IT307 Exploring the Networks.pptx
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This document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). It defines ICMP as a protocol used to send control messages between network devices and hosts to report errors and request information. The document outlines several ICMP message types, including error reporting messages like destination unreachable, source quench, time exceeded, and parameter problem. It also discusses query messages like echo request/reply and timestamp request/reply that are used for network diagnostics. In summary, ICMP allows network devices to communicate error messages and request information to diagnose network issues.
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Icmp
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and its role in compensating for deficiencies in the Internet Protocol (IP). ICMP provides error reporting and query messages to detect and diagnose network problems. Some key points covered include:
- ICMP reports errors encountered in IP packet delivery such as packets being discarded due to congestion or expired time-to-live values.
- ICMP query messages like ping are used to check reachability and calculate round-trip times between hosts or routers.
- The main ICMP message types are for error reporting, queries, and network management functions like redirection and router discovery.
Academic Experiment 2 - IP forwarding
This document describes a lab experiment using NetSim software to understand IP forwarding within and across networks. The objective is to observe how IP forwarding works when a node sends data within the same subnet and to a node in a different subnet. The experiment is performed first within a local area network and then across a router. In both cases, packet traces are analyzed which show the ARP request and response process to discover destination MAC addresses before data transmission. The inference explains that within the same subnet, ARP requests are broadcast locally, while across subnets, the source first gets the router MAC via ARP before the router broadcasts another ARP request on its subnet to forward the data packet.
data communication protocol
The document discusses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and its role in supporting the Internet Protocol (IP). ICMP provides error reporting and simple query functions. It encapsulates messages as IP datagrams. ICMP messages have a header with fields for type, code, and checksum. The checksum covers the entire ICMP message. [/SUMMARY]
IGMP
This document discusses the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), which allows hosts to report their multicast group memberships to neighboring multicast routers. It describes the different versions of IGMP, including IGMPv1, IGMPv2, and IGMPv3. It also covers IGMP messages like membership queries, reports, and leaves. IGMP snooping is defined as a switch feature that optimizes multicast traffic delivery by only forwarding traffic to ports with interested receivers. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) serves a similar purpose for IPv6 as IGMP does for IPv4.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The document discusses the key features and mechanisms of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It begins with an introduction to TCP's main goals of reliable, in-order delivery of data streams between endpoints. It then covers TCP's connection establishment and termination processes, flow and error control techniques using acknowledgments and retransmissions, and congestion control methods like slow start, congestion avoidance, and detection.
IEEE 802.1 x
IEEE802.1x authentication is an open standard that provides port-based network access control. It defines encapsulation of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) over IEEE 802 networks to authenticate devices wishing to connect to a LAN or WLAN. Typical authentication involves initialization, initiation via EAP-Request/Response frames, and negotiation of an EAP Method between the supplicant and authentication server until authentication is successful or failed. For devices that do not support 802.1x, MAC bypass can be used to authenticate using the device's MAC address instead.
Dhcp
Each computer that uses the TCP/IP protocol suite needs to know four piece of information:
The IP address of the computer
The subnet mask of the computer
The IP address of a router
The IP address of a name server
Routing Information Protocol(RIP)
Definition of routing information protocol, Routing information protocol versions, Features of routing information protocol, Routing information protocol updating algorithm, Ring topology, Command line interface code
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Icmp
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and its role in compensating for deficiencies in the Internet Protocol (IP). ICMP provides error reporting and query messages to detect and diagnose network problems. Some key points covered include:
- ICMP reports errors encountered in IP packet delivery such as packets being discarded due to congestion or expired time-to-live values.
- ICMP query messages like ping are used to check reachability and calculate round-trip times between hosts or routers.
- The main ICMP message types are for error reporting, queries, and network management functions like redirection and router discovery.
Academic Experiment 2 - IP forwarding
This document describes a lab experiment using NetSim software to understand IP forwarding within and across networks. The objective is to observe how IP forwarding works when a node sends data within the same subnet and to a node in a different subnet. The experiment is performed first within a local area network and then across a router. In both cases, packet traces are analyzed which show the ARP request and response process to discover destination MAC addresses before data transmission. The inference explains that within the same subnet, ARP requests are broadcast locally, while across subnets, the source first gets the router MAC via ARP before the router broadcasts another ARP request on its subnet to forward the data packet.
