Ivan Pavlov
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work on classical conditioning. Through a series of experiments using dogs, Pavlov discovered that animals could learn to associate stimuli with rewards through repeated pairings. He found that dogs could learn to associate the ringing of a bell with being fed, resulting in salivation upon hearing the bell alone. Pavlov's work established the basic principles of learning through conditioning and was highly influential on the field of behaviorism.
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Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia and studied physiology, receiving his doctorate in 1879. He became known for his work on classical conditioning using dogs. He found that if he paired a neutral stimulus, like a bell, with food, the dogs would learn to associate the bell with food and salivate in response to just the bell. This showed that organisms can learn associations between stimuli and responses. Pavlov's work formed the basis of our understanding of learning and was influential in psychology and other social sciences.
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning. Through a series of experiments with dogs, Pavlov discovered that a neutral stimulus coupled with a naturally occurring stimulus could produce a conditioned response. Specifically, he would ring a bell before feeding dogs, and found that the dogs would salivate in response to just the bell over repeated pairings. Pavlov established the basic rules of conditional reflexes, including that they require automatic responses after several experiences pairing the condition and response. His discoveries formed the basis of behaviorism and were influential in psychology.
Ivan pavlov
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning. He won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his research on the physiology of digestion. Pavlov is most famous for his experiments with dogs where he demonstrated that animals can learn to associate stimuli in their environment with food. He found that dogs would salivate when hearing a sound that was consistently paired with the presentation of food. This became known as Pavlov's concept of the "conditioned reflex." Pavlov's work was hugely influential in the development of behaviorism in psychology.
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist born in 1849 who is renowned for his work on classical conditioning. Through experiments with dogs, he discovered that a neutral stimulus could be conditioned to produce a reflex response by repeatedly pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus like food. For example, Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate in response to a tone that was paired with the presentation of food. This established the basic principles of classical conditioning, which had a major influence on behaviorism in psychology. Pavlov received widespread acclaim for his research, including election to the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1904.
Ivan Pavlov
Anthony Yap Chee Ping, Jeremiah Tan Sei Choon, Tan Wee Tiong, and Wilson Tay Swee Kiat presented on Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who was born in 1849 in Russia. Pavlov won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work studying the physiology of digestion and the pancreatic nerves. He also received gold medals for his work on the pancreatic nerves and was elected as an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1907 and received an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University in 1912.
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Ian Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work on classical conditioning. Through experiments with dogs, Pavlov discovered that a neutral stimulus could become associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairing. Specifically, he found that dogs would salivate when food was presented, and would later salivate when a bell was rung, due to its repeated pairing with the food. Teachers can apply this concept of classical conditioning to help students learn classroom expectations, such as quieting down when the teacher approaches the board or turns on a projector.
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning. Through a series of experiments with dogs, Pavlov discovered that a neutral stimulus coupled with a naturally occurring stimulus could produce a conditioned response. Specifically, he would ring a bell before feeding dogs, and found that the dogs would salivate in response to just the bell over repeated pairings. Pavlov established the basic rules of conditional reflexes, including that they require automatic responses after several experiences pairing the condition and response. His discoveries formed the basis of behaviorism and were influential in psychology.
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning. He won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his research on the physiology of digestion. Pavlov is most famous for his experiments with dogs where he demonstrated that animals can learn to associate stimuli in their environment with food. He found that dogs would salivate when hearing a sound that was consistently paired with the presentation of food. This became known as Pavlov's concept of the "conditioned reflex." Pavlov's work was hugely influential in the development of behaviorism in psychology.
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist born in 1849 who is renowned for his work on classical conditioning. Through experiments with dogs, he discovered that a neutral stimulus could be conditioned to produce a reflex response by repeatedly pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus like food. For example, Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate in response to a tone that was paired with the presentation of food. This established the basic principles of classical conditioning, which had a major influence on behaviorism in psychology. Pavlov received widespread acclaim for his research, including election to the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1904.
