic stimuli and activities
are obligatory for sexual arousal and response.
31. Sexual dysfunctions:
following the response cycle
Disorders of desire
Disorders of arousal (excitement)
Disorders of orgasm
(Though disorders of resolution exist, they have not
been considered in the nosology)
32. Sexual dysfunctions:
outside the cycle
Sexual pain disorders – dyspareunia and vaginismus
Sexual dysfunction, NOS:
Compulsive sexual behaviour (addiction)
Postcoital dysphoria, Postcoital headache
Nymphomania / satyriasis
Distress over sexual orientation
Orgasmic anhedonia
If they are attributable entirely to a general medical
condition, substance use, or adverse effects of
medication, then sexual dysfunction due to a general
medical condition or substance-induced sexual
dysfunction is diagnosed.
33. SEXUAL AROUSAL DISORDERS:
DSM IV TR:
1. Female sexual arousal disorders
2.Male erectile disorder
ICD-10:
Failure of genital response
34. DSM-IV-TR Diagnoses
DSM-IV-TR specifies three criteria for each sexual
dysfunction.
The first criterion describes the psycho-physiologic
impairment; for example, absence of sexual desire,
arousal, or orgasm.
The second requires that the patient have marked
distress or interpersonal difficulty as a result, while
The third asks the clinician to ascertain that some
other Axis I diagnosis, medical illness, medication, or
substances of abuse does not best explain the
problem.
35. DSMIV- TR gives the clinician additional latitude for
deciding when a person who meets the first criterion
qualifies for a disorder.
The doctor is asked to consider the effects of the
individual’s age, experience, ethnicity and cultural
background, the degree of subjective distress,
adequacy of sexual stimulation, and symptom
frequency.
36. MALE ERECTILE DISORDER/ ERECTILE
DYSFUNCTION/ IMPOTENCE.
DSM IV TR:
A.Persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or maintain until
completion of sexual activity, an adequate erection
B.Disturbance causes marked distress or interpersonal
difficulty.
C.Not better accounted for by another axis I disorder not
due to direct physiological affect of drug or general
medical condition.
37. Specify type: Life long type
: Acquired type.
Specify type: Generalized type
: Situational type.
Specify: Due to Psychological factors
: Due to combined factors.
38. ICD-10 F52.2 Failure of Genital
Response
In men, the principal problem is erectile dysfunction.
In women, the principal problem is vaginal dryness or
failure of lubrication.
Includes: Female sexual arousal disorder
: Male erectile disorder
: Psychogenic Impotence.
39. ICD-10:
A. General criteria must be met-
G1- subject is unable to participate in a sexual
relationship as he/she would wish
G2- dysfunction occurs frequently but may be
absent on some occasions.
G3- The dysfunction has been present for at least 6
months.
G4- The dysfunction not entirely attributable to any
of the other mental & behavioural disorders,
physical disorders, drug treatment.
40. B. Erection sufficient for intercourse fails to when it is
attempted. Dysfunction takes one of the following form-
1. Full erection occurs during the early stages of love
making but disappears or declines when intercourse is
attempted (before ejaculation if it occurs)
2. Erection does occur but only at times when intercourse
is not being considered
3. Partial erection, insufficient for intercourse occurs but
not full erection
4. No penile tumescence occurs at all.
41. Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction is defined as the consistent
inability to achieve and or maintain an erection of the
penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity.
Epidemiology: 2-4% at 35yrs & 77% at 80yrs
( Kinsey)
The chief complaint of men below 35 &
50% of all men treated for sexual disorders is
erectile dysfunction.
42. Pathophysiology
Normal erection – delicate balance
between vasoconstriction & vasorelaxation
of corporal smooth muscle.
If a critical level of relaxation is not
achieved, there will be incomplete
resistance to the outflow of blood from
the corpora & a spectrum of penile
tumescence will range from flaccidity
to near but not complete erection.
ED due to incomplete corporal smooth
muscle relaxation- veno-occlusive
dysfunction.
44. 2)Vascular:
i)Atherosclerosis:
Penis has more vascular smooth muscle than any other
organ in the body.Atherosclerosis occurs here early.
