The document provides an overview of issue management and outlines the key steps in the issue management process. It discusses identifying issues, analyzing them, developing response plans with goals and strategies, executing the plans, and evaluating the results. The document also covers types of issues, who creates issues, the typical lifecycle of issues, and dimensions to consider when analyzing issues.
Internal vs external public of public relationsMedia Mantra
Internal and External PR very important function of organization and both are dependent to each other .PR is also a part of marketing communication, which involves in advertising and promotions in targeted markets.
A powerpoint slide presentation on Agenda Setting Theory. A topic under Communication Theory subject. How the media can be manipulative in controlling what that we feels important news today? By NurSyazreen Marican
Public relations, sponsorship, direct marketing and packaging - Basic of adve...Rai University Ahmedabad
This session entails the role and importance of public relations, sponsorship, direct marketing and packaging in advertising. (More info visit: http://www.moocsfoundation.org)
Originally presented by MOOCs Foundation an initiative of Rai University.
MOOCs Foundation is committed to the expansion of higher education through enhanced digital access to online resources and courses by the best of universities worldwide for learning and upgrading skills.
Internal vs external public of public relationsMedia Mantra
Internal and External PR very important function of organization and both are dependent to each other .PR is also a part of marketing communication, which involves in advertising and promotions in targeted markets.
A powerpoint slide presentation on Agenda Setting Theory. A topic under Communication Theory subject. How the media can be manipulative in controlling what that we feels important news today? By NurSyazreen Marican
Public relations, sponsorship, direct marketing and packaging - Basic of adve...Rai University Ahmedabad
This session entails the role and importance of public relations, sponsorship, direct marketing and packaging in advertising. (More info visit: http://www.moocsfoundation.org)
Originally presented by MOOCs Foundation an initiative of Rai University.
MOOCs Foundation is committed to the expansion of higher education through enhanced digital access to online resources and courses by the best of universities worldwide for learning and upgrading skills.
CHAPTER 9Political Analysis and StrategiesKathleen M. White 1.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 9
Political Analysis and Strategies
Kathleen M. White 1
“The difficult can be done immediately, the impossible takes a little longer.”
Unknown author, Army Corps of Engineers motto, World War II
The knowledge and expertise of nurses regarding health and health care are critical to the political process and the development of health policy. However, the word politics often evokes negative emotions and many nurses may not feel inclined to get involved. Nonetheless, nurses have the skills to be active participants in the political arena for a number of reasons. First, nurses are skilled at assessment, and being engaged in the political process involves analysis of the relevant issues and their background and importance. Second, nurses understand people and, in order to understand an issue, it is critical to know who is affected andwho is involved in trying to solve the problem. Finally, nurses are relationship builders and the political process involves the development of partnerships andnetworks to solve problems. As skilled communicators, nurses have the ability to work with other professionals, patients, families, and their communities to solve health care problems that affect their patients and the health care system. Nurses have much to offer in the political process and need to develop skills in politicalanalysis and strategy to truly make a difference.
What is Political Analysis?
Political analysis is the process of examining an issue and understanding the key factors and people that might potentially influence a policy goal. It involves the analysis of government and organizations, both public and private; people and their behavior; and the social, political, historical, and economic factors surrounding the policy. It also includes the identification and development of strategies to attain or defeat a policy goal. Political analysis involves nine components.
Identification of the Issue
The first step in conducting a political analysis is to identify and describe the issue or problem. Identifying and framing the issue involves asking who, what, when, where, and how questions to gather sufficient information to lay the groundwork for developing an appropriate response to the issue. Start with what you know about the issue:
• What is the issue?
• Is it my issue and can I solve it?
• When did the issue first occur, is it a new or old problem?
• Is this the real issue, or merely a symptom of a larger one?
• Does it need an immediate solution, or can it wait?
• Is it likely to go away by itself?
• Can I risk ignoring it?
Beware of issue rhetoric (Bardach, 2012) that is either too narrowly defining an issue in a technical way, or defining the issue too broadly in a societal way. Decide what is missing from what you know about the issue and gather additional information:
• Why does the problem exist?
• Who is causing the problem?
• Who is affected by the issue?
• How significant is the issue?
81
• What additional information is needed?
•.
CHAPTER 9Political Analysis and StrategiesKathleen M. White 1.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 9
Political Analysis and Strategies
Kathleen M. White 1
“The difficult can be done immediately, the impossible takes a little longer.”