data communication protocol
The document discusses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and its role in supporting the Internet Protocol (IP). ICMP provides error reporting and simple query functions. It encapsulates messages as IP datagrams. ICMP messages have a header with fields for type, code, and checksum. The checksum covers the entire ICMP message. [/SUMMARY]
IGMP
This document discusses the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), which allows hosts to report their multicast group memberships to neighboring multicast routers. It describes the different versions of IGMP, including IGMPv1, IGMPv2, and IGMPv3. It also covers IGMP messages like membership queries, reports, and leaves. IGMP snooping is defined as a switch feature that optimizes multicast traffic delivery by only forwarding traffic to ports with interested receivers. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) serves a similar purpose for IPv6 as IGMP does for IPv4.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The document discusses the key features and mechanisms of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It begins with an introduction to TCP's main goals of reliable, in-order delivery of data streams between endpoints. It then covers TCP's connection establishment and termination processes, flow and error control techniques using acknowledgments and retransmissions, and congestion control methods like slow start, congestion avoidance, and detection.
IEEE 802.1 x
IEEE802.1x authentication is an open standard that provides port-based network access control. It defines encapsulation of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) over IEEE 802 networks to authenticate devices wishing to connect to a LAN or WLAN. Typical authentication involves initialization, initiation via EAP-Request/Response frames, and negotiation of an EAP Method between the supplicant and authentication server until authentication is successful or failed. For devices that do not support 802.1x, MAC bypass can be used to authenticate using the device's MAC address instead.
Dhcp
Each computer that uses the TCP/IP protocol suite needs to know four piece of information:
The IP address of the computer
The subnet mask of the computer
The IP address of a router
The IP address of a name server
Routing Information Protocol(RIP)
Definition of routing information protocol, Routing information protocol versions, Features of routing information protocol, Routing information protocol updating algorithm, Ring topology, Command line interface code
Network entry success rate
Network Entry Success Rate (NESR) is a key performance indicator that measures the percentage of successful network entry attempts. Network entry involves 7 steps: 1) system acquisition and network selection, 2) establishing an RF link, 3) authentication and key generation, 4) registration, 5) setup of pre-provisioned service flows, 6) IP assignment, and 7) data exchange. The user's equipment must complete each step before accessing the network, and failure can occur at any step, affecting the NESR.
Chapter12ccna
This chapter discusses wireless networks and wireless LAN standards. It covers the basics of how wireless LANs transmit radio signals using specifications like IEEE 802.11. Key standards discussed are 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a which operate at 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequencies. The chapter also addresses wireless networking concepts such as CSMA/CD, wireless security protocols, and the differences between a BSS and ESS wireless network configuration.
Network layer Part 5
The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which allows a machine on a network to dynamically map logical IP addresses to physical hardware addresses. It describes how ARP works by broadcasting a request packet to find the physical address associated with a target IP address. The target machine then responds with its physical address in an ARP reply message. The original sender can then directly address packets to the target using its physical address. The document outlines the ARP packet format and encapsulation process, as well as the basic steps of how ARP operates to perform dynamic address mapping on a network.
Tcp
TCP/IP has 4 layers instead of OSI's 7 layers, but indirectly includes 5 layers. The layers are application, transmission, network, and host-to-network. While TCP/IP and OSI have similar functionality, TCP/IP includes sub-protocols like TCP, UDP, and SCTP to transmit data more efficiently between layers. Protocols like ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP operate at the network layer and help devices resolve addresses, control messages, and send messages to multiple devices.
Arp spoofing
ARP spoofing allows an attacker to intercept or modify communications between two hosts on a local network by falsifying ARP responses and changing a target's ARP cache entries. The attacker sends spoofed ARP replies associating the target's IP addresses with the attacker's MAC address, intercepting traffic intended for another host. This enables man-in-the-middle attacks where the attacker can sniff or modify intercepted traffic before forwarding it. Defenses include static ARP entries and port security on switches, but weaknesses remain, especially on networks using dynamic addressing protocols like DHCP.
Arp
This document provides an overview of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). It defines ARP as a network layer protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses, allowing communication within a local area network. Key points include:
- ARP resolves logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses to allow communication on the data link layer.
- IP and MAC addresses are respectively logical and physical identifiers for devices on a network.
- The ARP packet format and work procedure of ARP caching are described.
- ARP requests are broadcast to find MAC addresses, and ARP responses provide the discovered addresses.
- A drawback of ARP is that it is vulnerable to spoofing and denial of service attacks.