ED may be a reflection of vascular disease
elsewhere prior to it becoming clinically evident.
ii) CAD & CVAs, iii)Hypertension, cardiac failure
iv)Dyslipidaemia. HDL-Cholesterol: inverse relation.
v)Peripheral vascular disease,
45. 3)Endocrinological causes:
DM, Dysfunction of the pituitary-adrenal-testis axis,
Hyperthyroidism, Myxedema ,Hyperprolactinemia,
Hypogonadism, Low GH, Acromegaly, Addison's disease
DIABETES AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Psychogenic: Anxiety.
Neurogenic : Loss of sensory & autonomic nerves.
Arterial: Small vessel disease.
Venous: Cavernous myopathy, endothelial dysfunction.
48. Surgery or trauma
Neurological: head trauma/surgery, spinal cord
trauma/surgery, Retroperitoneal lymphnode
dissection.
Vascular: Aorto-iliac bypass, Aorto-femoral bypass.
Gastro-intestinal: Abdomino-perineal resection,
Proctocolectomy.
Pelvis: trauma, irradiation, pelvic lympahadenectomy.
Urological : prostatectomy.
49. Recreational drugs
i) Nicotine, Alcohol.
ii)Cannabis
iii)Amphetamines: vasoconstriction of genital tissue.
Increases libido ,Erectile failure;
prolonged erection (up to 18 hours!)
iv)Ecstacy: Erection: impaired in 40%
v) other dependence-inducing substances
(heroin, methadone, morphine, cocaine,
barbiturates)
50. Drugs
Accounts for 25%
Thiazide diuretics are the most common cause of ED.
i)Diuretics: Thiazides, Spironolactone(anti-androgen
activity).
ii)Anti-hypertensives: CCBs,
methyldopa,clonidine,beta-blockers.
- act directly at the corporal level or indirectly by
decreasing the systemic B.P.
iii)Cardiac: Digoxin(Na-K ATPase
blockade),clofibrate.
52. Psychotropics and sexual
dysfunction
Antipsychotics: lack of libido, ED
Mood stabilizers: rare
Tricyclics: retrograde ejaculation, ED, orgasmic
difficulties
SSRIs: lack of libido, arousal disorders, delayed
ejaculation
Benzodiazepines: not clear
Anticholinergics: failure of vaginal lubrication, ED
53. i) Aging: ED is 4times higher im men in 60s than in
40s.
ii)Arsenic poisoning- alteration in K-gated pump,
plumbism, herbicides
iii)haematological: sickle cell anaemia,leukaemia.
iv)nutritional : malnutrition, zinc deficiency.
v)Bicycling: A study done in 2002 found that the No. of
hours on a bike &/or pressure on the penis from the
saddle of an upright bicycle is directly related to ED.
55. History
The first step in the management- sexual, medical,
and psychosocial history.
A sensitive topic, and the clinician must be sensitive
to the patient's comfort level.
Taking the history provides an opportunity for the
physician to initiate patient and partner education
about ED and its treatments and to facilitate
communication.
It also allows the physician to establish a rapport with
the couple, which assists in treatment
56. questionnaires:
IIEF –International Index of Erectile Function.
SHIM -Sexual Health Inventory for Men.
Arizona Sexual Experience Scale,
Brief Sexual Function Questionnaire,
Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire,
Derogatis Sexual Function Inventory,
Rush Sexual Inventory.
57. Organic causes – characterized by an insidious &
consistent change in rigidity or inability to sustain
morning, coital,or mastubatory-related erections.
Also enquire about: penile sensation, penile curvature,
altered libido, partner’s sexual function & others
psychological factors.
Obtain information about current medications, any
history of pelvic surgery, trauma, prior prostate
surgery, or radiation to the prostate.
substance use should be documented.
58. Physical examination
A physical examination is necessary for every patient,
with particular emphasis on the genitourinary,
vascular, and neurologic systems.
The physical examination may corroborate history
findings and reveal unsuspected physical findings,
such as penile plaques, small testes, evidence of
possible prostate cancer, prostate infections, or
hypertension, thyroid dysfunction,serious
cardiovascular pathology,end-stage kidney disease.
All peripheral pulses should be measured.
59. Psychological assessment
The main diagnostic feature of psychogenic ED vs
selective ED.
The man is able to produce rigid,
long-lasting erections during the night or
early mornings,
with certain partners,
in response to magazines or videos,
but not while attempting
intercourse with his wife.