Unknown author, Army Corps of Engineers motto, World War II
The knowledge and expertise of nurses regarding health and health care are critical to the political process and the development of health policy. However, the word politics often evokes negative emotions and many nurses may not feel inclined to get involved. Nonetheless, nurses have the skills to be active participants in the political arena for a number of reasons. First, nurses are skilled at assessment, and being engaged in the political process involves analysis of the relevant issues and their background and importance. Second, nurses understand people and, in order to understand an issue, it is critical to know who is affected and who is involved in trying to solve the problem. Finally, nurses are relationship builders and the political process involves the development of partnerships and networks to solve problems. As skilled communicators, nurses have the ability to work with other professionals, patients, families, and their communities to solve health care problems that affect their patients and the health care system. Nurses have much to offer in the political process and need to develop skills in political analysis and strategy to truly make a difference.
What is Political Analysis?
Political analysis is the process of examining an issue and understanding the key factors and people that might potentially influence a policy goal. It involves the analysis of government and organizations, both public and private; people and their behavior; and the social, political, historical, and economic factors surrounding the policy. It also includes the identification and development of strategies to attain or defeat a policy goal. Political analysis involves nine components.
Identification of the Issue
The first step in conducting a political analysis is to identify and describe the issue or problem. Identifying and framing the issue involves asking who, what, when, where, and how questions to gather sufficient information to lay the groundwork for developing an appropriate response to the issue. Start with what you know about the issue:
• What is the issue?
• Is it my issue and can I solve it?
• When did the issue first occur, is it a new or old problem?
• Is this the real issue, or merely a symptom of a larger one?
• Does it need an immediate solution, or can it wait?
• Is it likely to go away by itself?
• Can I risk ignoring it?
Beware of issue rhetoric (Bardach, 2012) that is either too narrowly defining an issue in a technical way, or defining the issue too broadly in a societal way. Decide what is missing from what you know about the issue and gather additional information:
• Why does the problem exist?
• Who is causing the problem?
• Who is affected by the issue?
• How significant is the issue?
81
• What additional information is needed ...
There are two Discussion Boards and a Reflection Discussion for a .docxrandymartin91030
There are two Discussion Boards and a Reflection Discussion for a total of three things to complete, must be answered thoroughly. Must be APA format, answer thoroughly, must have at least 1-2 verifiable legitimate sources per discussion post and reflection discussion.250+ words needed per discussion and reflection post answering thoroughly. Due Thursday November 7, 2019. By8 AM EST. 36 hours. Plagiarism Free.
Discussion #1
Describe how you believe a "problem-solving culture" is established in a public safety organization.
Discussion #2
Read:
http://patimes.org/considerations-public-administrators-rainbow/
Blessett states "Whatever your reason is for being drawn to this profession, please consider that the work you do does not just affect you, but informs the interactions, impressions and expectations of public servants overall."
How do we reflect this goal in the day-to-day administration of a public safety organization?
#3
Program Outcome Two Reflection Discussion
Discussion Topic
The Program Outcome Reflections project requires you to reflect on each of the five Public Safety Administration Program Outcomes demonstrating a comprehension of the concept(s), and indicating how the PSAD curriculum provided you the knowledge and skills (process or application of knowledge) to master the outcome.
You will address each outcome individually in a 250-word reflection posted as a discussion topic. You should respond to the postings of at least two fellow students. Reflections on the individual program outcomes will include:
· Your understanding of the concept;
· How you feel the curriculum provided you with the knowledge and skills to meet the outcome;
· What courses and activities in the curriculum addressed the concepts of the outcome.
The outcome for this assignment is:
· Use informed decision making, goal orientation, teamwork, ethical behavior, enhanced technology, and communications to ensure effective leadership in public safety administration.
Class Material
"Problem Solving and Decision Making" http://www.studygs.net/problem/
· "Defining the Problem/Gathering Information" http://www.studygs.net/problem/problemsolvingv1.htm
· "Identifying and Structuring Problems" http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/problem-solving2.html
Module 2: Identify Issues or Challenges
Each public safety administrator needs to evaluate his or her environment to determine the major issues. Once identified, each issue must be analyzed, recommendations determined, and solutions implemented and reviewed. Your comprehensive case study capstone project will focus on each area.
Your first paper is an individual project where you will identify an issue or challenge. We have looked at issues facing public safety leaders. The most important point is to identify an issue or problem before it becomes an even bigger problem.
Many problems can be solved on an individual basis. For example, let's say the fire station doors are leaking. Possible solutions include patching the lea.
The biggest corporation, like the humblest citizen, must be h.docxmehek4
“The biggest corporation, like the humblest citizen, must be held to strict compliance with the will of the people.”