Presentation on arp protocol
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
Firewall
A firewall monitors and controls transmissions between an internal network and the internet. There are different types of firewalls including host-based, network-based, software-based, and hardware-based. Firewalls can also be categorized as packet filters, application-level proxies, or stateful packet filters. Stateful packet filters make access decisions based on layer 3 and 4 parameters as well as derived state information to provide high security while maintaining performance.
Link state protocols.ppt
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to determine the optimal route between nodes. Each router uses hello packets to discover neighbors and then builds and floods link state packets (LSPs) throughout the network. All routers use the LSPs to construct a topological map and independently calculate the shortest path to every network using an SPF tree. Common link-state protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).
Iuwne10 S03 L02
The Cisco ADU is a tool for managing Cisco wireless network adapters. It has a straightforward installation process and recommends rebooting. The ADU homepage displays basic client information and advanced status can be viewed. Profiles are created to define security settings and connect to different WiFi networks. Advanced diagnostics provide troubleshooting details. The Cisco Site Survey Utility provides additional connection monitoring and troubleshooting. The Cisco ACAU is an administration tool used to centrally create and deploy ADU profiles and configurations.
What is LoRaNET?
LoRaNET protocol is a LoRa networking protocol, there are various LoRa protocols on the market now, LoRaWAN, CLAA, LinkWAN all have their own advantages. For LoRa applications, stability and reliability is the key, and this article will take you through the LoRaNET protocol in detail.
What is the LoRaNET?
LoRaNET is a LoRa networking protocol that supports secondary development, LoRaNet SDK uses an AMetal software platform, it provides some basic components, which provides a good abstraction of most on-chip hardware resources, when using peripherals, you only need to simply configure, call API, no need to pay attention to the underlying hardware operation.
1. The Internet
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to how the internet works. It defines an internet service provider as an organization that provides access to the internet by connecting users to servers through network access points. It also explains that devices on the internet are assigned IP addresses to enable communication and that data is sent in packets from clients through ISPs, routers, and servers, where the packets are reassembled at their destination. Servers contain shared resources and routers forward data packets between networks by reading the packets' address information.
IP essentials
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Mod11
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UDP - User Datagram Protocol
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
hajer
The document discusses and compares the performance of different network topologies in OPNET:
- A hub-only topology showed the highest delay and packet loss due to collisions from broadcasting.
- Adding a switch improved performance by reducing delay and increasing packets received through switching instead of broadcasting.
- A switch-only or dual switch topology had the best performance with no collisions and lowest delay, as switches use addressing tables to directly send packets without broadcasting.
TLE 10 (ICT): Configuring a Wireless Router
A wireless router connects devices to the internet and each other via Wi-Fi. It has a WAN port to connect to a modem, LAN ports to connect devices via ethernet, and broadcasts a Wi-Fi signal for wireless connectivity. To set up the router, you connect it to the modem, access its management console via a web browser to configure settings like the Wi-Fi name and password, assign client IP addresses via DHCP, and activate the wireless functionality.
Steps
1. Open the network topology and identify the components such as servers, routers, and end devices.
2. Connect all cables between network devices as specified in the connections table to ensure connectivity.
3. Configure the IP addresses on end devices using the address table by accessing each device's desktop interface.
Tcp Udp Icmp And The Transport Layer
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
Network Design For Alliance Française de Dhaka
This document summarizes a network design project for the Alliance Française de Dhaka organization. The network was designed using Cisco Packet Tracer software. It includes physical and logical diagrams of the network layout, a list of equipment and their estimated costs totaling over 81 lakh Taka, and descriptions of the star and hybrid topologies used. Security measures like CCTV cameras, a smart door, and fire detection are discussed. Advantages include a simple yet effective design, while disadvantages include the high cost and potential wireless connection issues.
ICMP.ppt
ICMP provides error and control messages at the Internet layer. It is used to send error messages indicating problems with datagram transmission, such as when a datagram's time to live expires or its destination is unreachable, and control messages for router discovery, timestamp requests, and redirecting traffic to better routes. Without ICMP, connectivity and routing issues would be more difficult to troubleshoot and detect.
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This chapter discusses wireless networks and wireless LAN standards. It covers the basics of how wireless LANs transmit radio signals using specifications like IEEE 802.11. Key standards discussed are 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a which operate at 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequencies. The chapter also addresses wireless networking concepts such as CSMA/CD, wireless security protocols, and the differences between a BSS and ESS wireless network configuration.