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Ian Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work on classical conditioning. Through experiments with dogs, Pavlov discovered that a neutral stimulus could become associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairing. Specifically, he found that dogs would salivate when food was presented, and would later salivate when a bell was rung, due to its repeated pairing with the food. Teachers can apply this concept of classical conditioning to help students learn classroom expectations, such as quieting down when the teacher approaches the board or turns on a projector.
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- Instrumental conditioning proposed by Thorndike, which showed that behaviors followed by reward or satisfaction are likely to be repeated.
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Behaviorism is a worldview that believes all human behavior can be explained through stimulus-response associations without consideration of internal mental states. Key behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning in dogs, B.F. Skinner, who developed the theory of operant conditioning through experiments with animals and reinforcement, and Albert Bandura, who found that behavior can be learned through observation and not just direct rewards and punishments. Behaviorism had implications for education, suggesting student behavior and learning could be shaped through positive and negative reinforcement in the classroom.
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Behaviourism was a psychological theory that viewed learning as the formation of associations between stimuli and responses through conditioning. It focused on objectively observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal mental states. Famous behaviourist psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who conditioned dogs to salivate to a bell, and B.F. Skinner, who used operant conditioning with rats and pigeons in his "Skinner box". Behaviourism influenced education by emphasizing active engagement, immediate reinforcement or punishment of responses, and programmed instruction manuals. However, it was criticized for being too mechanical and ignoring individual differences and meaning.
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1. Classical conditioning theories by Pavlov and Watson are discussed. Pavlov's dog experiment showed that a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus can elicit a conditioned response.
2. Watson's experiment on "Little Albert" demonstrated emotional conditioning by pairing a white mouse with a loud noise, causing the child to fear the mouse.
3. Implications for teaching include using positive reinforcement to condition desirable behaviors and relating concepts systematically to help students learn and generalize skills.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. In Pavlov's famous experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was paired with the presentation of food. Over time, the bell became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the same salivation response as the unconditioned stimulus of food. Stimulus generalization can also occur, where similar stimuli to the conditioned one produce the same response. Extinction is when the conditioned response decreases and disappears without the unconditioned stimulus, but spontaneous recovery may occur later.
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- Instrumental conditioning proposed by Thorndike, which showed that behaviors followed by reward or satisfaction are likely to be repeated.
- Operant conditioning proposed by Skinner, which emphasized that voluntary behaviors are strengthened through positive reinforcement or weakened by lack of reinforcement.
- These behaviorist theories view learning as the formation of stimulus-response connections and associations through conditioning principles.
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Classical conditioning is a type of learning where organisms learn to associate stimuli through repeated pairings. Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning by pairing a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus of food, which elicited an unconditioned response of salivation in dogs. Through repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the conditioned response of salivation. There are different types of classical conditioning procedures including forward, backward, and simultaneous conditioning. Classical conditioning principles can be applied to advertising through repetition, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.
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Classical conditioning is a learning theory developed by Ivan Pavlov where he found that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a natural reflex. For example, Pavlov found that dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with receiving food. John Watson furthered this research by conditioning an infant, known as Little Albert, to fear a white rat through repeated pairing of the rat with a loud noise. Classical conditioning involves using triggers to train organisms to perform certain responses through repetitive associations between stimuli.