Underlying relationship problems are the cause and
they must be addressed.
60. Tests
1)Nocturnal Penile Tumecsence(NPT)
Useful in distinguishing psychogenic ED from
Organic.
Erections occur during REM sleep.
A band is placed around the penis.
Patient is asked to wear it on 2-3
successive nights.
Sleep can be monitored by polysomnography
61. There are 2 methods:
i)Snap-Gauge band:Velcro band fitted around the penis.
Shotrcomings: lack of information regarding partial
rigidity, No.of erections & duration of erections.
ii) Rigi scan:Home- monitoring device,
capable of continuously monitoring penile
circumference & rigidity.
Logging unit- strapped to the
patient’s thigh& 2 loops placed around the base &tip of
the penis just behind the corona.
62. 2)Vascular studies:
i)Intra –cavernous vaso-active drug injection:
A positive test – rigid erectile response(unable to
bend) ,that appears within 10mins after the
intracavernous injection(of 20mcg of PGE1 or
papaverine)& lasts for 30mins.
A positive response indicates- functional origin.
Limited use
ii) Duplex ultrasound of penile arteries:
Measurements are compared between flaccid &
pharmacological erect penis.
Color doppler can also be used.
63. iii) Arteriography & Dynamic Cavernosometry or
Cavernosography(DICC):
Used to detect failure of veno-occlusive mechanism.
Cavernosography using radiographic contrast enables
the detection of potential leakage into all penile
venous drainage systems.
iv)Penile angiogram
v)Digital subtraction angiography
vi)Magnetic Resonance Angiography
64. 3)Neurological studies:
i)Bulbo-cavernous reflex latency:
The physician squeezes the glans of the
penis,which immediately causes the anus to
contract, if the nerve function is normal.
The latency between sqeeze & contraction is
measured by observing the anal spincter or feeling
it with a gloved finger inserted past the anus.
ii) Nerve conduction Studies
65. iii)Penile Biothesiometry:
A small electro-magnetic test probe
is placed on the right & left of the
shaft and on the glans.
A decreased perception of vibration
may indicate nerve damage in the
pelvic area, which can lead to
impotence.
71. Management: psychotherapies
Dual sex therapy developed by Masters & Johnson
(Sensate Focus)
Behavioural therapy (assumes sexual dysfunction as
learned maladaptive behaviour)
Hypnotherapy
Group therapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Integrated therapy (sex therapy integrated with
supportive, psychodynamic, insight oriented
psychotherapy)
72. Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options
Lifestyle changes:
• Reduce fat and cholesterol in diet
• Decrease or limit alcohol consumption
• Eliminate tobacco use and substance abuse
• Weight loss if appropriate
• Regular exercise
73. Vacuum devices:
Can be used by almost all patients with ED.
These devices exert a negative pressure on the
penis, which results in an increase in corporeal
blood flow & erection.
The time taken to achieve erection -2-30mins.
75. Intra cavernosal PGE1
Caverject: injectable form of Alprostadil.
Administration:
i)reconstitution of the powder of the drug.
ii)The skin over the penis should be pulled
taut & the needle & syringe are held at right
angles to the penis
iii)The drug should be injected directly into one
corpus cavernsum,avoiding visible veins;the
injection site should be alternated between
the cavernosa .
76. Side-effects:
Pain, Prolonged use- corporal fibrosis.
Priapism.
Containdications:
Known hypersensitivity to the drug.
Patients with conditions that predispose to priapism.
E.g; sicle cell anemia, multiple myeloma, leukemia.
Other drugs: i)Moxisylte- selective alpha-1 blocker.
ii)Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
77. Intra urethral PGE1
Alprostadil administered using MUSE(Medicated
Urethral System for Erection)
It is rapidly absorbed from the urethral mucosa.
Usual onset of action:20mins & erections
last for 30-60min..
78. Transdermal delivery
Minimizes systemic exposure & tissue traumatization.
Administration of vaso-active substances(PGE1)
across the skin to the penis.
Others:
Testosterone patches.
1-2 patches containing 2.5-5mg of testosterone applied
daily to the abdomen, back thighs or upper arms.