Network layer Part 5
The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which allows a machine on a network to dynamically map logical IP addresses to physical hardware addresses. It describes how ARP works by broadcasting a request packet to find the physical address associated with a target IP address. The target machine then responds with its physical address in an ARP reply message. The original sender can then directly address packets to the target using its physical address. The document outlines the ARP packet format and encapsulation process, as well as the basic steps of how ARP operates to perform dynamic address mapping on a network.
Tcp
TCP/IP has 4 layers instead of OSI's 7 layers, but indirectly includes 5 layers. The layers are application, transmission, network, and host-to-network. While TCP/IP and OSI have similar functionality, TCP/IP includes sub-protocols like TCP, UDP, and SCTP to transmit data more efficiently between layers. Protocols like ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP operate at the network layer and help devices resolve addresses, control messages, and send messages to multiple devices.
Arp spoofing
ARP spoofing allows an attacker to intercept or modify communications between two hosts on a local network by falsifying ARP responses and changing a target's ARP cache entries. The attacker sends spoofed ARP replies associating the target's IP addresses with the attacker's MAC address, intercepting traffic intended for another host. This enables man-in-the-middle attacks where the attacker can sniff or modify intercepted traffic before forwarding it. Defenses include static ARP entries and port security on switches, but weaknesses remain, especially on networks using dynamic addressing protocols like DHCP.
Arp
This document provides an overview of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). It defines ARP as a network layer protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses, allowing communication within a local area network. Key points include:
- ARP resolves logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses to allow communication on the data link layer.
- IP and MAC addresses are respectively logical and physical identifiers for devices on a network.
- The ARP packet format and work procedure of ARP caching are described.
- ARP requests are broadcast to find MAC addresses, and ARP responses provide the discovered addresses.
- A drawback of ARP is that it is vulnerable to spoofing and denial of service attacks.
Presentation on arp protocol
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
Firewall
A firewall monitors and controls transmissions between an internal network and the internet. There are different types of firewalls including host-based, network-based, software-based, and hardware-based. Firewalls can also be categorized as packet filters, application-level proxies, or stateful packet filters. Stateful packet filters make access decisions based on layer 3 and 4 parameters as well as derived state information to provide high security while maintaining performance.
Link state protocols.ppt
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to determine the optimal route between nodes. Each router uses hello packets to discover neighbors and then builds and floods link state packets (LSPs) throughout the network. All routers use the LSPs to construct a topological map and independently calculate the shortest path to every network using an SPF tree. Common link-state protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).
Iuwne10 S03 L02
The Cisco ADU is a tool for managing Cisco wireless network adapters. It has a straightforward installation process and recommends rebooting. The ADU homepage displays basic client information and advanced status can be viewed. Profiles are created to define security settings and connect to different WiFi networks. Advanced diagnostics provide troubleshooting details. The Cisco Site Survey Utility provides additional connection monitoring and troubleshooting. The Cisco ACAU is an administration tool used to centrally create and deploy ADU profiles and configurations.
What is LoRaNET?
LoRaNET protocol is a LoRa networking protocol, there are various LoRa protocols on the market now, LoRaWAN, CLAA, LinkWAN all have their own advantages. For LoRa applications, stability and reliability is the key, and this article will take you through the LoRaNET protocol in detail.
What is the LoRaNET?
LoRaNET is a LoRa networking protocol that supports secondary development, LoRaNet SDK uses an AMetal software platform, it provides some basic components, which provides a good abstraction of most on-chip hardware resources, when using peripherals, you only need to simply configure, call API, no need to pay attention to the underlying hardware operation.
1. The Internet
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to how the internet works. It defines an internet service provider as an organization that provides access to the internet by connecting users to servers through network access points. It also explains that devices on the internet are assigned IP addresses to enable communication and that data is sent in packets from clients through ISPs, routers, and servers, where the packets are reassembled at their destination. Servers contain shared resources and routers forward data packets between networks by reading the packets' address information.
IP essentials
This is a very brief introduction to IP networking. Has explained the concept of IP version 4 Class and Addressing. Moreover the IP concepts are applied to RadioMobile enviroment related to Packet transmit towards IP network (Packet Switching)
Mod11
The document discusses configuring and testing CCNA Exploration Semester 1 - Chapter 11. It covers topics such as the Internetwork Operating System (IOS), IOS modes of operation, basic IOS commands, configuration files, and show commands. It provides instructions for configuring a router interface, hostname, passwords, and restoring configurations from backups.
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
hajer
The document discusses and compares the performance of different network topologies in OPNET:
- A hub-only topology showed the highest delay and packet loss due to collisions from broadcasting.
- Adding a switch improved performance by reducing delay and increasing packets received through switching instead of broadcasting.