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Iván Pavlov descubrió el condicionamiento clásico a través de experimentos con perros en los que hizo sonar una campana antes de darles comida, lo que eventualmente causó que los perros salivaran ante el sonido de la campana. Sus experimentos demostraron la existencia de reflejos condicionados y no condicionados, y tuvieron gran influencia en el desarrollo de teorías conductistas. Pavlov explicó el proceso de condicionamiento clásico mediante el cual los estímulos neutrales pueden llegar a provocar resp
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Classical conditioning was elucidated by Ivan Pavlov through his famous dog experiments. Pavlov found that a neutral stimulus could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. For example, Pavlov paired the sound of a tone (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which caused dogs to salivate (unconditioned response). After conditioning, the dogs learned to salivate to the tone alone (conditioned response). Pavlov's work provided the basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
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Ivan Pavlov descubrió el condicionamiento clásico a través de experimentos con perros en los que demostró que podía condicionar una respuesta incondicionada como la salivación a un estímulo previamente neutro como el sonido de un diapasón. Repitiendo la presentación conjunta del estímulo neutro y el estímulo incondicionado como la comida, los perros aprendieron a salivar ante solo el sonido del diapasón. Pavlov también identificó procesos como la generalización, discriminación y extinción en
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Iván Pávlov fue un fisiólogo ruso galardonado con el Premio Nobel. Estudió medicina y química en la Universidad de San Petersburgo, donde se especializó en fisiología intestinal y el sistema circulatorio. Dirigió los laboratorios del Instituto de Medicina Experimental durante 45 años, donde realizó importantes investigaciones sobre el páncreas, hígado y glándulas salivales. Es más conocido por su teoría del reflejo condicionado, desarrollada al observar que la salivación de los perros podía ser
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Iván Pavlov descubrió el condicionamiento clásico a través de experimentos con perros. Al tañer una campana antes de darles comida, los perros eventualmente salivaban ante el sonido de la campana aunque no recibían comida, demostrando que se había formado una asociación entre el estímulo condicionado (la campana) y el estímulo incondicionado (la comida). Este descubrimiento abrió nuevos caminos en psicología, psiquiatría y pedagogía al mostrar que el aprendizaje se
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Behaviorism Powerpoint
This document discusses the theory of behaviorism. It explains that behaviorism focuses on how environmental stimuli shape observable behaviors through conditioning principles without regard to mental processes. The two types of conditioning are operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced or punished, and classical conditioning, where a reflex response becomes associated with a neutral stimulus. Key figures who contributed to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. The document also provides examples of how teachers can apply behaviorism in their classrooms through reinforcement and punishment.
Behaviorism Theory of Learning
The document discusses the behaviorist theory of learning. [1] Behaviorism assumes that learning is influenced by environmental stimuli and responses are reinforced through positive and negative consequences. [2] Important behaviorist theorists include Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning in dogs, and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment. [3] Teachers can apply behaviorist principles by breaking tasks into small steps, providing clear instructions, and using positive reinforcement.
John b marcela (camilo marquez)
John B. Watson fue un psicólogo estadounidense fundador del conductismo. Se graduó de la Universidad de Chicago en 1903 y desarrolló el conductismo, que analiza la conducta y las relaciones entre estímulos y respuestas. Realizó el famoso experimento del Pequeño Albert para demostrar el condicionamiento clásico.
Pavlov
Este documento resume los principales aspectos del trabajo de Ivan Pavlov sobre el condicionamiento clásico, incluyendo sus investigaciones sobre condicionamiento de temor, palpebral y aversión al sabor. También explica los procedimientos de condicionamiento excitatorio e inhibitorio, la extinción y algunas aplicaciones del condicionamiento clásico como preferencias alimenticias y conducta sexual.
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Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist born in 1849 who is known for his work on classical conditioning. He discovered that dogs could learn to associate stimuli through repeated pairings, such as salivating when hearing a bell that was paired with food. Pavlov received the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his research on the digestive system, which led him to discover conditioned reflexes. He spent his career researching conditioning at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg until his death in 1936.
Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist born in 1849 who is known for his work on classical conditioning. He discovered that dogs could learn to associate stimuli through repeated pairings, such as salivating when hearing a tone that was previously paired with food. Pavlov received the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his research on the digestive system, which led him to discover classical conditioning. He spent his career researching conditioned reflexes at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg until his death in 1936.
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Classical conditioning is a learning process where associations are formed between stimuli. Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments in the late 1800s where he paired food (the unconditioned stimulus) with a bell (the neutral stimulus) in his dogs. The dogs learned to associate the bell with the upcoming food, and would salivate upon hearing the bell alone. Pavlov's work helped establish the principles of classical conditioning and influenced the development of behaviorist psychology. His research demonstrated how neutral stimuli can become conditioned through repeated pairing with unconditioned stimuli that naturally elicit responses.
