Items Of Construction
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This document lists and describes various items of construction work for building estimation. It begins by outlining the scope, which is to acquaint students with items of work for building works and understand how to measure and pay for these items. It then lists various construction items such as site clearance, excavation, concrete work, masonry work, plastering, painting and more. For each major item like excavation and concrete, it provides a brief description of the work involved. The overall purpose is to educate students on the different construction components and measurement standards used for estimation.
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![By
Dr. C. L. Jejurkar
Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Ph.D. (Civil Engg- Hydrology)
[LMIAH, LMISTE,LMIE,LMISRMTT, LMIWWA]
SRES’s Sanjivani College of Engineering
Kopargaon-423603
ITEMS OF CONSTRUCTION](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/capsuleqsct-180413111808/85/Items-Of-Construction-1-320.jpg)
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1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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- 1. By Dr. C. L. Jejurkar Professor Civil Engineering Department Ph.D. (Civil Engg- Hydrology) [LMIAH, LMISTE,LMIE,LMISRMTT, LMIWWA] SRES’s Sanjivani College of Engineering Kopargaon-423603 ITEMS OF CONSTRUCTION
- 2. SCOPE • To acquaint Students about various items of work for building works. • Enlisting various items of works required for Estimation. • To know and understand the mode of measurement and payment of these items.
- 3. LIST OF ITEMS OF WORKS • Site clearance/Cleaning • Excavation for Foundation • PCC for Foundation/Footing • RCC for Footing • RCC for Columns up to Ground/Plinth • RCC for Ground/Plinth Beams • Masonry for Plinth • Plinth Filling • a) Murum Filling • b) Rubble Soling • PCC / Bed Concrete for Plinth
- 4. LIST OF ITEMS OF WORKS contd… • RCC for Columns up to Lintel/Slab • RCC for Lintels and Chhajja • Providing and Fixing Door Frames • Providing and Fixing Window Frames • BBM for Super Structure • RCC for Slab Beams • RCC for Slab • BBM for Parapet • External Plastering • Internal Plastering • Coloring to Walls • Painting for Doors and Windows
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