--Theodore Roosevelt
“A business that makes nothing but money is a poor kind of business.”
Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motor Company
Managing and Prioritizing Stakeholders
Organizational Issues
All organizations are faced with challenges or issues.
An issue is any event, trend, controversy, or public policy development that might affect the corporation.
An issue can also be understood as a gap between stakeholder expectations and the actual performance of a business.
Some important contemporary issues: domestic partner benefits, environmental performance, genetically modified food, affirmative action….the list can go on and on.
Stakeholders
Stakeholder theory argues that organizations need to identify and resolve issues in light of all their various stakeholders.
Stakeholder: Any group that has a vested interest in the operations of the firm
Include: employees, suppliers, stockholders, customers, the government, local communities, and society as a whole
Why Partner with Stakeholders?
Instrumental Perspective (“Do it because it will pay off in the end")
Enhanced ability to predict/control the external environment .
Higher percentage of successful new product/service introductions Higher levels of operating efficiency .
Fewer incidents of damaging moves by stakeholders (i.e., boycotts, strikes, bad press).
Less conflict with stakeholders resulting in fewer legal suits.
More favorable legislation/regulation .
More reasonable contracts .
Higher entry barriers leading to more favorable competitive environment Higher levels of trust.
Higher levels of profitability?
Greater organizational flexibility.
Normative Perspective (“Do it because it is the right thing to do")
Moral and philosophical basis for recognition of stakeholder interests.
Moral Manager
Defines a managers response to stakeholders – three approaches.
Immoral
Not only does not care how his/her decisions impact the stakeholders, but the actions are actively counter to what is the right and ethical thing to do.
Focus only on the goals of the of the company.
Considers laws as constants or barriers that are ignored in the company.
Amoral
Manager who is considered ethically neutral.
Ethical considerations are not contemplated in the decision making process.
Moral
Those managers who understand the relevance of considering ethical issues when they are making decisions.
What moral responsibilities – economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic – does our firm have to its stakeholders?
Philanthropic Responsibilities
Be a good corporate citizen.
Ethical Responsibilities
Be ethical.
Legal Responsibilities
Obey the law.
Economic Responsibilities
Be profitable.
Copyright 2001 Harcourt, Inc.
Performing a Stakeholder Analysis:
1. Map your stakeholder relationships.
2. Assess ...
Tackling wicked problems A public policy perspective Ple.docxperryk1
Tackling wicked problems : A
public policy perspective
Please note - this is an archived publication.
Commissioner’s foreword
The Australian Public Service (APS) is increasingly being tasked with solving very
complex policy problems. Some of these policy issues are so complex they have
been called ‘wicked’ problems. The term ‘wicked’ in this context is used, not in the
sense of evil, but rather as an issue highly resistant to resolution.
Successfully solving or at least managing these wicked policy problems requires
a reassessment of some of the traditional ways of working and solving problems
in the APS. They challenge our governance structures, our skills base and our
organisational capacity.
It is important, as a first step, that wicked problems be recognised as such.
Successfully tackling wicked problems requires a broad recognition and
understanding, including from governments and Ministers, that there are no quick
fixes and simple solutions.
Tackling wicked problems is an evolving art. They require thinking that is capable
of grasping the big picture, including the interrelationships among the full range of
causal factors underlying them. They often require broader, more collaborative
and innovative approaches. This may result in the occasional failure or need for
policy change or adjustment.
Wicked problems highlight the fundamental importance of the APS building on the
progress that has been made with working across organisational boundaries both
within and outside the APS. The APS needs to continue to focus on effectively
engaging stakeholders and citizens in understanding the relevant issues and in
involving them in identifying possible solutions.
The purpose of this publication is more to stimulate debate around what is
needed for the successful tackling of wicked problems than to provide all the
answers. Such a debate is a necessary precursor to reassessing our current
systems, frameworks and ways of working to ensure they are capable of
responding to the complex issues facing the APS.
I hope that this publication will encourage public service managers to reflect on
these issues, and to look for ways to improve the capacity of the APS to deal
effectively with the complex policy problems confronting us.
Lynelle Briggs
Australian Public Service Commissioner
1. Introduction
Many of the most pressing policy challenges for the APS involve dealing with very
complex problems. These problems share a range of characteristics—they go
beyond the capacity of any one organisation to understand and respond to, and
there is often disagreement about the causes of the problems and the best way to
tackle them. These complex policy problems are sometimes called ‘wicked’
problems.