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This document summarizes key concepts from learning theory proposed by Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner. It discusses Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs, in which he paired food with stimuli like lights or bells. This led dogs to salivate in response to the conditioned stimuli alone. Watson applied these principles to humans and conducted an experiment that conditioned a child, Little Albert, to fear a white rat. Skinner proposed operant conditioning, where behavior is reinforced through rewards. He developed the Skinner box to study rat behavior and how their bar pressing increased when rewarded with food pellets. The document provides an overview of the major figures and experiments in the development of learning theory.
Quality Recruitment & Retention
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work on digestive processes in dogs. While studying digestion, Pavlov noticed that the dogs would salivate when his assistants entered the room, even without food present. He realized this was a learned response, as the dogs associated the assistants with food. Pavlov then conducted experiments pairing a neutral stimulus, such as a metronome, with food to provoke salivation to the neutral stimulus alone. This established the concept of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning formed the basis of behaviorism in psychology and remains important today for applications like treating phob
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist who studied physiology and is best known for his work in classical conditioning. Through his experiments with dogs, he discovered that a neutral stimulus could become associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. One famous example was John B. Watson's experiment conditioning a fear response in a boy known as Little Albert by pairing a white rat with a loud noise. Classical conditioning demonstrates how learning can occur through associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning. He was born in 1849 in Russia and studied animal physiology. In his famous experiments on digestion in dogs, Pavlov discovered that animals could learn to associate stimuli through repeated pairings. He found that dogs could learn to associate the ringing of a bell with being fed and would salivate upon hearing the bell. Pavlov's work established the basic principles of classical conditioning that are still used in psychology today.
THEORIES OF LEARNING JENCIA.pptx
The document discusses three major theories of learning: behaviorism, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Behaviorism includes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs learning to salivate when hearing a bell. Operant conditioning was described by Skinner and involved rats learning to press a lever to receive food or avoid electric shocks. Social learning theory proposed by Bandura demonstrated that learning can occur through observation and imitation, as shown by preschoolers mimicking adult verbal abuse of a doll.
Top 10 Craziest and Evil Scientists in the History of Mankind
There are a lot of scientists who conducted experiments that are far beyond dangerous and crazy.
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pavlov’s physiology factory
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable summarizing or analyzing lengthy documents without the author's consent.
Ivan pavlov
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who developed the theory of classical conditioning based on his experiments with dogs in the late 19th/early 20th century. He found that dogs could be conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus other than food, like the ringing of a bell. Specifically, he noticed the dogs began salivating when they heard the bell ring, as that was when they were usually fed. He then demonstrated that this new response was learned by conditioning the dogs to salivate to a different bell. Pavlov's work showed how stimuli in the environment can become associated with innate responses through repeated experiences.
Classical Conditioning
1. The document discusses the difference between operant and classical conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairing.
2. Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs. He found that dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food when he rang a bell each time the dogs were fed.
3. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response, until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit the same response. This is how new learned behaviors and responses are formed.
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Now, they seem and, uhm-- talked to...
After I learned Arabic, I can talk to my grandmother in her language.
Phil Crowley: It's the way we improve and enrich our lives.
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The Learning Machine
MICHAEL MERZENICH, I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Michael Merzenich, I: The cerebral cortex, this big cortical mantle that is the main thing you see when you look onto a brain. The main thing that's filling your skull you could say, ah, it's a learning machine and it's supported by a subcortical machinery that's controlling in that learning, that's modulating, that's regulating it.
Phil Crowley: Inside the brain, information is processed by neurons forming neural networks. These networks connect one event with another.
Michael Merzenich, I: The barin is continually associating information across time. That is to say it's continually generating constructive implants that relate to what is concurrently occurring or occurring across excessive time. So for example, if you train an animal connected distinction about things in a sequence in time in which there is a fall by being-- it actually create selectivity for the sequence.
Michael Merzenich, I: Neuron's response was powerfully to be when they're proceeded by a-- it actually see that development upbringing.
Phil Crowley: We use the term conditioning to refer to simple types of associative learning. The Scientific study of conditioning began in 1898.