79. PDE5 Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action:
• PDE inhibitor and increases the cGMP that promotes
and sustains smooth muscle relaxation
Indications:
• Psychogenic ED
• Mild vasculogenic ED
• Neurogenic ED
• Side effects from medication(s) patient is already
taking
81. DRUG SILDENAFIL VARDENAF
IL
TADALAFIL
RELEASED IN MARCH 1998 APRIL 2003 FEBRUARY
2003
ONSET OF
ACTION
30 min 25-45min 30min
DURATION OF
ACTION
5hrs 6hrs 36hrs
SIDE- EFFECTS Headache ,
flushing, bluish
vision and nasal
congestion
Headache,
flushing and
nasal
congestion
Headache,
myalgia,
dyspepsia.
Backache,nasal
congestion
CONTRAINDI
CATION
Nitrates Nitrates Nitrates,
Angina,
Hypertension,
82. Medication
(Yohimbine, Yocon, Erex, Yohimex)
• Alpha 2 andrenoreceptor antagonist
• Dose: 5.4 mg TID
• Results: ~20% (same as placebo)
• Side effects: increase blood pressure, tachycardia,
anxiety
84. Medication
Apomorphine (Spontane)
• Dopaminergic mechanism with hypothalamic activity
• Sublingual administration
• 64% to 67% response rate with ED
• Side effects: nausea, sweating, hypotension, yawning
• Awaiting FDA approval
85. Medication
Phentolamine (Vasomax)
• Alpha-blocker
• Relaxes smooth muscle tissue
• 40% efficacy in mild organic ED
• Side effects: nasal congestion, tachycardia, dizziness,
hypotension
• Awaiting FDA approval
86. Surgery
1)Venous leakage:
2 approaches are adopted:
i) ligation of all veins draining to the penis i.e deep
dorsal,cavernosal & crural veins.
ii)ligation & division of the deep dorsal vein.
2)Arterial revascularization.
3)Peyronie’s disease: The Horton – Devine procedure.
: The Nesbit procedure.
87. PENILE PROTHESIS
2 types:
i)Semi-rigid rods
Consists of 2 rod-like cylinders that are implanted
into the corpora cavernosa
Types: Malleable & Mechanical rods
ii) Inflatable Cylinders.
Unitary, Two-piece, Three piece
88. Penile prosthesis
Penile prosthesis has
highest satisfaction ~93%
Infection rate: ~2% virgin
& 4% diabetic
Malfunction rate ~10% at 10years
Surgical Procedure
– Requires Anesthesia
– Takes approximately 90 min.
89. An innovative drug-delivery system –
nanoparticles encapsulating NO or prescription
drugs – shows promise for topical treatment of ED,
-Science Daily (Sep. 20, 2009)
A study done by Dr.Yoram Vadi in Nov 2009,
showed that 75% of men suffering from ED, treated
with shock-wave therapy showed a return of
erectile functioning.(release of VEGF- stimulates
the growth of new blood vessels in the genital
area).
91. FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL DISORDERS:
DSM IV TR:
A.Persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or
maintain until completion of sexual activity,
an adequate lubrication swelling response.
B.Disturbance causes marked distress or
interpersonal difficulty.
C.Not better accounted for by another axis I
disorder not due to direct physiological affect
of drug or general medical condition.
Specify: lifelong/ acquired type, generalised/
situational, due to psychological factors or
combined factors.
92. ICD-10:
A.General criteria must be met-
G1- subject is unable to participate in a sexual
relationship as he would wish
G2- dysfunction occurs frequently but may be
absent on some occasions.
G3- The dysfunction has been present for at
least 6 months.
G4- The dysfunction not entirely attributable to
any of the other mental & behavioural
disorders, physical disorders, drug treatment.
93. B. There is failure of genital response, experienced as
failure of vaginal lubrication, together with
inadequate tumescence of the labia. Dysfunction
takes place one of the following forms:
1. General: lubrication fails in all relevant
circumstances
2. Lubrication may occur initially but fails to persist
for long enough to allow comfortable penile entry.
3. Situational: lubrication occurs only in some
situations (with one partner not another, during
masturbation, when vaginal intercourse is being
contemplated.
94. Women with excitement phase dysfunction often have
orgasmic problems as well.
May be associated with dyspareunia or lack of desire.
Studies shown 14-16% women having chronic lubrication
difficulties & 23% with intermittent problems.
Postmenopausal- 44%
Less research on physiological components of dysfunction
in women than men
95. Masters & johnson found normally responsive women to
desire sex premenstrually.