Usually, part of the solution to wicked problems involves changing the behaviour
of groups of citizens or all citizens. Other key ingredients in solving or at least
managing complex policy problems include successfu.
Tackling wicked problems A public policy perspective Ple.docxssuserf9c51d
Tackling wicked problems : A
public policy perspective
Please note - this is an archived publication.
Commissioner’s foreword
The Australian Public Service (APS) is increasingly being tasked with solving very
complex policy problems. Some of these policy issues are so complex they have
been called ‘wicked’ problems. The term ‘wicked’ in this context is used, not in the
sense of evil, but rather as an issue highly resistant to resolution.
Successfully solving or at least managing these wicked policy problems requires
a reassessment of some of the traditional ways of working and solving problems
in the APS. They challenge our governance structures, our skills base and our
organisational capacity.
It is important, as a first step, that wicked problems be recognised as such.
Successfully tackling wicked problems requires a broad recognition and
understanding, including from governments and Ministers, that there are no quick
fixes and simple solutions.
Tackling wicked problems is an evolving art. They require thinking that is capable
of grasping the big picture, including the interrelationships among the full range of
causal factors underlying them. They often require broader, more collaborative
and innovative approaches. This may result in the occasional failure or need for
policy change or adjustment.
Wicked problems highlight the fundamental importance of the APS building on the
progress that has been made with working across organisational boundaries both
within and outside the APS. The APS needs to continue to focus on effectively
engaging stakeholders and citizens in understanding the relevant issues and in
involving them in identifying possible solutions.
The purpose of this publication is more to stimulate debate around what is
needed for the successful tackling of wicked problems than to provide all the
answers. Such a debate is a necessary precursor to reassessing our current
systems, frameworks and ways of working to ensure they are capable of
responding to the complex issues facing the APS.
I hope that this publication will encourage public service managers to reflect on
these issues, and to look for ways to improve the capacity of the APS to deal
effectively with the complex policy problems confronting us.
Lynelle Briggs
Australian Public Service Commissioner
1. Introduction
Many of the most pressing policy challenges for the APS involve dealing with very
complex problems. These problems share a range of characteristics—they go
beyond the capacity of any one organisation to understand and respond to, and
there is often disagreement about the causes of the problems and the best way to
tackle them. These complex policy problems are sometimes called ‘wicked’
problems.
Usually, part of the solution to wicked problems involves changing the behaviour
of groups of citizens or all citizens. Other key ingredients in solving or at least
managing complex policy problems include successfu ...
Stakeholder analyses describe a process where all the individuals or groups that are likely to be affected by a proposed action are identified and then sorted according to how much they can affect the action and how much the action can affect them. This information is used to assess how the interests of those stakeholders should be addressed in a project plan, policy, program, or other action.
Similar to Issue Management- Public Relations (20)
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www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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Issue Management- Public Relations
1.
2. We would like to thank our Public Relations
Teacher, Dr. Nomita Sharma for giving us such
an interesting topic to work on. It was only with
the help of her guidance that we could
complete this project.
3. • Issue Management: What is it?
• What is an Issue?
• Benchmark for Evaluation
• Types of Issues
• Who makes issues?
• Life Cycle of a Public Issue
• Dimensions of an Issue
• Steps of Issue Management
• California’s Children Obesity Crisis: A Case Study
o SUMMARY
o SITUATION ANALSYIS
o RESEARCH
o PLANNING
Goal
Target Audiences
Objectives
Strategies
oEXECUTION
oEVALUATION
4. Issues management is a process that ensures the
monitoring and information processing ability of an
organization and thus to deal with uncertainty and risk
contributing. With the early identification of critical issues
and demands of stakeholders, could prejudice the action of
an enterprise, which creates issues management, the
requirement for an active engagement with these issues.
"The basic aim here is to
avoid the one hand
unpleasant surprises or
conflicts that would
otherwise be associated with
these issues, and on the
other hand it can also bring rewards Issues with them
to use is."
Issue management refers to the systematic examination
of an organization (usually companies, public
authorities, political parties, associations, etc.), with their
environmental concerns. The aim is, in the public spot
emerging, organization-related issues early on and
respond accordingly. This may be through participation in
the public opinion formation process happen or by
adapting the organization policy. In addition, an
organization also includes measures to bring issues to
himself in the public debate, the issue management.
5. An issue is a trend or condition, either internal or
external, which will, if continued, significantly affect a
company’s operations over the period of its business
plan.
Any issues may present either a threat to the corporation
or an opportunity to shape the issue to an advantage.