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James L. McGaugh: One of the most influential set of findings ever in the, in the history of the field of learning in memory came from a laboratory of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in Russia who had won a Nobel Prize for studies of digestion. And in the course of these studies had develop the technique for having the saliva come outside of the cheek of the dog to into a pouch so that he could study the chemical content of the saliva. And what he learned one day was that the dogs began to salivate before they got the food that was going to start being digested. And he said, "Wait a second. What's going on?"
GINGER OSBORNE, PH.D. SANTA ANA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Ginger Osborne: My guess if I were to put myself in his place, I would think that stupid dog. He is responding where he's not supposed to throw a mouth and we'll get a fresh dog and start over again. And I tend to imagine that that might have been what he initially thought..
Curiosity Of Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist born in 1849 who conducted famous experiments on classical conditioning. His curiosity about reflexes led him to discover that organisms can learn associations between stimuli and responses. Pavlov proved that dogs could learn to associate the ringing of a bell with the delivery of food, causing them to salivate upon hearing the bell alone. Pavlov is now considered the founder of behaviorism and his work established psychology as an objective, experimental science. His discoveries influenced many other psychologists and expanded understanding of learning theories.
Blockbuster project
This document discusses classical conditioning in dog training. It provides background on Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs in the late 1800s, where he discovered they could learn to associate food with other stimuli. The document also discusses how modern dog trainer Zac George uses classical conditioning techniques in his YouTube videos, such as using a toy as a stimulus to get a dog to make eye contact and sit. Key terms discussed include unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and stimulus. Sources for further information on Pavlov, classical conditioning, and Zac George's dog training methods are provided.
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The document discusses several influential psychologists and their theories, including Ivan Pavlov and his work on classical conditioning using dogs, John B. Watson who believed environment shapes behavior and conducted experiments on conditioning in infants, and B.F. Skinner who introduced the theory of operant conditioning and used Skinner boxes to study reinforcement. It also mentions Edward Thorndike's law of effect and Ivan Sechenov and his studies on reflexes in the brain.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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- 1. Ivan Pavlov Roxsana Guzman Landers - 4 May 17, 2009
- 9. Interesting Facts / Conclusion It's almost incredible to believe he was son of a village priest and who's mother was daughter of a priest. He seemed destined to end up preaching just as his father, but out came this great man who studied extensively the digestive system of both humans and animals and deserve the recognition he's received. Through Pavlov's extensive research and experiments he managed to win himself the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for successfully extracting digestive organs out of animals. A great man was he who spoke these words “Don't become a mere recorder of facts, but try to penetrate the mystery of their origin.”
- 10. Bibliography Berridge, Kent C. “ Blockhead Behaviorism”. Photo Source. 17 May 2009. < http://flowstate.homestead.com/files/pavlov.jpg > Clark, Donald. “Ivan Pavlov – Stimulus-Response”. Photo Source. 17 May 2009. <http://www.nwlink.com/~Donclark/hrd/history/pavlov.gif> Dr. Dewey. “Pavlov's Dog”. Photo Source. 17 May 2009. <http://www.intropsych.com/ch05_conditioning/05pavlov.jpg> Fivezol's. “Fivezol's Blog”. Photo Source. 17 May 2009. <http://fivezol.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/ivan_pavlov.jpg> Pavlov, Ivan. “Ivan Pavlov Quotes”. Quote Source. 17 May 2009. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/i/ivan_pavlov.html> Unknown Contributor.“Ivan Pavlov”. Wikipedia . Online. 17 May 2009. Unknown Contributor. “Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning dogs”. Cartoon/Photo Source. 17 May 2009 <http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/pavlov_conditioning_dogs.gif> Unknown Contributor. “Ivan Pavlov: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904”. Photo Source and Source. 17 May 2009. <http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov.jpg> Unknown Contributor. “Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov(1849-1936)”. Photo Source. 17 May 2009. < http://www.donusumkonagi.net/admin/makale/ivan.jpg > Unknown Contributor, “The Digestive System”. Photo Source. 17 May 2009. <http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_01_img0032.jpg>