Another set of dysfunctional women found felt the
greatest sexual excitement at the time of ovulation
Evidence indicates dysfunctional women are less aware of
physiological responses in their bodies, like
vasocongestion during arousal.
96. Causes of female sexual arousal
disorder
Classified as:
1)Psychological domain.
2)Physical domain.
Psychological factors:
i)Impact of events during childhood
and adolescence.
- studies have shown some probative links
between chidhood sexual abuse &
sexual dysfunction in later life.
97. ii) Individual factors:
Stress & fatigability.
Over-exposure to pornography &
style media which is thought to lead to poor body
image, self- consciousness and lowered self esteem.
- Psychiatric disorders
like depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD.
iii)Relationship factors:
98. Physical factors: 30-80% of the cases.
Circulatory & neurological disorders are the most
likely causes of sexual dysfunction.
i)Circulatory: HTN, CAD.
Damage to blood vessels decreases blood flow
damage to nerves in pelvic area diminishes arousal.
ii)General medical condition: Diabetes, Anaemia.
iii)Hormonal:
Low level of sex hormones , due to aging(menopause)
Thyroid dysfunction, disorders of adrenal gland etc.
100. Role of Male Circumsicion
The `valve' mechanism of foreskin of uncircumcised
penis is thought to retain the natural lubrication
provided by the female because the bunched up
foreskin acts to block the lubrication escaping from
the vagina, which results in dryness.
101. Persistent sexual arousal syndrome
in women
Infrequent,
distressing and perplexing not only because of its
mysterious onset, but also because of the feelings of
shame and discomfort that accompany the phenomenon.
persistent feelings of vaginal congestion and other
physical signs of sexual arousal in the absence of any
awareness of sexual desire provoking or accompanying
this arousal or persisting for hours after attaining orgasm.
102. Interventions
1)PsychologicalTreatment
Education about anatomy,
Physiology and expectations.
couples therapy.
Masters & Johnson-sensate focus.
progressive levels of touching,
starting with non-sexual, sexual
and sexual intercourse.
CBT: uses thought records to capture the cognitions
that accompany emotions.
103. 2)Lubricants:
Helps in vaginal dryness & the resulting dyspareunia.
3)Pharmacotherapy:
i)Sildenafil:
Dose: 50-100mg/day.
Found to be superior to placebo in effects of arousal.
ii)The Non- SSRI: Bupropion
Especially in those with SSRI induced dysfunction.
Dose: 300-400mg/day
104. 4)Hormonal:
Providing exogenous source of hormones ameliorate
vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women.
Women with vaginal atrophy & donot wish to
take systemic therapy – topical estrogen creams.
Transdermal delivery:
Natural progestin containing creams combined with
estrogen.
Tibolone: Synthetic steroid sex hormone.Superior to HRT.
105. 5)Clitoris Vacuum therapy:
A small ,handheld device ,connected by a tubing to a
small ,soft plastic cup, that is placed over the clitoris.
When gentle vacuum is created , blood flow
to the genitalia causes genital engorgement,
increased vaginal lubrication & enhanced
ability to achieve orgasm.
May be used prior to having intercourse or
3-4times a week to rehabilitate sexual
responses.
106. 6)Others:
i)Topical vasodilators: PGE1- increases genital arousal.
ii)Dopamine agonists – increases sexual interest, orgasm &
improves patient-partner sexual satisfaction.
7) Alternative medicine:
Natural estrogens such as soya products.
Belladona ,ginkgo biloba etc.
Prognosis:
Generally once a woman seeks the appropriate help they
are quite likely to find a way to resolve their problem.
107. CONCLUSION:
Sexual arousal disorders are quite common & very
distressing both in men & women but appears to
be high in men causing distress to both partners &
causing interpersonal problems.
Hence early detection & treatment should be our
goal as successive episodes are reinforcing and
cause anticipatory anxiety perpetuating the
problem.
Arousal disorders are usually not diagnosed or
treated in women as they rarely seek treatment.
108. Thank u
Men look for youthfulness and physical attractiveness, smooth
complexion, optimum stature, and good physique, and they value
virginity and chastity. Partner variety is highly desired.
Women, look for high-quality mates with abundant resources and
emotional and financial status and security.