- A switch-only or dual switch topology had the best performance with no collisions and lowest delay, as switches use addressing tables to directly send packets without broadcasting.
TLE 10 (ICT): Configuring a Wireless Router
A wireless router connects devices to the internet and each other via Wi-Fi. It has a WAN port to connect to a modem, LAN ports to connect devices via ethernet, and broadcasts a Wi-Fi signal for wireless connectivity. To set up the router, you connect it to the modem, access its management console via a web browser to configure settings like the Wi-Fi name and password, assign client IP addresses via DHCP, and activate the wireless functionality.
Steps
1. Open the network topology and identify the components such as servers, routers, and end devices.
2. Connect all cables between network devices as specified in the connections table to ensure connectivity.
3. Configure the IP addresses on end devices using the address table by accessing each device's desktop interface.
Tcp Udp Icmp And The Transport Layer
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
Network Design For Alliance Française de Dhaka
This document summarizes a network design project for the Alliance Française de Dhaka organization. The network was designed using Cisco Packet Tracer software. It includes physical and logical diagrams of the network layout, a list of equipment and their estimated costs totaling over 81 lakh Taka, and descriptions of the star and hybrid topologies used. Security measures like CCTV cameras, a smart door, and fire detection are discussed. Advantages include a simple yet effective design, while disadvantages include the high cost and potential wireless connection issues.
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(Icmp) internet control message protocol version 4
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一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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IT307 Exploring the Networks.pptx
- 1. IT307 Exploring the Networks ICMP Presented By: Kunal_Jangra--A2305219630_5CSE-9Y Shivam_Tripathi--A2305219629_5CSE-9Y
- 2. What is ICMP Really is?
- 3. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to send control messages to network devices and hosts. Routers and other network devices monitor the operation of the network. When an error occurs, these devices can send a message using ICMP.
- 4. ICMP 1. Error Handling 2. Request & Reply
- 6. Further Shivam Tripathi is gonna Represent
- 8. ICMP MESSAGES ERROR REPORTING – REPORTS PROBLEM THAT ROUTER OR A HOST MAY ENCOUNTER WHILE PROCESSING OF IP PACKET. QUERY- HELP ROUTER OR A HOST TO GET SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT ANOTHER HOST
- 9. Error Reporting Messages • Error Reporting messages. Error Reporting Destination unreachable Source Quench Time Exceeded Parameter Problems Redirection
- 10. Destination unreachable • When a route to the destination is not found ,datagram is discarded and the Router or a host send Destination Unreachable message back to the source.
- 11. Source quench • The purpose of the source quench message is congestion control. • This message informs the source that a datagram has been discarded due to congestion. • ICMP will take IP address of discarded packet and then add the source quench message to the IP datagram to inform the source host to reduce its transmission rate.
- 12. Time exceeded • Time exceeded is also known as ‘Time -To -Live’. • This is the parameter that defines how long a packet should live before it would be discarded. • There are two ways when time exceeded message can e generated: • 1. Packet discarded due to some bad routing implementation and this cause the looping issue and network congestion .Due to the looping issue, the value of TTL keeps on decrementing by the router, the Time Exceeded message will be send by the router to the source host. • 2. When destination host does not receive all the fragments in a certain time limit , then the received fragments are also discarded , and the destination host sends Time Exceeded message to the source.
- 13. Parameter problem • When a router or host discovers any missing value in the IP datagram , the router discards the datagram , and the ‘ Parameter problem ‘ message is sent back to the source host.
- 14. Redirection • Redirection message is generated when host consists of a small routing table. • When the host consists of a limited number of entries due to which It sends the datagram to a wrong router. • The router that receive a datagram will forward a datagram to a correct router and also sends the ‘ Redirection Message ‘ to the host to update its routing table.
- 15. ICMP Query messages It is used to diagnose some Network Problems. 1. ECHO Request and Reply – Designed for the diagnostic purpose . These messages are used to determine whether two system can communicate with each other. 2. Timestamp Request and Reply - Two machines uses these message to determine the round-Trip time needed for an IP datagram to travel between them.
- 16. Lets see practically what we are talking about
- 17. Thank You We Really Appreciate it. you listen us
Editor's Notes
- What is type and code in ICMP? ICMP is basically a network protocol used for diagnostics and network management. ... For example, type 8 is used for an ICMP request and type 0 is used for an ICMP reply. We use type 3 for destination unreachable messages. The second byte called code specifies what kind of ICMP message it is.