Presented by Biruk Alemu, Kebede Amenu, Gezahagn Alemayehu, Hiwot Desta, Michel Dione, Ulf Magnusson and Barbara Wieland at the 15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Chiang Mai, Thailand, 12-16 November 2018
Antimicrobial use in smallholder livestock systems in Ethiopia
1. Antimicrobial use in smallholder livestock
systems in Ethiopia
Biruk Alemu, Kebede Amenu, Gezahagn Alemayehu, Hiwot Desta,
Michel Dione, Ulf Magnusson and Barbara Wieland
15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and
Economics Chiang Mai, Thailand, 12-16 November 2018
2. Introduction
• Globally continued increase in AMU in food-animal
production expected, especially in LMICs
• Irresponsible AMU and the resultant selective pressure
is a major driver for AMR
• Major food safety and public health concerns linked to
AM residues and AMR
3. Introduction
HICs
• Policies to restrict the
use of AM agents in
animals in place and
enforced
• Monitor trends in AMU
and AMR in livestock
LMICs
• Only limited, or unreliable,
data regarding AMU
(counterfeit and illegal
imports)
• Policies are not enforced
• Access to antimicrobials is
improving
•AMR has no boundaries, it is a global issue
•It does not matter where a resistant bacterium originates
4. Ethiopia
• The largest livestock population in Africa
• Different production systems and agro-ecology
• Very scarce information on antimicrobial usage in
animals
• Factors and incentives influencing AMU are poorly
understood
6. Materials and methods
• Cross-sectional survey
• 12 representative sites
were selected from six
districts, representing 3
different agro-ecologies
• 379 randomly selected
households
7. Survey tool
• Questions on: HH demographics, farm characteristics,
management of manure, feed types, animal health constraints,
disease prevention, animal health services, antimicrobial use,
farm product consumption and cost of animal health
• Open-ended and closed
questions
• Drug-box prepared
with products bought
in local vetdrug stores
• ODK on tablets for data
collection
10. Knowledge
• 19% of livestock owners were unable to explain what
antibiotics do
• 17% of livestock owners were unable to explain what
vaccination does
11. Practice – Antimicrobial use
95.3
31.7
71.7
24.2
23.0
89.2
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
Highland crop-livestock
Lowland crop-livestock
Low/midland Pastoral
Proportion of self reported AM use
Others (Vitamines,
acaricides)
Antibiotic
Dewormer
%% of livestock owners reporting
21. Sources of veterinary drugs
influences how drugs are administered
2.3
14.3
83.1
75.8
36.5 33.132.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Highland crop-livestock Lowland crop-livestock Lowland
Agropastoral/Pastoral
Private drug supplier Government/official vet Veterinary drug store Market
22. Expiry date of antimicrobials
Pastoral areas - 97% not expired
23. Milk consumption from animals recently treated
with antibiotics
78.6
13.5
Lowland crop-livestock
No Yes
12.9
82.3
Lowland Agropastoral/Pastoral
89.8
9.4
Highland crop-livestock
13.9% report withdrawal
period of <7 days
79.8% report withdrawal
period of <7 days
25% report withdrawal
period of <7 dyas
24. Conclusions
• Differences across production systems
• Lack of knowledge and wrong practices were common
• Need to understand and monitor antimicrobial use in small
holder livestock keepers in Ethiopia
• Access to veterinary drugs limited in some areas (highlands)
• Increase in counterfeit and illegal imports (pastoralist areas)
• Findings of the study help to target future interventions to
reduce antimicrobial use and resistance
25. Outlook
• Further analysis planned: study behavior in more detail
to understand drivers of use
• Identify and target interventions (incentives, address
drivers of use, etc.)
• Check quality of drugs
• Link drug use with residues and AMR in meat and dairy
samples
26. This work is financed by
CRP Livestock, CRP Agriculture for Nutrition and
Health (A4NH), DAAD
Acknowledgements
27. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
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