Presented by Aminuddin,Amirul Naim and Sabil Daud for subject History of the Modern Arab World, IIUM.

2. Italian Colonization:
Case of Libya
Muhammad Aminnuddin bin Abdul Rahman
1313769

3. Factors of Italian occupation on Libya
• Commercial and Economical interest
• control the commercial route that linking between
Mediterranean with trans-Sahara.
• to regulate the path that led the heart of the
Sahara (center of the great exchange market)
• also aimed to the fertile areas of Niger and Lake
Chad

4. • Culture of Colonial Power
• to show their greatness by having more colonies
• Practiced by all European Power

5. • Weakness of and failure of Osmanli
• Failure of Osmanli military in defending Libya and
other territories
• Turco-Italian War which took place in 1911
• failed to face an assault from Italian army (air force
attack)
• twelves from Osmanli islands were captured by
Italian including Rhodes Island

6. • re-establish the greatness of Roman Empire
• make Italian become superior as the ancient time
• to prove the strength of fascism hold by Mussolini
and his regime

8. Umar Mukhtar : The National
Hero of Libya
Muhammad Amirul Naim Bin Rosmi
1319863

9. Agreement of Compensation
for Damages by Italian
Colonial 2008
“In this historic document, Italy apologizes for its
killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan
people during the period of colonial rule." and went
on to say that this was a "complete and moral
acknowledgement of the damage inflicted on Libya
by Italy during the colonial era“
Silvio Berlusconi
50th Prime Minister of Italy

11. • Omar Al-Mukhtar Muhammad Ibn Farhat
Bredan : َ‫ح‬ ْ‫ر‬َ‫ف‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫ب‬ ْ‫د‬َّ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ُ‫م‬ ْ‫ار‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫خ‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ال‬ ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ع‬ْ‫ان‬َ‫د‬َْْ‫ر‬ُ‫ب‬ ْْ‫ا‬
• 20 August 1858 – 16 September 1931
• Leader of Native Resistance in Eastern Libya
• Prominent figure in Sanusi movement
• Symbol of resistance in Arab& Islamic world

12. Background
• Come from poor family
• Town of Zanzur in the region of Cyrenacia
• Adopted by Sharif El Gariani, nephew of Hussein
Ghariani, a political-religious leader in Cyrenaica
• Senussi University at Jaghbub ( 8 years)
• Popular expert in Quran and Imam
• Well informed about the social structure of
society

13. • 1902, Omar was recalled north after the
death of Al-Mahdi, Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
appointed him as Sheikh of the troubled
Zawiyat Laqsur in Northern Cyrenaica.

14. The Italian Invasion

15. Pacification of Libya
• Also known as the Second Italo-Senussi War
• Italy commit war crime such as the use of
chemical weapons , ethnic cleansing ( 100 000
Bedouin Cyrenaicans) , rape of women,
throwing prisoners out of the aircraft,
bombing tribal villages with mustard gas and
many more

16. Guerilla Warfare
• High skills in strategies and tactics in desert
warfare
• Knew local geography as advantages
• Mukhtar led small group and ambush the
Italian troops
• Cut lines the supply and communication

17. • Benito Musollini initiated two plans to break
Umar Mukhtar team
• 1) 100,000 population of Jebel Akhdar would
be relocated to concentration camps on the
coast, and the
• 2)Libyan-Egyptian border from the coast at
Giarabub would be closed

18. Capture and Execution

20. Legacies
10 Dinar Libya

21. IMPACTS (POLICIES) ON
COLONIZATION OF ITALY IN LIBYA
• Muhammad Sabil Bin Daud
• 1316717

22. IMPACTS (POLICIES) ON
COLONIZATION OF ITALY IN LIBYA
Early Policy Impacts
Military Impacts
Economic Benefits
Cultural Impacts
Education Impacts

23. EARLY POLICY IMPACTS
• Rodolfo Graziani was the governor general that first to back control
of Tripoli and famously known by the Bedouin rebels as the “the
Butcher of Fezzan”.
• He carried out many ruthless actions towards the Libyans especially
the Senussi Muslim rebels under the guerilla leader (Umar al
Mukhtar).
• Again, Libya was fully controlled in 1934 by Italy under the new
governor general Italo Balbo
• He started new policy of integration between Libyan and Italian that
proved to be quite successful.
• His further policy in colonization of Libya giving Italian there lands
confiscated from indigenous inhabitants.
• During this process, Muslim allowed to join Fanteria Libyan (Libyan
Infantry) to fight along Italians in the battle against British.
• But the Libyan still did not trust and never accepted the Italians due
to their ruthless actions.
• Between 1911 and 1932 Libyan in Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica
tried to fight Italian colonialism but they failed.

25. MILITARY IMPACTS
• The Libyan did not have formal military forces at that time.
• People have forms many rebellion civil military groups to fight
Italians.
• The fighters get the fighting training and the required skills to
fight the invaders.
• The most prestigious resistant aggregation named
Mujahedeen lead ‘Umar Al-Mukhtar (known among the
Colonial Italians as Matari of the Mnifa).
• To counter back, Italians dreaded losing Libya to Mujahedeen
and utilized most brutal measures to end Libyan safety.
• The invaders set up death camps to the Libyans and open
death hanging and shootings the Libyan who believed to help
the Mujahedeen.
• Italy murdered and banished 50% of the Libyan population
and butchered most of the domesticated animals.

26. ECONOMIC BENEFITS
• One positive impact of the inhabitance in Libya is the
building of new industries.
• Italians brought workers and well educated people who
helped the development of the colony.
• Reason behind this because of trade and profits made the
Italians invade Maghreb's countries especially Libya.
• Another reason was that in Libya, there was already small
industries that already established in there.
• Even though Libya did not have that much natural
resources but they provided domesticated secured
resources such as livestock, farming products and some
little commercial venture.
• This small industries provided secured profits to the
Italians.

27. CULTURAL IMPACTS
• One of the impacts was in Libya there were Berber, Italian
and English spoken in Libya.
• The native or the official nation’s dialect was Arabic.
• The great amount lost of cultural impact that when
Mussolini wanted to incorporated between Italians and
Libyans.
• The Libyan lost their culture and identity.
• There was not enough evidence that the Italians spread
the Christianity to the Libyans (Muslims).

29. EDUCATION IMPACTS
• One of the disadvantages of Italian colonization was the use of
Italian investments
• The Libyans did not benefit much from the schools that were
built.
• They were mainly for the Italian settlers.
• The jobs created by Italian investment and development
projects went to the higher educated Italians, since the Arabs
did not receive advanced education.
• Mussolini was fond of calling the Libyans "Muslim Italians, but
there was not much done to directly improve the living
conditions of the Libyans.
• The colonial's objective was to force the local population from
the more fertile lands into the country's baron interior.
• The land that was seized was grazing lands of the Bedouin
tribes.
• It was bought or just taken and given to the settlers (Italians).