Evaluation of whether the issue promises to bee threat or
opportunity determines the nature and timing of the
response.
Today’s impossibilities
are tomorrow’s miracles.
— Dr. Robert H Schuller
In the context of corporate issues management, issues are
controversial inconsistencies caused by gaps between the
expectations of corporations and those of their publics.
These gaps lead to a contestable point of difference, the
resolution of which can have important consequences for
an organization.
-Heath, 1997; Wartick & Mahon, 1994
6. Benchmark for Evaluation
Opportunity Threat
Benchmark Benchmark
As mentioned earlier, issues may present to be an opportunity
or a threat.
Opportunity Benchmark: Threat Benchmark:
The point before which a The level of loss beyond which
corporation must take action the survival of the firm, a
to control the issue. Beyond division, or a product will be
that point, the cost of acting endangered(beyond which the
late can no longer be firm will not be able to control
recovered through profit. the issue).
7. Types of Issues
Current Emerging Societal
Three broad categories of issues/trends must be identified
and considered in issue management:
Current:
Public questions currently being acted on, or deformulated
by, government bodies. Such issues, having already been
formulated, generally are subject only to reactive public
affairs responses.
Emerging:
Issues of public policy that are likely to be the subject of
legislation in the two-to five-year period ahead, but that
have not yet been fully formulated, nor the positions
defined. It is in this evolving stage that issues can best be
influenced or controlled.
Societal:
These involve changing attitudes and human behaviour and
are the most difficult to influence or reverse. They include
demographic, social, resource-related, and technology-
related trends, all of which may have political or economic
effects. Early evaluation of the nature and direction of these
trends, as they may affect the company, is critical in any issue
management problem.
8. Who makes Issues?
General Elected
Public officials
Pressure Government
Groups Bureaucracies
News
Media
General Public:
generally plays a very insignificant role in creating an issue. Even
when there is a strong public concern the concerned authorities
may decide not take any action, particularly when it is convinced
that such action is impractical or that necessary tradeoffs, which
the public doesn’t understand, are unacceptable. The greatest
power that the public has is the PASSIVE VETO - the non
acceptance of laws and regulations.
Pressure Groups:
are the most important element in creation of issues. The size of
the group does not matter, what matters more is its ability to
capture media attention, the effectiveness of political
operations, and the alliances it can make beyond its membership.
Groups which focus on a single issue are more effective than
groups focusing on various issues because their impact is
diffused.
News Media:
do not create or formulate any issues, they basically gather
attention to the issue, informing people about it. The media can
build pressure on one side or another or drop the issue if they
feel the interest is minimal.
9. From the issue management point of view , careful evaluation of
media activity is essential. Corporations tend to enter panic
mode when they see media taking a hostile position towards
them on a given issue. Sometimes, special issue groups will get
together with media to promote specific issues. The media
holds a strong position in shaping public opinion.
Government Bureaucracies:
are conventionally supposed to regulate the laws passed by the
government. In real life, as most businessmen can testify , the
regulatory agencies own the issues, which they control by rules
and regulations, after legislative bodies have laid down the
general framework. The agencies, as specialists, also help draft
the legislations. Issue often originate with, or are stirred up by, a
triangle of bureaucrats, activists and congressional staff
employees. The influence of each of these elements on the
other tends to create an impression that public is concerned or
excited about an issue, when it may actually be uninterested or
bored with it.
Elected Officials:
While an issue is developing and positions being
taken, legislative bodies will generally lie low to see which way
things will go. The response of an individual legislature will
depend on
a. The relevance of the issue to his constituency
b. The relevance to his committees
c. The pressure groups supporting him
d. The horse trading that may be involved
e. His deep routed personal convictions
Often a congressman or local legislator will pick up an issue
just to get attention. If it is not really relevant to his
district, he can generally be fought on that ground.
10. An
unidentified
problem is
here
Formerly non The issue is
–existent or identified and
unnoticed given a name
problems
Life Cycle of a
Public Issue
Adjustments
are made, via Ideas begin
judicial to crystallize
review
Legislation is Solutions
introduced emerge
and enacted
11. The path that a developing issue takes is important in issue
management. Because the extent of control can be exercised
depends on the stage of its evolution. Different issues will follow
different courses, but a prototype life cycle will be similar to
this:
1. An Undefined Problem :There is a general sense of unease
and frustration, and recognition that a problem exists, but
the issue cannot be defined.
2. The Issue Is Identified And Given A Name: A company that
can first identify and name an emerging issue that affects it
has a major opportunity at this stage.
3. Issues Begin To Crystallize: on the nature and causes of the
problem, and public attitudes begin to form with attention
from the media. Again, leadership in evaluating the issue
can help a company shape the solution.
4. Solutions Emerge: On an issue of some importance,
hundreds of solutions may be proposed, eventually reduced
to a few. If the issue is relevant to the company, the issue
management plan must provide for action to influence the
ultimate solution.
5. Legislation Is Introduced And Enacted: At this age the
company can only react. Some influence on the legislation
may be effected but control is no longer possible.
6. Adjustments Are Made, Via Regulations Or Judicial Review:
Here also the company’s position is one to simply of
reacting, although it may affect the interpretation of
regulations. Court action is often an effective issue
management technique.
7. Formerly Non-Existant Or Unnoticed Problems: often
arise after an issue has completed its life cycle, perpetuating
the cycle in a new context.
12. Technical Broad Impact
Issues Issues
Dimensions
of the Issue
Broad
Impact, but
Narrow
Relatively
Impact Issues
Abstract
Issues
13. Issues vary by two dimensions:
(1) How broad is the impact ( how many people are being
affected)
(2) How central it is to the lives of those being affected
These dimensions are significant in determining the plan of
action.
• Broad Impact Issues: directly affecting a large segment of
people like inflation, rise in prices of kerosene. Generally
such issues are highlighted by media and activists. The
political leadership may lag because it recognized the issue
as a part of a wider range of problems. But when public
support level reaches 40% or more for a particular
solution, political pressures can be convinced that the
tradeoffs involved are unacceptable.
• Broad Impact, But Relatively Abstract Issues: are felt by a
few people directly, although many may be aware that they
may be potentially affected. Identification and crystallization
of this type of issue depend generally on the leadership
group, because solutions are usually very complex. The
public does not exert much pressure and is likely to accept
whatever solution the leaders decide.
• Narrow Impact Issues: generally impact an identifiable
minority or a geographical area. The majority of the public
have no experience with the issue and no vulnerability.
These issues are generally identified by pressure
groups, who operate by influencing the political leadership.
• Technical Issues: are identified and crystallized by the
leadership. They are complex, distant from life of individuals
and usually involve a distribution of political and economic
power.
14. A formal process for managing issues will ensure that the
problems are identified and resolved as quickly and
effectively as possible. Consider the following process as a
way to formally manage these project issues.
Solicit potential issues from any project
stakeholder, including the project
team, clients, sponsors, etc. The issue can be surfaced
through verbal or written means, but it must be formally
documented using an Issues Form.
(This may seem a burden, but an issue must be formally
defined before it can be communicated and resolved
effectively. If an issue cannot be documented, there is no
way it can be resolved.)
The manager determines
whether the problem can be
resolved without outside help
or whether it should be
classified as a formal issue.
Enter the issue into the Issues Log. The Issues Log contains
one entry per issue and is used for tracking purposes.
15. Assign the issue to a team member for investigation. (The
manager could assign it to himself/herself.) The project manager
should also determine who needs to be involved in the decision
making process.
The team member will investigate options that are available to
resolve the issue. For each option, she should also estimate the
impact to the project in terms of budget, schedule and scope.
The various alternatives and impacts on schedule and budget
are documented on the Issues Form. The project manager should
take the issue, alternatives and project impact to the people that
need to be involved in the issue resolution (from step 4).
If resolving the issue will involve changing the scope of the
project, close the issue now and use the scope change
management procedures instead to manage the resolution.
16. Document the resolution or course of action on the Issues
Form.
Document the issue resolution briefly on the Issues Log.
Add the appropriate corrective activities to the work plan to
ensure the issue is resolved.
If the resolution of an issue causes the budget or duration of
the project to change, the current Project Definition should be
updated.
Communicate issue status and resolutions to project team
members and other appropriate stakeholders through the
project Status Report, status meetings and other appropriate
communication means.
Having this type of issues resolution process defined ahead of
time will allow you to calmly and effectively work through a
problem resolution process whenever issues arise.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. • Public Relations: Moore & Kalupa
• Public Relations Cases: Jerry Hendrix. Darrell
Hayes
• http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/ne
wPPM_69.htm
• http://issuemanagement.org/
• http://www.method123.com/issue-
management.php
• http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/SE-
22.pdf
• http://www.management-issues.com/
• http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/as
ehelp/v8r0m0/index.jsp
• http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1TkC8r1I
3asC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=california's
+childhood+obesity+crisis+legislators